Effect of mangiferin on the development of periodontal disease: Involvement of lipoxin A(4), anti-chemotaxic action in leukocyte rolling

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Synthese von optisch aktivem 9,14-Methylen-Lipoxin A 4

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Synthese von optisch aktivem 9,14-Methylen-Lipoxin A4 untersucht. Lipoxin A4 und seine Derivate leiten sich von der Arachidonsäurekaskade ab wie die Prostaglandine, Prostacycline, Thromboxana und Leucotriene. Alle diese Verbindungen sind biologisch aktive Eicosanoide, die aus 20 C-Atomen bestehen. Lipoxine können im Organismus auf verschiedenen Biosynthesewegen entstehen: über die Lipoxygenase sowie über die Zell-Zell-Wechselwirkungen. Untersuchungen ergaben, dass die Lipoxine selektive biologische Wirkungen zeigen, die eine wichtige Rolle vor allem in Entzündungsprozessen und Infektabwehr zeigen. Da aber diese Moleküle rasch isomerisieren, sind diese hohen Aktivitäten mit einer sehr geringen Stabilität gekoppelt. Aufgrund dieser Instabilität konnte die biologisch aktive Konformation des Lipoxin A4 am Rezeptor nicht eindeutig bestimmt werden. Zur besseren Untersuchung der Lipoxinrezeptor-Anordnung wurden deshalb stabile Analoga synthetisiert. Die biologische Aktivität des nach Nokami et al hergestellten Lipoxin A4-Analogons weicht sehr stark von der des Lipoxins ab. Angeregt durch diese Arbeiten wurde in der Arbeitsgruppe Nubbemeyer die Idee entwickelt, das konjugierte Tetraensystem des Lipoxin A4-Moleküls durch das Cycloheptatrien nachzuahmen. Die CH2-Gruppe bildet eine Brücke, die die Isomerisierung vom aktiven cis-Isomer zu den inaktiven trans-Isomeren verhindern soll. Mit diesem Cycloheptatriengerüst als Lipoxin A4-Analogon hoffen wir das Lipoxingerüst unwesentlich zu verändern und die damit verbundene biologische Aktivität zu erhalten. Die Synthese des 9,14-Methylen-LXA4 soll möglichst konvergent erfolgen, so dass gegebenenfalls auf Bausteine zurückgegriffen werden kann, deren Aufbau bereits optimiert wurde. Eine derartige Strategie ermöglicht darüber hinaus die Herstellung einer großen Zahl von weiteren potentiell interessanten Verbindungen ohne komplettes Umstellen der Synthese. Wichtige Reaktionen im Verlauf dieser Synthese sind: bei der Synthese des C8-C20-Bausteins: Friedel-Crafts-Acylierungen, Haloform-Reaktion, Veresterung mittels Standardmethoden, enantioselektive Reduktion mit dem chiralen CBS-Katalysator und Schutzgruppenoperation. bei der Synthese des C1-C7-Bausteins: ex-chiral-pool-Synthese aus 2-Desoxy-D-ribose, Wittig-Reaktion, Hydrierung mit Pd/C, Schutzgruppenoperation, Abspaltung von Schutzgruppen und Swern-Oxidation zum Aldehyd. Die Schlüsselreaktion der ganzen Synthese ist die Eintopf-Variante der Julia-Olefinierung nach Kocienski: selektiver Aufbau des trans-Olefins durch Verknüpfung der beiden Bausteine. Nach weiteren Schutzgruppenoperationen (und Öffnung des Valerolactons) wird der Methylester des 9,14-Lipoxin A4 erhalten, dessen biologische Aktivität zweifelsfrei bewiesen wurde.

