In memoriam : Alan Deyermond y la oralidad en la literatura medieval hispánica

La figura de Alan Deyermond fue esencial para desarrollar los congresos de Lyra Minima. La oralidad, la autoría femenina y la interacción entre lírica culta y popular han sido temas caros a su obra. Uno de sus conceptos más acertado es la de textos transicionales referidos a los que fueron producidos durante el periodo final de la Edad Media y comienzos del Renacimiento. La relación oralidad - cultura-escrita durante esa época aparece como una transformación, como una superación y como una simbiosis. A Deyermond le resulta probable que la tradición poética popular y oral comenzara canciones de mujer llena de símbolos naturales e imágenes elementales

Sobre la evolución de las letras caballerescas en los siglos XVI y XVII

En esta revisión de documentos de los siglos xvi y xvii, que contienen letras caballerescas, proponemos algunas líneas de evolución y desarrollo de esta literatura emblemática desde su recolección y edición en cancioneros de principios del siglo xv, hasta su puesta en escena en elaborados torneos de invención de los siglos xvi y xvii. No pretendemos plantear una hipótesis cerrada e irrefutable, sino apenas abrir caminos de lectura e interpretación de esta particular lyra minima utilizada en la representación de lo caballeresco, que aún está por compilarse y estudiarse

In memoriam : Alan Deyermond y la oralidad en la literatura medieval hispánica

La figura de Alan Deyermond fue esencial para desarrollar los congresos de Lyra Minima. La oralidad, la autoría femenina y la interacción entre lírica culta y popular han sido temas caros a su obra. Uno de sus conceptos más acertado es la de textos transicionales referidos a los que fueron producidos durante el periodo final de la Edad Media y comienzos del Renacimiento. La relación oralidad - cultura-escrita durante esa época aparece como una transformación, como una superación y como una simbiosis. A Deyermond le resulta probable que la tradición poética popular y oral comenzara canciones de mujer llena de símbolos naturales e imágenes elementales

Sobre la evolución de las letras caballerescas en los siglos XVI y XVII

En esta revisión de documentos de los siglos xvi y xvii, que contienen letras caballerescas, proponemos algunas líneas de evolución y desarrollo de esta literatura emblemática desde su recolección y edición en cancioneros de principios del siglo xv, hasta su puesta en escena en elaborados torneos de invención de los siglos xvi y xvii. No pretendemos plantear una hipótesis cerrada e irrefutable, sino apenas abrir caminos de lectura e interpretación de esta particular lyra minima utilizada en la representación de lo caballeresco, que aún está por compilarse y estudiarse

Sobre la evolución de las letras caballerescas en los siglos XVI y XVII

En esta revisión de documentos de los siglos xvi y xvii, que contienen letras caballerescas, proponemos algunas líneas de evolución y desarrollo de esta literatura emblemática desde su recolección y edición en cancioneros de principios del siglo xv, hasta su puesta en escena en elaborados torneos de invención de los siglos xvi y xvii. No pretendemos plantear una hipótesis cerrada e irrefutable, sino apenas abrir caminos de lectura e interpretación de esta particular lyra minima utilizada en la representación de lo caballeresco, que aún está por compilarse y estudiarse

Effects of different surfaces on the perception of prey-generated noise by the Indian false vampire bat Megaderma lyra.

The low- and high-frequency components of a rustling sound, created when prey (freshly killed frog) was jerkily pulled on dry and wet sandy floors and asbestos, were recorded and played back to individual Indian false vampire bats (Megaderma lyra). Megaderma lyra responded with flight toward the speakers and captured dead frogs, that were kept as reward. The spectral peaks were at 8.6, 7.1 and 6.8 kHz for the low-frequency components of the sounds created at the dry, asbestos and wet floors, respectively. The spectral peaks for the high-frequency sounds created on the respective floors were at 36.8,27.2 and 23.3 kHz. The sound from the dry floor was more intense than that of from the other two substrata. Prey movements that generated sonic or ultrasonic sounds were both sufficient and necessary for the bats to detect and capture prey. The number of successful prey captures was significantly greater for the dry floor sound, especially to its high-frequency components. Bat-responses were low to the wet floor and moderate to the asbestos floor sounds. The bats did not respond to the sound of unrecorded parts of the tape. Even though the bats flew toward the speakers when the prey generated sounds were played back and captured the dead frogs we cannot rule out the possibility of M. lyra using echolocation to localize prey. However, the study indicates that prey that move on dry sandy floor are more vulnerable to predation by M. lyra.

