Mathematical modelling of the osmotic dehydration of cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme)

Osmotic dehydration of cherry tomato as influenced by osmotic agent (sodium chloride and a mixed sodium chloride and sucrose solutions) and solution concentration (10 and 25% w/w) at room temperature (25°C) was studied. Kinetics of water loss and solids uptake were determined by a two parameter model, based on Fick's second law and applied to spherical geometry. The water apparent diffusivity coefficients obtained ranged from 2.17x10-10 to 11.69x10-10 m²/s.

Productivity of cherry tomatoes under protected cultivation carried out with different types of pruning and spacing

The aim of the study was to evaluate production and determine the level of total soluble solids for cherry tomatoes, under protected cultivation carried out with different types of spacing and pruning. The experiment was performed according to a randomized block design in a 2×2 factorial scheme, with two types of spacing between plants and two types of pruning, and with five repetitions. The cultivar 'Sindy' (De Ruiter) was utilized. Each experimental parcel contained seven plants, and fruits were collected from the five central plants. The seedlings were produced in Styrofoam trays of 128 cells and transplanted at 33 days after planting using two types of spacing between plants (0.3 and 0.5 m) and 1 m spacing between rows. The plants were grown as single-or double-stem form and staked individually. The parameters evaluated were the number of fruit per plant, fresh weight of fruit and the level of total soluble solids expressed in °Brix. There was no evidence of significant interaction between the treatments. For fresh weight of fruit per plant, there was a significant effect when the plants were grown with a spacing of 1 × 0.5 m, with 4.12 kg per plant, compared to a production of 3.00 kg per plant with a spacing of 1 × 0.3 m. With regard to the number of fruit per plant, a significant difference was seen between the two types of spacing, where a spacing of 1 × 0.3 m yielded a lower number of fruit per plant (188.8), compared to that observed with a spacing of 1 × 0.5 m (238.1). With regard to the two types of pruning, there was a significant effect for only the number of fruit per plant, where the mean number of fruit was 188.4 with one stem and 238.4 with two stems. No significant difference was observed between the treatments for the level of total soluble solids. It is concluded that for the cultivar 'Sindy', under protected cultivation, production is better with a spacing of 0.5 m between plants and the use of two stems per plant.

Desenvolvimento de Oidium neolycopersici em genótipos do gênero Lycopersicon

O oídio, causado pelo fungo Oidium neolycopersici, é uma doença comum do tomateiro, sobretudo em condições de cultivo protegido. Para esclarecer a natureza da resistência a oídio avaliou-se o processo de infecção, através da histopatologia em diferentes genótipos de tomateiro: CNPH 416, CNPH 423, CNPH 1287 (Lycopersicon hirsutum), CNPH 0081 (L. esculentum var. cerasiforme), cv. Santa Cruz Kada e cv. Santa Clara (L. esculentum). Para isso, três discos foliares (da 3ª, 4ª e 5ª folha "verdadeira") de cada planta com 5 -7 folhas verdadeiras foram cortados e colocados em placas de Petri contendo ágar-água. Os discos foram inoculados a partir de micélio esporulante fresco desenvolvido em tomateiro suscetível e incubados a 19-22ºC, 4000 lx e fotoperíodo de 12 h. Os discos foram clareados em etanol aquecido e examinados microscopicamente 19 h, 8 e 9 dias após-inoculação para avaliar desenvolvimento de tubo germinativo, esporulação e severidade da doença, respectivamente. A germinação dos conídios sobre o tecido foliar não apresentou diferenças entre genótipos. A formação de hifa secundária, apressórios e haustórios por conídio germinado foram menores nos genótipos CNPH 1287 e 423, que também apresentaram menor esporulação e severidade da doença. Os genótipos de L. esculentum e L. esculentum var. cerasiforme apresentaram maior suscetibilidade ao oídio e CNPH 416 apresentou suscetibilidade intermediária. Assim, observou-se que a resistência a oídio de CNPH 1287 e 423 ficou evidenciada já desde as 19 horas após a inoculação, principalmente pela menor porcentagem de hifa secundária e número de apressórios e haustórios formados quando comparados com os genótipos suscetíveis.

Intra and interspecific variability of in vitro culture response in Lycopersicon (tomatoes)

Intra and interspecific variability was measured in the genus Lycopersicon for the traits: productivity rate (PR, total number of regenerated shoots/total number of cultures), regeneration percentage (%R, number of cultures regenerating shoots or primordia/total number of cultures) and callus percentage (%C, number of cultures only producing callus/total number of cultures). Leaf explants from various genotypes of L. esculentum, L. esculentum var. cerasiforme, L. pimpinellifolium and L. peruvianum were placed on Murashige and Skoog (Physiol. Plant. 15: 473-493, 1962) medium + 0.175 mg/l IAA + 2.25 mg/l BA. Significant differences among species and among genotypes within the same species were found, while genotypes from different species showed similar responses.

