Anti-proliferative and cytotoxic activity of pentadactylin isolated from Leptodactylus labyrinthicus on melanoma cells

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Short-term movement and retreat sites of Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Anura : Leptodactylidae) during the breeding season: A spool-and-line tracking study

Capture/recapture studies significantly increase our knowledge of the natural history of anuran amphibians. Many different methods have been employed in these studies, but a number of new techniques still require experimental validation. During two reproductive seasons in a Cerrado remnant in southeastern Brazil, we investigated the movement patterns and habitat use of the pepper frog, Leptodactylus labyrinthicus, using a spool-and-line device. This low-cost device did not appear to interfere with the activities of the frogs and allowed for constant monitoring, showing precise routes of movement and great predictability of relocations. Both sexes were active at night. During the day, males and females made use of retreat sites under vegetation or in burrows constructed by small- and medium-sized mammals. Males and females did not use standardized routes; there were no significant differences between their movements, and movements were not correlated with body size or environmental conditions. Individuals are able to move further than 100 m per day, a characteristic that may enable this species to colonize or recolonize open areas.

Trophic eggs in the foam nests of Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Anura, Leptodactylidae): An experimental approach

The South American pepper frog, Leptodactylus labyrinthicus, is a large species that lays eggs in foam nests in holes dug out of the banks of different bodies of water. Recently, it was reported that only 6-10% of eggs are fertilized in foam nests of L. labyrinthicus and the remaining unfertilized eggs are consumed by the tadpoles inside the nest. Here we tested experimentally the influence of the ingestion of trophic eggs on the survivorship and growth of L. labyrinthicus tadpoles. Tadpoles fed on trophic eggs and subsequently fed on dry fish food grew larger than those fed only on dry fish food, and this suggests that the ingestion of trophic eggs is an adaptation to improve tadpole growth. The ingestion of trophic eggs also seems to be important for the maintenance of tadpoles in environments with unpredictable rainfall, as they were able to survive for about 70 days feeding only on these trophic eggs and one tadpole managed to complete metamorphosis feeding on trophic eggs only. Details of the spawning behaviour observed in the field, occurrence of multiple mating, and predation on eggs by terrestrial invertebrates and vertebrates are also reported.

Cytogenetic and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Leptodactylus species from rural and urban environments (Anura, Amphibia)

Cytogenetic and random amplified polymorphic DNA analyses carried out in the species Leptodactylus podicipinus, L. ocellatus, L. labyrinthicus, and L. fuscus from rural and urban habitats of the northwest region of São Paulo State, Brazil, showed that the karyotypes (2n = 22), constitutive heterochromatin distribution and nucleolus organizer region (NOR) location did not differ between the populations from the two environments. The in situ hybridization with an rDNA probe confirmed the location of the NORs on chromosome 8 revealing an in tandem duplication of that region in one of the chromosomes of L. fuscus. DAPI showed that part of the C-band-positive heterochromatin is rich in AT, including that in the proximity the NORs in L. podicipinus and L. ocellatus. The molecular analyses showed that the two populations (urban and rural) of L. podicipinus and L. fuscus are similar from a genetic point of view. The urban and rural populations of species L. ocellatus and L. labyrinthicus showed differences in genetic structures, probably due to urbanization which interferes with the dispersion of those frogs. The marked differences observed between the two populations of L. ocellatus can be representing the cryptic condition of the species. Unweighted pair-group method of analysis and genetic distance analysis detected the genetic proximity between L. ocellatus and L. fuscus. The results indicate that there was no reduction in the genetic diversity in the populations from the urban environment; however, the survival of these frogs would not be guaranteed in the case of an increase in human impact especially for populations of L. labyrinthicus and L. ocellatus. ©FUNPEC-RP.

Marcadores citológicos no cariótipo de espécies de Leptodactylus (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae) analisado com técnicas de citogenética clássica e molecular

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Diversidade e distribuição espaço-temporal de anuros em região com pronunciada estação seca no sudeste do Brasil

