Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) whitmani s.l . (Antunes & Coutinho, 1939)(Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae): geographical distribution and the epidemiology of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil Mini-review

The aim of the present study, in view of the widespread geographical distribution of Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) whitmani s.l. in Brazil, in close association with the regions of transmission of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (V.) shawi, is to investigate the distribution of this sand fly species and American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in relationship to vegetation and landscape ecology throughout Brazil. Thematic maps were elaborated by the MapInfo programme, giving information on the spatial distribution of L. whitmani s.l., in accordance with types of vegetation and foci of ACL. With regards to the known areas of transmission of ACL in Brazil, it is notable that L. (N.) whitmani s.l. occurs in most of them, where it has been implicated as a possible vector of L. (V.) braziliensis. The presence of L. whitmani s.l. has been registered in 26 states, the one exception being Santa Catarina; in some states such as Roraima, Acre, Tocantins, and Mato Grosso do Sul this sand fly species has been recorded in a large number of municipalities. L. whitmani s.l. has been found in association with a variety of vegetation types, including the Amazonian forest, savanna ("campos cerrados"), and northeastern savanna ("caatingas nordestinas" or "savana estépica").

Spatial modelling of Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) whitmani s.l. (Antunes & Coutinho, 1939) (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) habitat suitability in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil

Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) whitmani s.l.is the main vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis in state of Mato Grosso, but little is known about environmental determinants of its spatial distribution on a regional scale. Entomologic surveys of this sand fly species, conducted between 1996 and 2001 in 41 state municipalities, were used to investigate the relationships between environmental factors and the presence of the species, and to develop a spatial model of habitat suitability. The relationship between averaged CDC light trap indexes and 15 environmental and socio-economic factors were tested by logistic regression (LR) analysis. Spatial layers of deforestation tax and the Brazilian index of gross net production (IGNP) were identified as significant explanatory variables for vector presence in the LR model, and these were then overlaid with habitat maps. The highest habitat suitability in 2001 was obtained for the heavily deforested areas in the Central-North, South, East, and Southwest of Mato Grosso, particularly in municipalities with lower IGNP values.

Ecologia de Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) whitmani em área urbana do município de Maringá, Paraná

OBJETIVOS: Estudar a fauna, a freqüência horária e a sazonalidade de flebotomíneos em abrigos de animais silvestres, perímetro urbano.. MÉTODOS: No Parque do Ingá, perímetro urbano do município de Maringá, PR, foram coletados flebotomíneos com armadilha de Shannon (AS) e com armadilhas de Falcão (AF). As coletas com AS foram feitas na margem do córrego Moscados, das 18h às 6h. As coletas com AF foram realizadas em abrigos de aves, mamíferos e répteis silvestres, das 20h às 24h. Com ambos os métodos as coletas foram feitas duas noites ao mês, de outubro de 1998 a setembro de 2000. RESULTADOS: Nas As coletaram-se 13.656 flebotomíneos, com predomínio de Lutzomyia whitmani (98,7%). Coletaram-se 4.040 flebotomíneos, prevalecendo novamente L. whitmani (96,3%). Nas AS L. whitmani foi mais freqüente entre 0h e 2h. Nas AS, esta espécie foi mais freqüente no mês de agosto (55,1%), e nas AF em março (19,2%) e novembro (15,9%) de 1999, e em agosto (20,6%) de 2000. Coletaram-se mais flebotomíneos nas AF instaladas nos abrigos de mamíferos (84,0%). CONCLUSÕES: Foi nítido o predomínio de L. whitmani no Parque do Ingá; o pico maior de freqüência de L. whitmani em AS é no mês de agosto e nas AF, em março e novembro; o pico de atividade de L. whitmani ocorre entre 0h e 2h.

