Caracterização de chás de genótipos de Lippia gracilis schauer através de perfil cromatográfico por CLAE-DAD combinado com análises quimiométricas

In order to evaluate the effects of environmental factors on the content of secondary metabolites, the chemical profiles of infusions from leaves of seven genotypes of Lippia gracilis Schauer, sourced from two locations (Sergipe and Bahia state) and collected during different seasons: summer (with and without irrigation) and winter, were determined by HPLC-DAD. The fingerprint chromatograms were analyzed by PCA to evaluate similarities and differences among the samples. Results revealed differences among genotypes collected and cultivated under the same conditions, suggesting that three genotypes have greater resistance to drought conditions.

Aspectos químicos e biológicos do gênero Lippia enfatizando Lippia gracilis Schauer

Esta revisão apresenta um estudo sobre os principais constituintes químicos e aspectos biológicos de espécies do gênero Lippia enfatizando a Lippia gracilis Schauer. O gênero Lippia (Verbenaceae) possui aproximadamente 200 espécies de ervas, arbustos e pequenas árvores, cujos maiores centros de dispersão se encontram em países das Américas do Sul e Central, como também em territórios da África tropical. Inúmeras espécies de Lippia são usadas na medicina popular para o tratamento de resfriados, gripes, bronquites e tosse. As pesquisas referentes à composição química das espécies de Lippia evidenciam, principalmente, os constituintes voláteis. Entretanto, outras substâncias como alcalóides, taninos, flavonóides, iridóides e naftoquinonas também são citados. Sobre a espécie Lippia gracilis Schauer, existem vários estudos dos constituintes voláteis, apresentando como principais compostos o timol e carvacrol, que tem forte atividade antimicrobiana contra fungos e bactérias. No entanto, as pesquisas sobre os constituintes fixos são poucos, evidenciando a grande necessidade de trabalhos que enfoquem outras classes de compostos.

Fungitoxicidade dos extratos vegetais e do óleo essencial de Lippia gracilis Schauer sobre o fungo Monosporascus cannonballus Pollack e Uecker

Alecrim da Chapada (Lippia gracilis Schauer) é considerada uma planta rica em óleo essencial e possui atividade antimicrobiana comprovada, devido aos monoterpenos fenólicos carvacrol e timol. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito in vitro do óleo essencial e dos extratos etanólicos de raízes e folhas de L. gracilis no controle do fungo Monosporasccus cannonballus, causador do colapso do meloeiro. O extratos foram testados nas concentrações de 2500, 5000 e 7500 ppm e o óleo essencial de L. gracilis foi avaliado nas concentrações 255, 340 e 425 ppm tendo também um controle positivo com o fungicida comercial Captan(r) e um negativo apenas com meio BDA (batata, dextrose, ágar). Discos de micélio com 3 mm de diâmetro foram inoculados no centro de placas de Petri e as medições do crescimento micelial do fungo foram realizadas 48 horas após a montagem do experimento. Verificou-se que o óleo essencial de L. gracilis nas três concentrações testadas foi eficiente para o controle do fungo, com percentuais de inibição de 100%, em comparação ao tratamento com o controle negativo (0%) que não apresentou inibição. O extrato radicular, nas concentrações de 5000 e 7500 ppm e o extrato foliar na concentração de 7500 ppm também proporcionaram um percentual de inibição de 100%.

In vitro activity of essential oils of Lippia sidoides and Lippia gracilis and their major chemical components against Thielaviopsis paradoxa, causal agent of stem bleeding in coconut palms

Essential oils of Lippia sidoides, Lippia gracilis and their main chemical components were investigated for in vitro control of Thielaviopsis paradoxa. Mycelial growth and a number of pathogen conidia were inhibited by the essential oil of L. sidoides at all concentrations tested (0.2; 0.5; 1.0; 3.0 µL mL-1). L. sidoides oil contained 42.33% thymol and 4.56% carvacrol, while L. gracilis oil contained 10% thymol and 41.7% carvacrol. Mycelial growth and conidial production of T. paradoxa were completely inhibited by thymol at a 0.3 µL m-1 concentration. The results suggest that thymol could potentially be used for controlling coconut stem bleeding.