Thekopsora minima causes blueberry rust in south-eastern Queensland and northern New South Wales

The cause of blueberry rust in eastern Australia was determined by molecular and morphological analysis as Thekopsora minima.

Time scales for transitions between free-energy minima of a dense hard-sphere system

Time scales associated with activated transitions between glassy metastable states of a free-energy functional appropriate for a dense hard-sphere system are calculated by using a new Monte Carlo method for the local density variables. In particular, we calculate the time the system, initially placed in a shallow glassy minimum of the free-energy, spends in the neighborhood of this minimum before making a transition to the basin of attraction of another free-energy minimum. This time scale is found to increase as the average density is increased. We find a crossover density near which this time scale increases very sharply and becomes longer than the longest times accessible in our simulation. This time scale does not show any evidence of increasing with sample size

Dynamo models of grand minima

Since a universally accepted dynamo model of grand minima does not exist at the present time, we concentrate on the physical processes which may be behind the grand minima. After summarizing the relevant observational data, we make the point that, while the usual sources of irregularities of solar cycles may be sufficient to cause a grand minimum, the solar dynamo has to operate somewhat differently from the normal to bring the Sun out of the grand minimum. We then consider three possible sources of irregularities in the solar dynamo: (i) nonlinear effects; (ii) fluctuations in the poloidal field generation process; (iii) fluctuations in the meridional circulation. We conclude that (i) is unlikely to be the cause behind grand minima, but a combination of (ii) and (iii) may cause them. If fluctuations make the poloidal field fall much below the average or make the meridional circulation significantly weaker, then the Sun may be pushed into a grand minimum.

Origin of grand minima in Sunspot cycles

One of the most striking aspects of the 11-year sunspot cycle is that there have been times in the past when some cycles went missing, a most well-known example of this being the Maunder minimum during 1645-1715. Analyses of cosmogenic isotopes (C-14 and Be-10) indicated that there were about 27 grand minima in the last 11 000 yrs, implying that about 2.7% of the solar cycles had conditions appropriate for forcing the Sun into grand minima. We address the question of how grand minima are produced and specifically calculate the frequency of occurrence of grand minima from a theoretical dynamo model. We assume that fluctuations in the poloidal field generation mechanism and in the meridional circulation produce irregularities of sunspot cycles. Taking these fluctuations to be Gaussian and estimating the values of important parameters from the data of the last 28 solar cycles, we show from our flux transport dynamo model that about 1-4% of the sunspot cycles may have conditions suitable for inducing grand minima.

Fluctuations in the alpha-effect and grand solar minima

The parameters of a special type of alpha-effect known in dynamo theory as the Babcock-Leighton mechanism are estimated using the data of sunspot catalogs. The estimates support the presence of the Babcock-Leighton alpha-effect on the Sun. Fluctuations of the alpha-effect are also estimated. The fluctuation amplitude appreciably exceeds themean value, and the characteristic time for the fluctuations is comparable to the period of the solar rotation. Fluctuations with the parameters found are included in a numericalmodel for the solar dynamo. Computations show irregular changes in the amplitudes of the magnetic cycles on time scales of centuries and millennia. The calculated statistical characteristics of the grand solar minima and maxima agree with the data on solar activity over the Holocene.

Studies of grand minima in sunspot cycles by using a flux transport solar dynamo model

We propose that grand minima in solar activity are caused by simultaneous fluctuations in the meridional circulation and the Babcock-Leighton mechanism for the poloidal field generation in the flux transport dynamo model. We present the following results: (a) fluctuations in the meridional circulation are more effective in producing grand minima; (b) both sudden and gradual initiations of grand minima are possible; (c) distributions of durations and waiting times between grand minima seem to be exponential; (d) the coherence time of the meridional circulation has an effect on the number and the average duration of grand minima, with a coherence time of about 30 yr being consistent with observational data. We also study the occurrence of grand maxima and find that the distributions of durations and waiting times between grand maxima are also exponential, like the grand minima. Finally we address the question of whether the Babcock-Leighton mechanism can be operative during grand minima when there are no sunspots. We show that an alpha-effect restricted to the upper portions of the convection zone can pull the dynamo out of the grand minima and can match various observational requirements if the amplitude of this alpha-effect is suitably fine-tuned.

