Flora of Guatemala : families Leguminosae, Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae, Tropaeolaceae, Linaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Rutaceae, Simaroubaceae, Burseraceae, Meliaceae, and Malpighiaceae / by Paul C. Standley and Julian A. Steyermark.

v.24:pt.5(1946)

Catálogo sistemático dos polens das plantas arbóreas do Brasil meridional XXII: Linaceae humirioideae e erythroxylaceae

É estudada a morfologia polínica de duas espécies de Linaceae-Humirioideae e três do gênero Erythroxylum. Todas ocorrem no sul do Brasil, exceto Humiria balsamifera, cujo pólen foi examinado visando as relações filogenéticas entre as espécies das duas famílias. Vantanea e Erythroxylum pertencem a um mesmo tipo polínico, enquanto que H. balsamifera é diferente, tanto nas aberturas quanto na estratificação da exina.

A Flora do Distrito de Aveiro : Paeoniaceae a Linaceae

O presente estudo teve como principal objectivo contribuir para o conhecimento da diversidade florística do Distrito de Aveiro, com base nos dados do Herbário da Universidade de Aveiro e revisão bibliográfica. Como é natural, este catálogo florístico não inclui todos os espécimes que se encontram depositados no herbário, mas sim uma percentagem significativa dos mesmos. Catalogou-se cerca de 178 taxa, distribuídos por 18 famílias e 86 géneros, inseridos nas famílias Paeoniaceae a Linaceae, segundo a Nova Flora de Portugal (FRANCO, 1971). Realizou-se uma análise fitogeográfica, considerando os espectros taxonómicos, biológico e corológico, incluindo também uma análise fenológica de floração e frutificação e do estatuto de conservação das plantas, relacionando-os com factores abióticos como geologia, hidrografia e bioclimatologia, factores que parecem influenciar a diversidade florística da região.

Phylogenie und Biogeographie der Linoideae (Linaceae) - Evolution von Heterostylie, Homostylie in Linum

Die Linaceae-Linoideae, vor allem die Gattung Linum, wurden unter Verwendung von zwei molekularen Markern (rbcL und ITS) bzgl. ihrer Phylogenie und Biogeographie untersucht. Die Linaceae entstanden während der mittleren Kreide in den frühen tropischen Regenwäldern, von wo aus sich die monophyletischen Linoideae vor etwa 51-46 Mill. Jahren über die temperaten Gebiete der Nordhemisphäre ausbreiteten. Während die drei basal abspaltenden Gattungen Anisadenia, Reinwardtia und Tirpitzia bzgl. ihrer Verbreitung auf Südostasien beschränkt sind, ist die Gattung Linum heute auf allen Kontinenten vertreten. Der Ursprung von Linum liegt wahrscheinlich in Südwestasien bzw. dem östlichen Mediterraneum, wo es im Oligozän zur Aufspaltung in zwei Entwicklungslinien kam ('Blaue Gruppe' und 'Gelbe Gruppe'). Während die überwiegend blaublühenden Linum-Arten ('Blaue Gruppe') vor allem in Europa und Südwestasien vorkommen, weisen die Vertreter der 'Gelben Gruppe' ein wesentlich größeres Verbreitungsgebiet auf. Gelbblühende Linum Arten findet man auf allen Kontinenten mit Diversitätszentren in Nordostamerika und Südwestasien. Interessanterweise wurde Amerika zweimal unabhängig voneinander besiedelt. Während die gelbblühenden Arten vor etwa 22-20 Mill. Jahren von Westeuropa über den Atlantik den amerikanischen Kontinent erreichten, wanderten Vertreter der 'Blauen Gruppe' im Pliozän (vor 3.78-3.33 Mill Jahren) über die Bering-Landbrücke in die Neue Welt ein. Auch in Südafrika sind einige gelbblühende Linum-Arten zu verzeichnen, die nicht über Nordafrika (wo einige Arten der 'Gelben Gruppe' beheimatet sind) die südliche Spitze des Kontinents erreichten, sondern von Amerika aus. Die molekularphylogenetischen Ergebnisse legen eine Eingliederung der Gattungen Cliococca, Hesperolinon, Radiola und Sclerolinon in Linum nahe, die durch morphologische Merkmale gestützt wird. Linopsis, die artenreichste Sektion der Gattung Linum, bedarf einiger Umstrukturierungen auf der Basis der molekularen und morphologischen Daten. Ein interessantes Phänomen innerhalb der Linaceae ist das Vorkommen von heterostylen und homostylen Arten innerhalb der Familie. Die Kombination der molekular-phylogenetischen Ergebnisse mit morphologischen Beobachtungen des Reproduktionssystems lassen darauf schließen, dass sich Homostylie innerhalb von Linum mehrfach unabhängig voneinander entwickelt hat. Das Modell von Primula wurde als Grundlage verwendet, um Aufschluss über die Entstehung der Homostylie innerhalb von Linum zu erlangen. Aus Primula ist bekannt, dass eine Kopplungsgruppe aus mindestens drei Genen an der Vererbung von Heterostylie beteiligt ist: G/g kodiert hierbei die Griffellänge und die Selbstinkompatibilitäts-reaktion der Narbe, A/a die Länge der Filamente und P/p die Selbst-inkompatibilitätsreaktion des Pollens. Umfangreiche Kreuzungs-experimente einer homostylen und einer heterostylen Linum-Art deuten darauf hin, dass die Genotypen der beiden Blütenformen in heterostylen Linum-Arten denen in Primula entsprechen. Langgriffel sind hiernach homozygot rezessiv (gpa/gpa), während die Kurzgriffel heterozygot sind (GPA/gpa). Selbstkompatible, homostyle Arten können theoretisch durch verschiedene Rekombinations-ereignisse entstehen. Erste Ergebnisse der rasterelektronen-mikroskopischen Betrachtung der Pollenkornoberflächen und Narbenpapillen deuten darauf hin, dass innerhalb von Linum Homostylie durch unterschiedliche Rekombinations-ereignisse mehrfach aus heterostylen Arten entstanden ist. So besitzt die homostyle Linum leonii den Genotyp gPA/gPA, während für die homostylen L. tenuifolium und L. nodiflorum der Genotyp Gpa/Gpa wahrscheinlich ist.