Estudos dos constituintes químicos e atividade antibacteriana do óleo essencial de Lippia gracilis a Xanthomonas campestris pv. viticola "in vitro"

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar a eficácia de óleos essenciais de Lippia gracilis, no crescimento in vitro de Xcv. Foram utilizados oito óleos extraídos de L. gracilis, obtidos de diferentes manejos de cultivo, em três dosagens diferentes (200; 250 e 300 µL.L-1), testemunha com o oxicloreto de cobre (controle padrão) e a testemunha absoluta. A suscetibilidade do isolado Xcv3 aos óleos testados foi avaliada na primeira etapa pela presença e ausência do crescimento bacteriano e, na segunda etapa, pela porcentagem de inibição do crescimento bacteriano. A análise da composição química dos óleos essenciais extraídos de L. gracilis, mostrou, o carvacrol (73,9 a 77%) como composto majoritário e o timol (4,9 a 10,3%). Os óleos referentes aos tratamentos 01, 06 e 07 foram os que proporcionaram maiores porcentagens de inibição no crescimento bacteriano de Xcv: 94,75%, 96,50% e 94,02%, respectivamente, sendo superiores ao oxicloreto de cobre (49,6%).

Determinación del efecto inhibitorio del aceite esencial y diferentes extractos de orégano (lippia berlandieri Schauer) sobre el crecimiento de fusarium oxysporum de tanto in vitro como en plántula de tomate.

Tesis (Doctor en Ciencias Biológicas con Acentuación en Alimentos) UANL, 2010.

Avaliação de produtos naturais no controle de biofilmes formados em sistema dinâmico

The biofilms microbial forms of association are responsible for generating, accelerating and / or induce the process of corrosion. The damage generated in the petroleum industry for this type of corrosion is significatives, representing major investment for your control. The aim of this study was to evaluate such tests antibiograms the effects of extracts of Jatropha curcas and essential oil of Lippia gracilis Schauer on microrganisms isolated from water samples and, thereafter, select the most effective natural product for further evaluation of biofilms formed in dynamic system. Extracts of J. curcas were not efficient on the complete inhibition of microbial growth in tests type antibiogram, and essential oil of L. gracilis Schauer most effective and determined for the other tests. A standard concentration of essential oil of 20 μL was chosen and established for the evaluation of the biofilms and the rate of corrosion. The biocide effect was determined by microbial counts of five types of microorganisms: aerobic bacteria, precipitating iron, total anaerobic, sulphate reducers (BRS) and fungi. The rate of corrosion was measured by loss of mass. Molecular identification and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed. The data showed reduction to zero of the most probable number (MPN) of bacteria precipitating iron and BRS from 115 and 113 minutes of contact, respectively. There was also inhibited in fungi, reducing to zero the rate of colony-forming units (CFU) from 74 minutes of exposure. However, for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria there was no significant difference in the time of exposure to the essential oil, remaining constant. The rate of corrosion was also influenced by the presence of oil. The essential oil of L. gracilis was shown to be potentially effective

Avaliação de produtos naturais no controle de biofilmes formados em sistema dinâmico

The biofilms microbial forms of association are responsible for generating, accelerating and / or induce the process of corrosion. The damage generated in the petroleum industry for this type of corrosion is significatives, representing major investment for your control. The aim of this study was to evaluate such tests antibiograms the effects of extracts of Jatropha curcas and essential oil of Lippia gracilis Schauer on microrganisms isolated from water samples and, thereafter, select the most effective natural product for further evaluation of biofilms formed in dynamic system. Extracts of J. curcas were not efficient on the complete inhibition of microbial growth in tests type antibiogram, and essential oil of L. gracilis Schauer most effective and determined for the other tests. A standard concentration of essential oil of 20 μL was chosen and established for the evaluation of the biofilms and the rate of corrosion. The biocide effect was determined by microbial counts of five types of microorganisms: aerobic bacteria, precipitating iron, total anaerobic, sulphate reducers (BRS) and fungi. The rate of corrosion was measured by loss of mass. Molecular identification and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed. The data showed reduction to zero of the most probable number (MPN) of bacteria precipitating iron and BRS from 115 and 113 minutes of contact, respectively. There was also inhibited in fungi, reducing to zero the rate of colony-forming units (CFU) from 74 minutes of exposure. However, for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria there was no significant difference in the time of exposure to the essential oil, remaining constant. The rate of corrosion was also influenced by the presence of oil. The essential oil of L. gracilis was shown to be potentially effective

Antioxidant capacity and larvicidal activity of essential oil and extracts from Lippia grandis