Lipoxin A4 stable analogs inhibit leukocyte rolling and adherence in the rat mesenteric microvasculature: Role of P-selectin

Three different stable lipoxin A4 (LXA4) analogs (i.e., 16-phenoxy-LXA4-Me, 15-cyclohexyl-LXA4-Me, and 15-R/S-methyl-LXA4-Me) were studied for their ability to modulate leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in the rat mesenteric microvasculature. Superfusion of the rat mesentery with 50 μmol/liter NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) caused a significant, time-dependent increase in leukocyte rolling (56 ± 8 cells/min; P < 0.01 vs. control) and leukocyte adherence (12.5 ± 1.2 cells/100 μm length of venule; P < 0.01 vs. control) after 120 min of superfusion. Concomitant superfusion of the rat mesentery with 10 nmol/liter of each of three lipoxin analogs consistently and markedly attenuated l-NAME-induced leukocyte rolling to 10 ± 4 (P < 0.01), 4 ± 1 (P < 0.01), and 32 ± 7 (P < 0.05) cells/min, and adherence to 4 ± 0.8 (P < 0.01), 1.1 ± 0.4 (P < 0.01), and 7 ± 0.7 (P < 0.05) cells/100 μm length of venule (16-phenoxy-LXA4-Me, 15-cyclohexyl-LXA4-Me, and 15-R/S- methyl-LXA4-Me, respectively). No alterations of systemic blood pressure or mesenteric venular shear rates were observed in any group. Immunohistochemical up-regulation of P-selectin expression on intestinal venular endothelium was significantly increased (P < 0.01) after exposure to l-NAME, and this was significantly attenuated by these lipoxin analogs (P < 0.01). Thus, in vivo superfusion of the rat mesentery with stable lipoxin analogs at 10 nmol/liter reduces l-NAME-induced leukocyte rolling and adherence in the mesenteric rat microvasculature by attenuating P-selectin expression. This anti-inflammatory mechanism may represent a novel and potent regulatory action of lipoxins on the immune system.

Modulação da ativação de monócitos por lipoxinas

Lipoxinas (LXs) são metabólitos do ácido araquidônico com reconhecidas atividades antiinflamatórias e pró-resolução. Apesar do grande número de trabalhos publicados descrevendo o papel das LXs e seus análogos em leucócitos e outros tipos celulares envolvidos em doenças inflamatórias, pouco é sabido a respeito dos mecanismos de ação que desencadeiam estas respostas. Neste trabalho investigamos o papel do 15-epi-16-(para-flúor)-fenoxi-lipoxina A4 (ATL-1), um análogo sintético da 15-epi-lipoxina A4, sobre diversos processos de ativação de monócitos. Caracterizamos, pela primeira vez, o receptor da lipoxina A4 (ALX) na linhagem monocítica U937, através da avaliação de sua expressão gênica e protéica e de sua funcionalidade analisando a ativação de ERK-2, o que torna esta célula uma ferramenta apta para estudo dos mecanismos de ação das LXs e seus análogos sobre os monócitos. Além disso, demonstramos que o ATL-1 aumenta a expressão da enzima heme oxigenase (HO) -1 em células U937 via ativação da p38 MAP quinase (MAPK) e diminui a secreção da Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), uma quimiocina envolvida com o recrutamento de monócitos para o foco inflamatório, em células U937 estimuladas com LPS. A inibição da secreção de MCP-1 foi revertida pela utilização do SB203580, sugerindo que este efeito é dependente da ativação da via p38 MAPK. O presente estudo elucida alguns dos mecanismos envolvidos na ativação de monócitos pelas lipoxinas que podem levar a novas abordagens para o controle de diversas doenças nas quais o componente inflamatório é importante

Influência das proteínas motoras e CK2 no processo de interação Leishmania braziliensis-macrófago.