Estudio de cuatro variedades de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) bajo dos sistemas de labranza (minima y cero) sobre la dinámica de las malezas y en el crecimiento del cafeto joven

En el Centro de Capacitación y Servicio Regional del Pacífico (C.C.S.R.P.), Jardín Botánico, municipio de Masatepe, departamento de Masaya, se realizó en los meses de agosto a diciembre de 1995, el presente trabajo con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de cuatro variedades de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), dos criollas (Mono y Rojo Nacional) y dos mejoradas (Rev. 81 y DOR 364), bajo dos sistemas de labranza (mínima y cero) como cultivo intercalado sobre la dinámica de las malezas, y crecimiento del café (Coffea arabica L.). Este ensayo se realizó en un café injertado (Robusta-Catrenic), en su primer año de edad, se estableció bajo Bloques Completos al Azar (BCA) con cuatro repeticiones. La menor abundancia y dominancia de las malezas se encontró en el tratamiento donde sembró frijol con labranza cero, sin embargo las diferentes variedades utilizadas presentaron comportamientos variables. Las malezas más dominantes y frecuentes fueron: Biden pilosa L, Melantera aspera (Jacquin) L. C., y Cyperus sp L. En cuanto al crecimiento del café, las variables de altura de planta, número de ramas primarias, número de ramas pares, longitud de la primera y tercera bandola y el número de nudos totales de la primera y tercera bandola, no se encontraron diferencias significativas estadísticamente, pero numéricamente existen diferencias mínimas, en cuanto al diámetro del tallo presentó diferencias significativas donde el primer recuento (agosto) el menor diámetro se presentó en el tratamiento con la variedad Rojo nacional en labranza mínima y el tratamiento con la variedad Mono en labranza mínima con 1.15 y 1.12 cm respectivamente, lo cual indica que el asocio del cultivo del frijol común no afecta en el crecimiento en los primeros año de edad de la planta de café

Effect of Cattail (Typha domingensis) Extracts, Leachates, and Selected Phenolic Compounds on Rates of Oxygen Production by Salvinia (Salvinia minima)

Salvinia (Salvinia minima Willd.) is a water fern found in Florida waters, usually associated with Lemna and other small free-floating species. Due to its buoyancy and mat-forming abilities, it is spread by moving waters. In 1994, salvinia was reported to be present in 247 water bodies in the state (out of 451 surveyed public waters, Schardt 1997). It is a small, rapidly growing species that can become a nuisance due to its explosive growth rates and its ability to shade underwater life (Oliver 1993). Any efforts toward management of salvinia populations must consider that, in reasonable amounts, its presence is desirable since it plays an important role in the overall ecosystem balance. New management alternatives need to be explored besides the conventional herbicide treatments; for example, it has been shown that the growth of S. molesta can be inhibited by extracts of the tropical weed parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) and its purified toxin parthenin (Pande 1994, 1996). We believe that cattail, Typha spp. may be a candidate for control of S. minima infestations. Cattail is an aggressive aquatic plant, and has the ability to expand over areas that weren't previously occupied by other species (Gallardo et al. 1998a and references cited there). In South Florida, T. domingensis is a natural component of the Everglades ecosystem, but in many cases it has become the dominant marsh species, outcompeting other native plants. In Florida public waters, this cattail species is the most dominant emergent species of aquatic plants (Schardt 1997). Several factors enable it to accomplish opportunistic expansion, including size, growth habits, adaptability to changes in the surroundings, and the release of compounds that can prevent the growth and development of other species. We have been concerned in the past with the inhibitory effects of the T. domingensis extracts, and the phenolic compounds mentioned before, towards the growth and propagation of S. minima (Gallardo et al. 1998b). This investigation deals with the impact of cattail materials on the rates of oxygen production of salvinia, as determined through a series of Warburg experiments (Martin et al. 1987, Prindle and Martin 1996).