The leaves and thin branches of Lippia grandis Schauer, Verbenaceae, are used for flavoring of food in the Brazilian Amazon, as substitute for oregano. In this study the constituents of the essential oil were identified and the antioxidant capacity and larvicidal activity of the oil and methanol extract and its sub-fractions were evaluated. A sensory evaluation was determined in view of absence of toxicity. The oil showed a yield of 2.1% and its main constituents were thymol (45.8%), p-cymene (14.3%), γ-terpinene (10.5%), carvacrol (9.9%) and thymol methyl ether (4.8%), totalizing 85%. The DPPH radical scavenging activity showed values for the EC50 between 9.0 and 130.5 µg mL^-1 and the TEAC/ABTS values varied from 131.1 to 336.0 mg TE/g, indicating significant antioxidant activity for the plant. The total phenolic content ranged from 223.0 to 761.4 mg GAE/g, contributing to the antioxidant activity observed. The crude extracts inhibited the bleaching of β-carotene and the oil showed the greatest inhibition (42.5%). The oil (LgO, 7.6±2.4 µg mL^-1) showed strong larvicidal activity against the brine shrimp bioassay. The sensory evaluation was highly satisfactory in comparison to oregano. The results are very promising for the use of L. grandis in seasoning and antioxidant products.

Algumas propriedades farmacológicas de hidrolatos de plantas do nordeste brasileiro

Um dos aspectos mais interessantes do nosso programa de plantas medicinais foi a descoberta do efeito farmacológico do codestilado da coleta para obtenção de óleos essenciais (hidrolatos). Na presente pesquisa foram testados os efeiros de varios hidrolatos no reto abdominal de sapo, no duodeno de coelho, no útero de rata e em corações de anfíbios. Apresentaram efeitos consideráveis hidrolatos de Endro (Foenculum vulgare) alecrim de tabuleiro (Lippia gracilis) velame (Croton sp.), marmeleiro branco (Croton nepetifolius) e Vandelia sp. Foram destituídas de efeitos nesses ensaios: Laranja (Citrus araticum), Azeitona (Sizygium jambolana), Melosa (Hyptis crenata), Maracujá (Passiflora edulis). Pau d'óleo (Copaifera langsdorfii), limãozinho (Fagara sp.), Bananinha (Dugvetia sp.), Hyptis sp., Samba coité (Hyptis sp. -10), Cravo de defunto (Tagetes minuta), Camarazinho (Lippia sp.-15), Ata brava (Annona sp.-01), Araticum (Annona coreacea) e Tipi (Petiveria alliacea).

Thermal properties and release of Lippia sidoides essential oil from gum arabic/maltodextrin microparticles

Microencapsulation of Lippia sidoides essential oil was carried out by spray drying. Blends of maltodextrin and gum arabic were used as carrier. Spray dried microparticles were characterized using conventional (thermogravimetry, evolved gas analysis) and combined (thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry analysis) thermal analysis techniques in order to evaluate the abilities of carriers with different compositions in retaining and in releasing the core vs. dynamic heating. Thermal analysis was useful to evaluate the physico-chemical interactions between the core and carriers and to determine the protective effect of the carriers on the evaporation of essential oil.

SOLID STATE STUDIES ON MOLECULAR INCLUSIONS OF LIPPIA SIDOIDES ESSENTIAL OIL OBTAINED BY SPRAY DRYING

Inclusion complexes of Lippia sidoides essential oil and beta-cyclodextrin were obtained by slurry method and its solid powdered form was prepared using spray drying. The influence of the spray drying, as well as the different essential oil:beta-cyclodextrin ratio on the characteristics of the final product was investigated. With regard to the total oil retention 1:10 mass/mass ratio as optimal was found between the essential oil and beta-cyclodextrin. Thermoanalytical techniques (TG, EGD, TG-MS) were used to support the formation of inclusion complex and to examine their physicochemical properties after accelerated storage conditions. It may be assumed that the thermal properties of the complexes were influenced not only by the different essential oil/beta-cyclodextrin ratio but also by the storage conditions. In the aspect of their thermal stabilities, complex prepared with 1:10 m/m ratio (essential oil: beta-cyclodextrin) was the most stable one.

Use of Carnobacterium maltaromaticum cultures and hydroalcoholic extract of Lippia sidoides Cham. against Listeria monocytogenes in fish model systems