As atividades antrópicas têm alterado profundamente os ambientes naturais e muitas vezes afetado a diversidade e distribuição dos anuros. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as seguintes questões: (1) qual a composição da anurofauna em uma região de pastagem com clima marcadamente sazonal no extremo noroeste paulista? (2) como adultos e girinos das espécies se distribuem temporal e espacialmente? (3) a riqueza de espécies está correlacionada com descritores da heterogeneidade dos hábitats de reprodução? Na área estudada foram registradas 20 espécies de anuros, distribuídas em 11 gêneros de quatro famílias: Leptodactylidae (9), Hylidae (8), Microhylidae (2) e Bufonidae (1). Destas, Chaunus schneideri (Werner, 1894), Physalaemus centralis Bokermann, 1962 e Physalaemus fuscomaculatus (Steindachner, 1864) foram registradas apenas por coleta de girinos, enquanto Dendropsophus minutus (Peters, 1872) e Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Spix, 1824) ocorreram somente em corpos d'água próximos aos selecionados. As espécies registradas são conhecidas por sua ampla distribuição geográfica e por colonizarem áreas alteradas em outras localidades. Não houve correlação entre a riqueza de espécies e a complexidade estrutural dos corpos d'água. Entretanto, a maior riqueza de espécies foi registrada nos corpos d'água de longa duração. As poças temporárias de hidroperíodo instável foram colonizadas inicialmente por leptodactilídeos, enquanto que as poças permanentes ou temporárias estáveis foram colonizadas por hilídeos. A atividade de vocalização e de reprodução da maioria das espécies foi restrita ao período quente e chuvoso do ano, um padrão típico de ambientes tropicais sazonais. Cinco espécies [Chaunus schneideri, Dendropsophus nanus (Boulenger, 1889), Hypsiboas albopunctatus Spix, 1824, Leptodactylus podicipinus (Cope, 1862) e Pseudopaludicola aff. saltica (Cope, 1887)] vocalizaram durante a estação seca e chuvosa, mas apenas C. schneideri e H. albopunctatus se reproduziram durante o período seco. A fraca partilha espacial e temporal, registrada para adultos e girinos, não foi suficiente para explicar o isolamento reprodutivo entre as espécies. Outros fatores, como a partilha acústica e a segregação dos sítios de vocalização, podem ter maior importância para explicar a coexistência das espécies. A severidade climática (extensa e pronunciada estação seca, imprevisibilidade e inconstância das chuvas no início da estação chuvosa), juntamente com o elevado grau de conversão do hábitat natural em áreas de cultivo são, provavelmente, os fatores responsáveis pelo predomínio de espécies conhecidas por colonizar com sucesso áreas antrópicas em outras regiões do país.

Diversidade e distribuição espaço-temporal de anuros em região com pronunciada estação seca no sudeste do Brasil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Flexible feeding kinematics of a tropical carnivorous anuran tadpole

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Cytogenetic analyses of eight species in the genus Leptodactylus Fitzinger, 1843 (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae), including a new diploid number and a karyotype with multiple translocations

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Chromosomal studies on five species of the genus Leptodactylus Fitzinger, 1826 (Amphibia, Anura) using differential staining

Cytogenetic studies were carried out on five species of Leptodactylus, namely L. fuscus, L, notoaktites, L. labyrinthicus, L. ocellatus, and L. podicipinus, after standard staining, Ag-NOR and C-banding as well as BrdU incorporation for three of them. The species had 2n = 22 chromosomes and two basic karyotype patterns. Chromosome 8 was a marker bearing a secondary constriction. In all species, this secondary constriction corresponded to the Ag-NOR site. The species had centromeric C-bands in all chromosomes of the complement, but some interstitial or telomeric bands seemed to differentiate some karyotypes, either at the species or the population level. In L. ocellatus, the C-banding pattern confirmed the occurrence of a heteromorphic pericentric inversion in chromosome 8 in specimens from one of the populations. The BrdU incorporation technique showed no detectable difference in the replication patterns of the major bands in the chromosomes of L. noroaktites, L. labyrinthicus, and L. ocellatus.

Characterization and Biological Activities of Ocellatin Peptides from the Skin Secretion of the Frog Leptodactylus pustulatus

Eight new peptides were isolated from the skin secretion of the frog Leptodactylus pustulatus and their amino acid sequences determined by de novo sequencing and by cDNA cloning. Structural similarities between them and other antimicrobial peptides from the skin secretion of Leptodactylus genus frogs were found. Ocellatins-PT1 to -PT5 (25 amino acid residues) are amidated at the C-terminus, while ocellatins-PT6 to -PT8 (32 amino acid residues) have free carboxylates. Antimicrobial activity, hemolytic tests, and cytotoxicity against a murine fibroblast cell line were investigated. All peptides, except for ocellatin-PT2, have antimicrobial activity against at least one Gram negative strain. Ocellatin-PT8 inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella choleraesuis strains with MICs in the 60−240 μM range. No significant effect was observed in human erythrocytes and in a murine fibroblast cell line after exposure to the peptides at MICs. A comparison between sequences obtained by both direct HPLC-MS de novo sequencing and cDNA cloning demonstrates the secretion of mature peptides derived from a pre-pro-peptide structure.

The larva of the frog leptodactylus hylaedactylus (Leptodactylidae) [by] W. Ronald Heyer and Philip A. Silverstone.

v.51:no.11(1969)

Diet of the South American frog Leptodactylus ocellatus (Anura, Leptodactylidae) in Uruguay

The diet of Leptodactylus ocellatus (L., 1758) was studied in specimens collected at Maldonado Department (Uruguay), where monthly surveys were made between August 1998 and March 2000. A total of 143 frogs were collected, measured, sexed, and dissected, to assess stomach contents. The anurans were grouped into three age classes and four categories (considering sex and capture date). The trophic amplitude for each age class and sex-season category was quantified using Shannon-Weaver Index, and the trophic niche overlap between ages and categories by using the Pianka Index. Comparisons among treatments were made by G-tests. The most important prey items were coleopterans (IRI = 2547), and significant correlations were found between predator and prey sizes. The major differences on diet composition were found between extreme age classes (froglets and adults). Significant differences were also detected between sexes in the cold season but not in the warm season. Any of these changes in diet may be related with the availability of prey.

Molecular systematics of the frog genus Leptodactylus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) / Linda R. Maxson, W. Ronald Heyer.

n.s. no.41(1988)