Meloidogne incognita (nematode) parasitism of Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) plants : Ethylene action in susceptible and resistant host responses

Involvement of ethylene in the etiology of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum) infected with the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) was investigated. Endogenous root concentrations of ethylene were not significantly different in uninfected resistant var. Anahu and susceptible var. Vendor plants. Exposure of resistant plants to high doses of infectious nematode larvae did not affect root ethylene concentrations during the subsequent 30 day period. The possibility that ethylene may be involved in the mechanism of resistance is therefore not supported by these experiments. In no experiments did ethylene concentrations in roots of susceptible plants increase significantly subsequent to ~ incognita infestation. This result is not consistent with the hypothesis in the literature which suggests that increased ethylene production accompanies gall formation. Growth of susceptible tomato plants was affected by ~ incognita infestation such that root weights increased (due to galling), stem heights decreased and top weights increased. The possibility that alterations in stem growth resulted from increased production of 'stress' ethylene is discussed. Growth of resistant plants was unaffected by exposure to high doses of ~ incognita and galls were never detected on the roots of these plants. Root ethane concentrations generally varied in parallel with root ethylene concentrations although ethane concentrations were without exception greater. In 4 of 6 experiments conducted ethane/ethylene ratios increased significantly with time. These results are discussed in the light of published data on the relationship between ethane and ethylene synthesis. The term infested is used throughout this thesis in reference to plants whose root systems had been exposed to nematodes and does not distinguish between the susceptible and resistant response.

Acquired tolerance of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro-Tom) plants to cadmium-induced stress

The effects of varying concentrations of cadmium (Cd) on the development of Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro-Tom (MT) plants were investigated after 40 days (vegetative growth) and 95 days (fruit production), corresponding to 20 days and 75 days of exposure to CdCl(2), respectively. Inhibition of growth was clearly observed in the leaves after 20 days and was greater after 75 days of growth in 1 mM CdCl(2), whereas the fruits exhibited reduced growth following the exposure to a concentration as low as 0.1 mM CdCl(2). Cd was shown to accumulate in the roots after 75 days of growth but was mainly translocated to the upper parts of the plants accumulating to high concentrations in the fruits. Lipid peroxidation was more pronounced in the roots even at 0.05 mM CdCl(2) after 75 days, whereas in leaves, there was a major increase after 20 days of exposure to 1 mM CdCl(2), but the fruit only exhibited a slight significant increase in lipid peroxidation in plants subjected to 1 mM CdCl(2) when compared with the control. Oxidative stress was also investigated by the analysis of four key antioxidant enzymes, which exhibited changes in response to the increasing concentrations of Cd tested. Catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) activity was shown to increase after 75 days of Cd treatment, but the major increases were observed at 0.1 and 0.2 mM CdCl(2), whereas guaiacol peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) did not vary significantly from the control in leaves and roots apart from specific changes at 0.5 and 1 mM CdCl(2). The other two enzymes tested, glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) and superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), did not exhibit any significant changes in activity, apart from a slight decrease in SOD activity at concentrations above 0.2 mM CdCl(2). However, the most striking results were obtained when an extra treatment was used in which a set of plants was subjected to a stepwise increase in CdCl(2) from 0.05 to 1 mM, leading to tolerance of the Cd applied even at the final highest concentration of 1 mM. This apparent adaptation to the toxic effect of Cd was confirmed by biomass values being similar to the control, indicating a tolerance to Cd acquired by the MT plants.

Effect of peel and seed removal on the nutritional value and antioxidant activity of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) fruits

The effect of peel and seed removal, two commonly practiced procedures either at home or by the processing industry, on the physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds contents and antioxidant capacity of tomato fruits of four typical Portuguese cultivars (cereja, chucha, rama and redondo) were appraised. Both procedures caused significant nutritional and antioxidant activity losses in fruits of every cultivar. In general, peeling was more detrimental, since it caused a higher decrease in lycopene, bcarotene, ascorbic acid and phenolics contents (averages of 71%, 50%, 14%, and 32%, respectively) and significantly lowered the antioxidant capacity of the fruits (8% and 10%, using DPPH. and b-carotene linoleate model assays, correspondingly). Although seeds removal favored the increase of both color and sweetness, some bioactive compounds (11% of carotenoids and 24% of phenolics) as well as antioxidant capacity (5%) were loss. The studied cultivars were differently influenced by these procedures. The fruits most affected by peeling were those from redondo cultivar (-66% lycopene, -44% b-carotene, -26% ascorbic acid and -38% phenolics). Seeds removal, in turn, was more injurious for cereja tomatoes (-10% lycopene, -38% b-carotene, -25% ascorbic acid and -63% phenolics). Comparatively with the remaining ones, the rama fruits were less affected by the trimming procedures.