Distribuição geográfica de Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) whitmani (Antunes & Coutinho, 1939) no Estado de Mato Grosso

No Estado de Mato Grosso, 100% dos municípios apresentam registros de casos autóctones de leishmaniose tegumentar americana. O presente trabalho objetivou verificar a distribuição geográfica de Lutzomyia whitmani no estado. Mato Grosso possui três ecossistemas distintos, o cerrado, o pantanal e área de domínio amazônico. Os dados sobre a ocorrência de Lutzomyia whitmani foram obtidos a partir de relatórios de pesquisa entomológica realizados pelo Núcleo de Entomologia da Fundação Nacional de Saúde no período de 1996 a 2000 e de 2001 a 2006 pelo Laboratório de Entomologia da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde de Mato Grosso. Foram realizadas pesquisas entomológicas em 83 (59,7%) dos 139 municípios de Mato Grosso. Lutzomyia whitmani foi capturado em 70 (84,3%) municípios, com ampla distribuição em todos os tipos de vegetação.

Variation between geographical populations of Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) whitmani (Antunes & Coutinho, 1939) sensu lato (Diptera:Psychodidae:Phlebotominae) in Brazil

Phylogenetic analysis of morphometric and biological characters indicated that there are two distinct forms of Lutzomyia whitmani in Brazil: one is present both north and south of the River Amazonas in the State of Pará while the other occurs in northeast Brazil, in the State of Ceará, and further south, including the type locality in State of Bahia. The Amazonian form is reportedly neither strongly anthropophilic nor synanthropic, and it is the vector of Leishmania shawi; whereas the southern form is often collected peridomestically, while biting man, and has been found infected with Le.(V.) braziliensis. The ratio of the length of the genital filaments to that the genital pump was found to be consistently smaller in males of the Amazonian populations. A middle repetitive DNA element was isolated by differentially screening a genomic library made using Amazonian material, and the sequence was diagnostic for this form of Lu. whitmani (being absent or occurring in low copy number in the southern form). The total evidence suggests there are at least two, geographically-isolated forms of Lu. whitmani, which may represent different cryptic species.

Infecção experimental de Lutzomyia whitmani em cães infectados com Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis

Lutzomyia (N.) whitmani foi infectada em lesões leishmanióticas de três de nove cães parasitados por Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis . Os índices de infecção desses flebotomíneos foram 8,3% (1/12), 7,1% (1/14) e 1,8% (3,160), respectivamente. Por outro lado, 180 Lu. whitmani que se alimentaram em áreas não-ulceradas em um dos cães foram negativos, após dissecação. É discutida a potencialidade de Lu. whitmani como vector de L.B. braziliensis na região endêmica de Três Braços, Bahia, Brasil.

A Redescription of Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912), and Resurrection of L. neivai (Pinto, 1926) (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae)

Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) intermedia (Lutz & Neiva) is redescribed, a neotype is designated, and a very similar species, L. (N.) neivai (Pinto, 1926), is resurrected; the male and the female are redescribed. The two species can be differentiated by differences in the spermathecae, common ducts and number of cibarial horizontal teeth of the females and in the size and proportions of several structures of both sexes. The known geographical distribution of both species is given.

Eclectic feeding behavior of Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) intermedia (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in the transmission area of American cutaneous leishmaniasis, state of Paraná, Brazil

Introduction The blood meal source of sandflies provides valuable information about the vector/host interaction and allows for an understanding of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) transmission mechanisms. The aim of this study was to identify the blood meal sources of Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) intermedia in an endemic area of leishmaniasis in Brazil's State of Paraná using a precipitin test. Methods Sandflies were collected in the rural locality of Epitácio Pessoa within the City of Adrianópolis, State of Paraná, in southern Brazil. A total of 864 female sandflies were captured, and 862 (99.8%) were identified as L. intermedia species. However, two unidentified specimens were considered to be part of the genus Lutzomyia. Results Among the females examined, 396 specimens presented reactions to a certain type of tested antiserum, and most (67.9%) reacted to the simple type. These sandflies fed mainly on the blood of birds, opossums, and rodents, but specimens that fed on the blood of humans, dogs, horses, cattle, and cats were also found. Among the cross-reactions found (32.1%), bird/rodent, bird/opossum, bird/dog, bird/human, and horse/dog cross-reactions were the most common. Conclusions These results demonstrate a tendency in the eclectic feeding behavior of L. intermedia and support its potential role as a vector for ACL in the study area.