Avaliação das condições de secagem no rendimento e na qualidade do óleo de linhaça (Linum usitatissimum L.)

De origem asiática, a semente de linhaça (Linum usitatissimum L.) pertence à família das Lináceas e é obtida a partir do linho. A semente da linhaça é ainda a maior fonte alimentar de lignanas, compostos fotoquímicos parecidos com o estrogênio, que podem desempenhar ação anticancerígena. Rica em fibras solúveis tem aproximadamente 40% do seu peso composto por óleos ricos em Ômega 3, entre os quais se destaca o α-linolênico. A secagem é a operação unitária segundo o qual ocorre eliminação da água por evaporação ou sublimação, presente em um material, mediante a aplicação de calor com condições controladas. Visando averiguar o comportamento das sementes de linhaça durante a operação de secagem, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal realizar o planejamento experimental e analisar estatísticamente os resultados empregados para quantificar a influência da temperatura do ar (T), tempo de secagem (t), velocidade do ar de fluidização (Uf) e carga de sólidos (Cs), sobre a razão de umidade (Xr), rendimento em óleo (Rend.) e os parâmetros oleoquimicos. A estimativa do ponto ótimo de operação foi determinada em função das variáveis de entrada aplicando o conceito de desejabilidade global. Dentre as condições estabelecidas neste trabalho, o valor ótimo da Função Desejabilidade é quando T é deslocada próximo ao nível alto (72 oC), t para o mínimo (3 h), Uf para o ponto próximo ao central (0,83 m/s) e a Cs para o nível alto (500g), obtendo-se assim: 0,126 para Xr; 36,92 % para Rend.; 4,51 mg KOH/g para IA; 22,52 meqO2/Kg IP e 0,31% para DC. Foram obtidas as isotermas de dessorção das sementes de linhaça nas temperaturas de 40, 60 e 80°C. Os dados experimentais foram avaliados usando seis modelos matemáticos. A entalpia e a entropia diferencial de dessorção foram estimadas por meio das relações de Clausius-Clapeyron e Gibbs-Helmholtz, respectivamente. Os modelos de GAB e Peleg ajustaram adequadamente os dados experimentais. A teoria da compensação entalpia-entropia foi aplicada com sucesso às isotermas de dessorção e indica que o mecanismo de dessorção de umidade das sementes de linhaça pode ser considerado como controlado pela entalpia. A secagem das sementes de linhaça previamente umidificadas foram avaliadas em um secador de leito fixo e fluidizado, as corridas experimentais foram realizadas nas temperaturas de 40, 60 e 80°C, dentre dos cinco modelos propostos, o modelo de Midilli et al, foi o melhor modelo que melhor ajustou aos dados experimentais. Foi observado que a difusividade efetiva para as sementes de linhaça aumentou com a elevação da temperatura do ar de secagem para a secagem em leito fixo e fluidizado. A dependência da difusividade em relação à temperatura foi descrita pela equação de Arrhenius, por meio da qual se estimou para ambos os processos de secagem.