Pre-meal tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) intake can have anti-obesity effects in young women?

The effect of pre-meal tomato intake in the anthropometric indices and blood levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, and uric acid of a young women population (n=35, 19.6 ± 1.3 years) was evaluated. During 4 weeks, daily, participants ingested a raw ripe tomato (~90 g) before lunch. Their anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured repeatedly during the follow-up time. At the end of the 4 weeks, significant reductions were observed on body weight (-1.09 ± 0.12 kg on average), % fat (-1.54 ± 0.52%), fasting blood glucose (-5.29 ± 0.80 mg/dl), triglycerides (-8.31 ± 1.34 mg/dl), cholesterol (-10.17 ± 1.21 mg/ dl), and uric acid (-0.16 ± 0.04 mg/dl) of the participants. The tomato pre-meal ingestion seemed to interfere positively in body weight, fat percentage, and blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, and uric acid of the young adult women that participated in this study.

Exposure of Lycopersicon Esculentum to Microcystin-LR: Effects in the Leaf Proteome and Toxin Translocation from Water to Leaves and Fruits

Natural toxins such as those produced by freshwater cyanobacteria have been regarded as an emergent environmental threat. However, the impact of these water contaminants in agriculture is not yet fully understood. The aim of this work was to investigate microcystin-LR (MC-LR) toxicity in Lycopersicon esculentum and the toxin accumulation in this horticultural crop. Adult plants (2 month-old) grown in a greenhouse environment were exposed for 2 weeks to either pure MC-LR (100 μg/L) or Microcystis aeruginosa crude extracts containing 100 μg/L MC-LR. Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured, leaf proteome investigated with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF)/TOF, and toxin bioaccumulation assessed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS. Variations in several protein markers (ATP synthase subunits, Cytochrome b6-f complex iron-sulfur, oxygen-evolving enhancer proteins) highlight the decrease of the capacity of plants to synthesize ATP and to perform photosynthesis, whereas variations in other proteins (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit and ribose-5-phosphate isomerase) suggest an increase of carbon fixation and decrease of carbohydrate metabolism reactions in plants exposed to pure MC-LR and cyanobacterial extracts, respectively. MC-LR was found in roots (1635.21 μg/kg fw), green tomatoes (5.15–5.41 μg/kg fw), mature tomatoes (10.52–10.83 μg/kg fw), and leaves (12,298.18 μg/kg fw). The results raise concerns relative to food safety and point to the necessity of monitoring the bioaccumulation of water toxins in agricultural systems affected by cyanotoxin contamination.

AVALIAÇÃO DE PROGÊNIES DE TOMATE (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM) PARA CULTIVO SOB TEMPERATURAS ELEVADAS

Foram avaliadas três progênies F7 de tomate άο cruzamento HT-16, do programa de melhoramento genético do Departamento de Ciências Agronômicas do INPA, para o caráter pegamento de frutos. Os ensaios foram realizados em casa de vegetação com cobertura de plástico transparente e por um período de 37 dias, que cobriu toda a fase de florescimento e frutificação do primeiro ao oitavo racimo; tomou-se dados sobre a temperatura do ar no interior da casa de vegetação, por meio de um termohigrógrafo. A amplitude de variação da temperatura foi de 18° C (mínimo) até 43° C (máximo). Os resultados mostraram a ocorrência de variabilidade genética entre e dentro das progênies avaliadas para o caráter percentagem de pega mento de frutos, sendo possível sua exploração em processos seletivos visando obter linhagens com alta capacidade de pegamento de frutos sob condição de cultivo em temperaturas elevadas.