Minimally processed refrigerated ready-to-eat fishes may offer health risk of severe infection to susceptible individuals due to contamination by the psychrotolerant bacterium L monocytogenes. In this work, inhibition of L monocytogenes by a plant extract and lactic acid bacteria (IAB) was studied in model fish systems kept at 5 degrees C for 35 days. For that, fillets of tropical fish ""surubim"" (Pseudoplatystoma sp.) and hydroalcoholic extract of the plant Lippia sidoides Cham. (""alecrim pimenta"") were used. Fish peptone broth (FPB), ""surubim"" broth and ""surubim"" homogenate were inoculated with combinations of L monocytogenes and bacteriocin-producing Carnobacterium maltaromaticum (C2 and A9b(+)) and non bacteriocin-producing C. maltaromaticum (A9b(-)), in the presence or absence of extract of ""alecrim pimenta"" (EAP). In all model systems, monocultures of L monocytogenes and carnobacteria reached final populations >= 10(8) CFU/ml after 35 days, except for L monocytogenes in ""surubim"" homogenate (10(4) CFU/ml). In FPB, EAP alone and combined with cultures of LAB inhibited L monocytogenes but carnobacteria without EAP were only weakly antilisterial. In ""surubim"" broth, EAP alone did not prevent L monocytogenes growth but cultures of carnobacteria combined or not with EAP inhibited L monocytogenes, with more pronounced effect being observed for C maltaromaticum C2, which produced bacteriocin. In ""surubim"" homogenate, EAP alone and combined with cultures of C. maltaromaticum A9b(-) and A9b(+) were strongly inhibitory to L monocytogenes, while C maltaromaticum C2 with EAP caused transient inhibition of L monocytogenes. No significant inhibition of L monocytogenes was observed for carnobacteria in ""surubim"" homogenate without EAP. In conclusion, it was observed that the use of EAP and cultures of carnobacteria have potential to inhibit L monocytogenes in fish systems and the applications should be carefully studied, considering the influence of food matrix. (c) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cyanogenic polymorphism in Eucalyptus polyanthemos Schauer subsp vestita L. Johnson and K. Hill (Myrtaceae)

Plant cyanogenesis, the release of cyanide from endogenous cyanide-containing compounds, is an effective herbivore deterrent. This paper characterises cyanogenesis in the Australian tree Eucalyptus polyanthemos Schauer subsp. vestita L. Johnson and K. Hill for the first time. The cyanogenic glucoside prunasin ((R)-mandelonitrile beta-D-glucoside) was determined to be the only cyanogenic compound in E. polyanthemos foliage. Two natural populations of E. polyanthernos showed quantitative variation in foliar prumasin concentration, varying from zero (i.e. acyanogenic) to 2.07 mg CN g(-1) dry weight in one population and from 0.17 to 1.98 mg CN g(-1) dry weight in the other. No significant difference was detected between the populations with respect to the mean prunasin concentration or the degree of variation in foliar prunasin, despite significant differences in foliar nitrogen. Variation between individuals was also observed with respect to the capacity of foliage to catabolise prunasin to form cyanide. Moreover, variation in this capacity generally correlated with the amount of prunasin in the tissue, suggesting genetic linkage between prunasin and beta-glucosidase. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

The role of polar phytocomplexes on anticonvulsant effects of leaf extracts of Lippia alba (Mill.) NE Brown chemotypes

Objectives The purpose of the present work was to characterize file pharmacological profile of different L. alba chemotypes and to correlate the obtained data to the presence of chemical constituents detected by phytochemical analysis. Methods Essential oils from each L. alba chemotype (LP1-LP7) were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and extracted non-volatile compounds were analysed by HPLC and GC-MS. The anticonvulsant actions of file extracted compounds were studied in pentylenetetrazole-induced clonic seizures in mice and then effect oil motor coordination was studied using the rota-rod test in rats. The synaptosomes and synaptic membranes of the rats were examined for the influence of LP3 chemotype extract oil GABA uptake and binding experiments. Key findings Behavioural parameters encompassed by the pentylenetetrazole test indicated that 80% ethanolic extracts of LP1, LP3 and LP6 L. alba chemotypes were more effective as anticonvulsant agents. Neurochemical assays using synaptosomes and synaptic membranes showed that L. alba LP3 chemotype 80% ethanolic extract inhibited GABA uptake and GABA binding ill a dose-dependent manner. HPLC analysis showed that LP1, LP3 and LP6 80% ethanolic extracts presented a similar profile of constituents, differing from those seen in LP2, LP4, LP5 and LP7 80% ethanolic extracts, which exhibited no anticonvulsant effect. GC-MS analysis indicated the Occurrence of phenylpropanoids in methanolic fractions obtained from LP1, LP3 and LP6 80% ethanolic extracts and also the accumulation of inositol and flavonoids in hydroalcoholic fractions. Conclusions Our results suggest that the anticonvulsant properties shown by L. alba might be correlated to the presence of it complex of non-volatile Substances (phenylpropanoids, flavonoids and/or inositols), and also to the volatile terpenoids (beta-myrcene, citral, limonene and carvone), which have been previously Validated as anticonvulsants.