Wolbachia infections of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae)

Old and New World phlebotomine sand fly species were screened for infection with Wolbachia, intracellular bacterial endosymbionts found in many arthropods and filarial nematodes. Of 53 samples representing 15 species, nine samples of four species were found positive for Wolbachia by polymerase chain reaction amplification using primers for the Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) gene. Five of the wsp gene fragments from four species were cloned, sequenced, and used for phylogenetic analysis. These wsp sequences were placed in three different clades within the arthropod associated Wolbachia (groups A and B), suggesting that Wolbachia has infected sand flies on more than one occasion. Two distantly related sand fly species, Lutzomyia (Psanthyromyia) shannoni (Dyar) and Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) whitmani (Antunes & Coutinho), infected with an identical Wolbachia strain suggest a very recent horizontal transmission.

Interação flebotomíneos, animais domésticos e dominância de Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) em área com alto grau de antropia, no Sul do Brasil

Relatam-se os resultados de coletas de flebotomíneos em área com elevado grau de antropia, no Município de São Jorge do Ivaí, Estado do Paraná, Brasil. A espécie predominante foi Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912). Verificou-se que o número de flebotomíneos diminuiu sensivelmente em duas residências com o deslocamento de uma pocilga, à distância de 100 metros das residências, e a desobstrução do porão de uma das residências.

Luz e galinhas como fatores de atração de Nyssomyia whitmani em ambiente rural, Paraná, Brasil

OBJETIVO: Verificar a influência de armadilhas com luz elétrica e galinhas como fatores de atração de flebotomíneos e comparar os resultados entre métodos de captura. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado na Fazenda Palmital, município de Terra Boa, Paraná, Brasil. As coletas de flebotomíneos foram feitas com armadilhas de Falcão e aspirador elétrico, quinzenalmente, das 20 às 23 horas, na presença ou na ausência de luz e de galinhas, no ambiente peridomiciliar, de setembro de 1998 a junho de 1999. RESULTADOS: Coletaram-se 43.767 exemplares de oito espécies de flebotomíneos; Nyssomyia whitmani, N. neivai e Migonemyia migonei representando 99,9% do total coletado, com predomínio de N. whitmani. O número de exemplares coletados na presença (21.045) foi maior do que na ausência de galinhas (10.434). Na presença de galinhas, indiferentemente das intensidades de luz, coletou-se maior número de exemplares de N. whitmani com luz de 3W. Na presença de galinhas e luz (3W) o número de N. whitmani coletado com aspirador elétrico (5.141) foi superior ao coletado com armadilha de Falcão (1.675). Na ausência de luz não houve diferença entre o número de N. whitmani coletado com o aspirador elétrico e na armadilha de Falcão, na presença ou na ausência de galinhas. CONCLUSÕES: As galinhas e a luz elétrica juntas atraem mais N. whitmani para o ambiente peridomiciliar. O número de N. whitmani coletado com o aspirador elétrico na presença de galinhas e luz no galinheiro foi maior do que o coletado na armadilha de Falcão, na mesma condição.

DETECTION OF Leishmania (Viannia) IN Nyssomyia neivai AND Nyssomyia whitmani BY MULTIPLEX POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL

Sandflies transmit pathogens of leishmaniasis. The natural infection of sandflies by Leishmania (Viannia) was assessed in municipalities, in the state of Paraná, in Southern Brazil. Sandflies were collected with Falcão and Shannon traps. After dissection in search of flagellates in digestive tubes and identification of the species, female sandflies were submitted to the Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (multiplex PCR) for detection of the fragment of the kDNA of Leishmania (Viannia) and the fragment from the IVS6 cacophony gene region of the phlebotomine insects. The analysis was performed in pools containing seven to 12 guts from females of the same species. A total of 510 female sandflies were analyzed, including nine Migonemyia migonei, 17 Pintomyia fischeri, 216 Nyssomyia neivai, and 268 Nyssomyia whitmani. Although none of the females was found naturally infected by flagellates through dissection, the fragment of DNA from Leishmania (Viannia) was shown by multiplex PCR in one sample of Ny. neivai (0.46%) and three samples of Ny. whitmani (1.12%). It was concluded that Ny. neivai and Ny. whitmani are susceptible to Leishmania infection, and that multiplex PCR can be used in epidemiological studies to detect the natural infection of the sandfly vector, because of its sensitivity, specificity and feasibility.