O gênero Leishmania é responsável por um grupo de parasitoses que podem variar desde lesões auto-limitadas até severa injúria de tecido. Estes protozoários são parasitos obrigatoriamente intracelulares, tendo o macrófago como célula hospedeira. Durante o processo de fagocitose os macrófagos utilizam a maquinaria presente em seu citoesqueleto, a qual compreende a participação de miosinas e actinas, para a formação do fagossoma. Estas proteínas estão envolvidas em processos como citocinese, tráfego intracelular de organelas e vesículas, podendo interferir com a penetração do parasito. Alguns trabalhos vêm sendo realizados visando analisar a expressão, localização e o papel de miosina e de actina em Leishamania. Estudos associados à participação destas proteínas motoras em processo vitais para a biologia do parasito podem auxiliar na compreensão de seu ciclo e permitir a geração de conhecimentos que apontem novos alvos para intervenções terapêuticas. Uma vez que a miosina é necessária no transporte intracelular, alguns estudos tentam analisar a expressão e a localização intracelular de miosinas na Leishmania. Estudos mostram a presença de atividades cinásicas do tipo CK2 em diversos tripanossomatídeos, ligadas ao crescimento celular, morfologia e infectividade de promastigotas para macrófagos. Desta maneira, como objetivo desta tese temos o estudo da participação das miosinas, actina e CK2 na infectividade da Leishmania braziliensis. Além disso, investigamos a influência destas proteínas na produção de citocinas pelos macrófagos e em sua atividade microbicida. Lipoxina, latrunculina, nocodazol e TBB promoveram uma inibição de, pelo menos, 50% no crescimento de L. braziliensis. A CK2 secretada pelo parasito foi purificada de seu sobrenadante através de coluna de HPLC e a fração 44 mostrou ser a fração correspondente a esta enzima. A lipoxina e o TBB promoveram a inibição da atividade desta enzima ao contrário da latrunculina que forneceu aumento dessa atividade. O pré-tratamento dos parasitos ou dos macrófagos com lipoxina, latrunculina, nocodazol e TBB promoveram uma inibição de cerca de 50% no índice de associação entre Leishmania e macrófagos não-ativados ou ativados por LPS e IFN-γ. Latrunculina e TBB aumentaram a produção de NO em macrófagos não ativados e não infectados enquanto que em macrófagos ativados à exceção do TBB, todas as drogas diminuíram a produção de NO. A liberação de IL-10 foi diminuída após tratamento com todas as drogas em macrófagos não ativados em ausência de promastigotas e ativados em presença do parasito. Para a produção de TNF-α há uma redução significativa em macrófagos ativados não infectados tratados com latrunculina, nocodazol e TBB. Quando ativados e infectados, os macrófagos tratados com lipoxina tiveram a produção dessa citocina aumentada, ao contrário do TBB em que houve redução. Quando avaliamos a integridade da actina verificamos que todos os compostos foram capazes de influenciar a distribuição dessa proteína, levando a uma redução no índice de associação. Ao transfectarmos a cauda da miosina Va fusionada a GFP nos macrófagos observamos que houve uma diminuição de 94% no índice de associação. Nossos dados confirmam a importância da CK2, actina e miosina Va no processo de interação parasito- macrófago.

Lipoxins attenuate renal fibrosis by inducing let-7c and suppressing TGFβR1

Lipoxins, which are endogenously produced lipid mediators, promote the resolution of inflammation, and may inhibit fibrosis, suggesting a possible role in modulating renal disease. Here, lipoxin A4 (LXA4) attenuated TGF-ß1-induced expression of fibronectin, N-cadherin, thrombospondin, and the notch ligand jagged-1 in cultured human proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells through a mechanism involving upregulation of the microRNA let-7c. Conversely, TGF-ß1 suppressed expression of let-7c. In cells pretreated with LXA4, upregulation of let-7c persisted despite subsequent stimulation with TGF-ß1. In the unilateral ureteral obstruction model of renal fibrosis, let-7c upregulation was induced by administering an LXA4 analog. Bioinformatic analysis suggested that targets of let-7c include several members of the TGF-ß1 signaling pathway, including the TGF-ß receptor type 1. Consistent with this, LXA4-induced upregulation of let-7c inhibited both the expression of TGF-ß receptor type 1 and the response to TGF-ß1. Overexpression of let-7c mimicked the antifibrotic effects of LXA4 in renal epithelia; conversely, anti-miR directed against let-7c attenuated the effects of LXA4. Finally, we observed that several let-7c target genes were upregulated in fibrotic human renal biopsies compared with controls. In conclusion, these results suggest that LXA4-mediated upregulation of let-7c suppresses TGF-ß1-induced fibrosis and that expression of let-7c targets is dysregulated in human renal fibrosis.