Efeitos do ácido 2-cloroetilfosfônico na maturação de frutos do tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. 'São Sebastião')

Estudou-se a influência do ácido 2-cloroetilfosfônico (ethephon), aplicado em pré-maturação, na frutificação do tomateiro de crescimento indeterminado, cultivar 'São Sebastião'; em condições de casa de vegetação. Pela análise da produtividade verificou-se que o regulador de crescimento acelerou significativamente a maturação dos frutos, incrementando o peso e o número total de frutos por planta obtidos nas primeiras colheitas, sendo isto compensado por diminuições significativas em colheitas posteriores. Não observou-se porém, diferenças significativas no peso e número de frutos por planta, considerando a totalidade das colheitas, entre o controle e as plantas tratadas com 1000, 2000 e 4000 ppm de ethephon.

Nutrição mineral de hortaliças: XXVII - absorção de nutrientes pelo tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum, Mill.), em cultivo rasteiro

Em condições de cultura rasteira, para industrialização, foi cultivado tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) processando-se amostragens periódicas, em cuja matéria seca se processaram análises químicas para macro e micronutrientes, com exceção de molibdênio. Observou-se que o desenvolvimento do tomateiro se intensifica a partir do florescimento e frutificação, que ocorre após 60 dias de idade, sendo o maior número de frutos formados entre 80 e 90 dias. Foi encontrado, no final do ciclo, uma relação estreita entre número de folhas e número de frutos, de 3 para 1. São apresentados teores dos nutrientes estudados, em vários órgãos da planta, em idades diferentes. Uma cultura (57.000 plantas/ha), extrai as seguintes quantidades: N-67 kg; P-4,76 kg; K-101 kg; Ca-24 kg; Mg-18,5 kg; S-5,3 kg; B-86 g; Cu-37 g; Fe-1353 g; Mn-393 g; Zn-119 g.

Ação de reguladores de crescimento no peso médio dos frutos de tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

Estudaram-se os efeitos da aplicação de sulfato de amônio e reguladores de crescimento no peso médio dos frutos de tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivares "Angela" e "Roma". Em dois ensaios efetuou-se a aplicação de (NH4)2 SO4 (2g/l solo), SADH 3000 ppm, SADH + (NH4)2 SO4, CCC 2000 ppm, CCC+ (NH4)2 SO4, GA 100 ppm, GA + (NH4)2 SO4, além do tratamento controle. Em outros dois ensaios, além do controle, realizou-se a aplicação de 1-(2,4-diclorofenoxiacetil) -3,5- dimetil pirasol 3,75, 15,00 e 7,50 ppm, e de CEPA nas concentrações de 500, 1000 e 1500 ppm. Verificou-se que o SADH promoveu redução no peso médio dos frutos dos tomateiros "Angela", em relação ao tratamento com (NH4)2 SO4. A incorporação de sulfato de amônio no solo restringiu os efeitos detrimentals da aplicação foliar de SADH. Pulverização com CCC, GA, Tomakon e CEPA não afetou o peso médio dos frutos das cultivares "Angela" e "Roma".

Ocorrência da podridão estilar em tomateiros (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) sob o efeito de reguladores de crescimento

Estudaram-se em condições de casa de vegetação os efeitos da aplicação de reguladores de crescimento na ocorrência da podridão estilar nos frutos de tomateiro cultivar "Miguel Pereira". Observou-se que ácido giberélico na concentração de 100 ppm promoveu alta incidência da anomalia fisiológica em plantas tratadas com altas dosagens de sulfato de amônio. Sob as mesmas condições, tomateiros pulverizados com ácido succínico -2.2-dimetilhidrazida 4.000 ppm, cloreto de (2-cloroetil) trimetilamônio 2.000 ppm e ácido - 3 - indolacético 100 ppm, apresentaram baixa incidência de podridão estilar. Efetuaram-se determinações dos teores de N, R, K, Ca e Mg nas folhas, hastes e frutos dos tomateiros normais e daqueles mostrando a anomalia fisiológica. Realizaram-se análises químicas dos substratos de plantio e foi proposto um mecanismo da incidência da podridão estilar em tomateiros.

Ação de reguladores vegetais no crescimento de tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. «Miguel Pereira»)

Estudaram-se em condições de casa de vegetação, os efeitos da aplicação de reguladores vegetais no crescimento do tomateiro cultivar "Miguel Pereira". Além do tratamento controle, aplicou-se, 44 dias após a semeadura, cloreto de (2-cloroetil) trimetilamônio 2.000 ppm, ácido succínico -2,2-dimetilhidrazida 3.000 ppm e ácido giberélico 100 ppm. Observou-se que o GA promoveu maior crescimento, em relação ao controle. O crescimento do tomateiro mostrou-se mais reduzido nas plantas tratadas com CCC e SADH, com relação àquelas pulverizadas com GA e plantas controle.