Palynology of marine sediment cores from the West African coast

Seven sediment cores from the cruises of the "Meteor" and "Valdivia" were examined palynologically. The cores were retrieved from the lower continental slope in the area of between 33.5° N and 8° N, off the West African coast. Most of the cores contain sediments from the last Glacial and Interglacial period. In some cases, the Holocene sediments are missing. Some individual cores contain sediments also from earlier Glacial and Interglacial periods. The main reason for making this palynological study was to find out the differences between the vegetation of Glacial and Interglacial periods in those parts of West Africa which at present belong to the Mediterranean zone, the Sahara and the zones of the savannas and tropical forests. In today's Mediterranean vegetation zone at core 33.5° N, forests and deciduous forests in particular, are missing during Glacial conditions. Semi-deserts are found instead of these. In the early isotope stage 1, there is a very significant development of forests which contain evergreen oaks; this is the Mediterranean type of vegestation development. The Sahara type of vegetation development is shown in four cores from between 27° N and 19° N. The differences between Glacial and Interglacial periods are very small. It must be assumed therefore that in this latitudes, both Glacial and Interglacial conditions gave rise to desert generally. The results are in favour of a slightly more arid climate during Glacial and more humid one during Interglacial periods. The southern boundary of the Sahara and the adjacent savannas with grassland and tropical woods were situated more to the south during the Glacial periods than they were during the Interglacial ones. In front of today's savanna belt, it can be seen from the palynological results that there are considerable differences between the vegetation of Glacial and Interglacial periods. The woods are more important in Interglacial periods. During the Glacial periods these are replaced from north to south decreasingly by grassland (savanna and rainforest type of vegetation development). The southern limit of the Sahara during stage 2 was somewhat between 12° N and 8° N which is between 1.5 and 5 degrees in latitude further south than it i s today. Not only do these differences in climate and vegetation apply to the maximum of the last Glacial and for the Holocene, but they apparently apply also to the older Glacial and Interglacial periods, where they have been found in the profiles. The North African deset belt can be said to have expanded during Glacial times both towards the north and towards the south. All the available evidence of this study indicates that the grass land or the semi-desert of the Southern Europe cam einto connection with those of the N Africa; there could not have been any forest zone between them. The present study was also a good opportunity for investigating some of the basic marine palynological problems. The very well known overrepresentation of pollen grains of the genus Pinus in marine sediments can be traced as fa as 21° N. The present southern limit for the genus Pinus is on the Canaries and on the African continent as approximately 31° N. Highest values of Ephedra pollen grains even occur south of the main area of the present distribution of that genus. These does not seem to be any satisfactory explanation for this. In general, it would appear that the transport of pollen grains from the north is more important than transport from the south. The results so far, indicate strongly that further palynological studies are necessary. These should concentrate particularly on cores from between 33° N and 27° N as well as between 17° N and 10° N. It would also be useful to have a more detailed examination of sediments from the last Intergalcial period (substage 5 e). Absolute pollen counts and more general examination of surface samples would be desirable. Surface samples should be taken from the shelf down to the bottom of the continental slope in different latitudes.

Pollen record and dating of sediment core GIK16776-1 off Liberia

Based on pollen analysis of a sediment core from the Atlantic Ocean off Liberia the West African vegetation history for the last 400 ka is reconstructed. During the cold oxygen isotope stages 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 3 and 2 an arid climate is indicated, resulting in a southward shifting of the southern border of the savanna. Late Pleistocene glacial stages were more arid than during the Middle Pleistocene. A persistence of the rain forest in the area, even during the glacial stages, is recorded. This suggests a glacial refuge of rain forest situated in the Guinean mountains. Afromontane forests with Podocarpus occurred in the Guinean mountains from the stages 12 to 2 and disappeared after. The tree expanded from higher to lower elevations twice in the warm oxygen isotope stage 11 (pollen subzones 11d, 11b) and at least twice during the warm stage 5 (pollen subzones 5d, 5a), indicating a relative cool but humid climate for these periods.

Pollen analysis of surface sediment off northwest Africa

Over 100 samples of recent surface sediments from the bottomn of the Atlantic Ocean offshore NW Africa between 34° and 6° N have been analysed palynologically. The objective of this study was to reveal the relation between source areas, transport systems, and resulting distribution patterns of pollen and spores in marine sediments off NW Africa, in order to lay a sound foundation for the interpretation of pollen records of marine cores from this area. The clear zonation of the NW-African vegetation (due to the distinct climatic gradient) is helpful in determining main source areas, and the presence of some major wind belts facilitates the registration of the average course of wind trajectories. The present circulation pattern is driven by the intertropical front (ITCZ) which shifts over the continent between c. 22° N (summer position) and c. 4° N (winter position) in the course of the year. Determination of the period of main pollen release and the average atmospheric circulation pattern effective at that time of the years is of prime importance. The distribution patterns in recent marine sediments of pollen of a series of genera and families appear to record climatological/ecological variables, such as the trajectory of the NE trade, January trades, African Easterly Jet (Saharan Air Layer), the northernmost and southernmost position of the intertropical convergence zone, and the extent and latitudinal situation of the NW-African vegetation belt. Pollen analysis of a series of dated deep-sea cores taken between c. 35° and the equator off NW African enable the construction of paleo-distribution maps for time slices of the past, forming a register of paleoclimatological/paleoecological information.