Identification of a Novel Recycling Sequence in the C-tail of FPR2/ALX Receptor: Association with Cell Protection from Apoptosis

Formyl-peptide receptor type 2 (FPR2; also called ALX because it is the receptor for lipoxin A4) sustains a variety of biological responses relevant to the development and control of inflammation, yet the cellular regulation of this G-protein-coupled receptor remains unexplored. Here we report that, in response to peptide agonist activation, FPR2/ALX undergoes β-arrestin-mediated endocytosis followed by rapid recycling to the plasma membrane. We identify a transplantable recycling sequence that is both necessary and sufficient for efficient receptor recycling. Furthermore, removal of this C-terminal recycling sequence alters the endocytic fate of FPR2/ALX and evokes pro-apoptotic effects in response to agonist activation. This study demonstrates the importance of endocytic recycling in the anti-apoptotic properties of FPR2/ALX and identifies the molecular determinant required for modulation of this process fundamental for the control of inflammation.

Formyl-peptide receptor is not involved in the protection afforded by annexin 1 in murine acute myocardial infarct

Recent interest in the annexin 1 field has come from the notion that specific G-protein-coupled receptors, members of the formyl-peptide receptor (FPR) family, appear to mediate the anti-inflammatory actions of this endogenous mediator. Administration of the annexin 1 N-terminal derived peptide Ac2-26 to mice after 25 min ischemia significantly attenuated the extent of acute myocardial injury as assessed 60 min postreperfusion. Evident at the dose of 1 mg/kg (similar to9 nmol per animal), peptide Ac2-26 cardioprotection was intact in FPR null mice. Similarly, peptide Ac2-26 inhibition of specific markers of heart injury (specifically myeloperoxidase activity, CXC chemokine KC contents, and endogenous annexin 1 protein expression) was virtually identical in heart samples collected from wild-type and FPR null mice. Mouse myocardium expressed the mRNA for FPR and the structurally related lipoxin A(4) receptor, termed ALX; thus, comparable equimolar doses of two ALX agonists (W peptide and a stable lipoxin A4 analog) exerted cardioprotection in wild-type and FPR null mice to an equal extent. Curiously, marked (>95%) blood neutropenia produced by an anti-mouse neutrophil serum did not modify the extent of acute heart injury, whereas it prevented the protection afforded by peptide Ac2-26. Thus, this study sheds light on the receptor mechanism(s) mediating annexin 1-induced cardioprotection and shows a pivotal role for ALX and circulating neutrophil, whereas it excludes any functional involvement of mouse FPR. These mechanistic data can help in developing novel therapeutics for acute cardioprotection.

Avaliação da mangiferina na periodontite induzida em ratos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Involvement of formyl peptide receptors in the stimulatory effect of crotoxin on macrophages co-cultivated with tumour cells

Crotoxin (CTX) is the main neurotoxic component of Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom. It inhibits tumour growth and modulates the function of macrophages, which are essential cells in the tumour microenvironment. The present study investigated the effect of CTX on the secretory activity of monocultured macrophages and macrophages co-cultivated with LLC-WRC 256 cells. The effect of the macrophage secretory activities on tumour cell proliferation was also evaluated. Macrophages pre-treated with CTX (0.3 μg/mL) for 2 h were co-cultivated with LLC-WRC 256 cells, and the secretory activity of the macrophages was determined after 12, 24 and 48 h. The co-cultivation of CTX-treated macrophages with the tumour cells caused a 20% reduction in tumour cell proliferation. The production of both H2O2 and NO was increased by 41% and 29% after 24 or 48 h of co-cultivation, respectively, compared to the values for the co-cultures of macrophages of control. The level of secreted IL-1β increased by 3.7- and 3.2-fold after 12 h and 24 h of co-cultivation, respectively. Moreover, an increased level of LXA4 (25%) was observed after 24 h of co-cultivation, and a 2.3- and 2.1-fold increased level of 15-epi-LXA4 was observed after 24 h and 48 h, respectively. Boc-2, a selective antagonist of formyl peptide receptors, blocked both the stimulatory effect of CTX on the macrophage secretory activity and the inhibitory effect of these cells on tumour cell proliferation. Taken together, these results indicate that CTX enhanced the secretory activity of macrophages, which may contribute to the antitumour activity of these cells, and that activation of formyl peptide receptors appears to play a major role in this effect.