Age and growth in olive ridley seaturtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) from the north-central Pacific: a skeletochronological analysis

The olive ridley is the most abundant seaturtle species in the world but little is known of the demography of this species. We used skeletochronological data on humerus diameter growth changes to estimate the age of North Pacific olive ridley seaturtles caught incidentally by pelagic longline fisheries operating near Hawaii and from dead turtles washed ashore on the main Hawaiian Islands. Two age estimation methods [ranking, correction factor (CF)] were used and yielded age estimates ranging from 5 to 38 and 7 to 24 years, respectively. Rank age-estimates are highly correlated (r = 0.93) with straight carapace length (SCL), CF age estimates are not (r = 0.62). We consider the CF age-estimates as biologically more plausible because of the disassociation of age and size. Using the CF age-estimates, we then estimate the median age at sexual maturity to be around 13 years old (mean carapace size c. 60 cm SCL) and found that somatic growth was negligible by 15 years of age. The expected age-specific growth rate function derived using numerical differentiation suggests at least one juvenile growth spurt at about 10–12 years of age when maximum age-specific growth rates, c. 5 cm SCL year−1, are apparent.

New records of the olive ridley sea turtle Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829) from the Cape Verde Islands

[ES] The olive ridley sea turtle Lepidochelys olivacea has been recorded in the Cape Verde Islands, but the most recent published data (1998-2000) are of stranded ndividuals and remains only. This article presents new data on olive ridleys recorded during the years 2001-2011 on Boavista and Sal islands. The presence of his species does not appear to be related to nesting activity. The possible geographical origin of these turtles is discussed. In addition, we propose some studies that could help to reinforce the conservation of sea turtles in West Africa.

Determinación de la Flora Bacteriana Nasal y Cloacal de la Tortuga “golfina” Lepidochelys olivacea, Especie Anidante en el Área Natural Protegida Complejo Los Cóbanos. Sonsonate, El Salvador

Durante su ciclo de vida las tortugas marinas están expuestas a muchos peligros, cada año mueren al ser capturadas accidentalmente en las redes de pesca, víctimas de la pérdida de hábitat de áreas de alimentación y anidación, debido al desarrollo costero e incremento del turismo, lo anterior ha ocasionado que se les considere como especies en peligro o amenazadas de extinción. La mayoría de las enfermedades de las tortugas marinas aún no han sido descritas; por lo que es necesario conocer las bacterias que se encuentran presente en el organismo y los posibles vectores de enfermedades. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la composición de la flora bacteriana en el área nasal y cloacal de las tortugas marinas Lepidochelys olivacea durante su época de anidación entre los meses de junio a octubre del año 2012, se colectaron muestras bacteriológicas provenientes de 20 hembras anidantes mediante recorridos nocturnos en tres playas El Faro, El Cocal y Salinitas pertenecientes al Área Natural Protegida Complejos Los Cóbanos Departamento de Sonsonate, El Salvador. Las muestras se colectaron a través del uso de hisopos estériles que se introdujeron en la cloaca durante el desove y en uno de los conductos nasales. Estas fueron trasladadas en al laboratorio de Biología de la Universidad de El Salvador en menos de 24 horas para su posterior análisis. En el laboratorio las muestras nasales fueron cultivadas en agar sangre, MacConkey y agar manitol sal, las cloacales fueron cultivadas en agar sangre, MacConkey, TCBS y XLD, a todas las colonias aisladas se les realizaron pruebas bioquímicas rutinarias IMVIC. Además se utilizó API 20E.

Notas sobre neonatos de Lepidochelys Olivácea (Testudines: Cheloniidae) en playa nueva esperanza, Tumbes, Perú

Informa sobre la nidada y neonatos de "tortuga pico de loro" observados en marzo de 2008 en la playa de Nueva Esperanza.

Detection of polymorphisms of the mtDNA control region of Caretta caretta (Testudines: Cheloniidae) by PCR-SSCP

Marine turtles are increasingly being threatened worldwide by anthropogenic activities. Better understanding of their life cycle, behavior and population structure is imperative for the design of adequate conservation strategies. The mtDNA control region is a fast-evolving matrilineal marker that has been employed in the study of marine turtle populations. We developed and tested a simple molecular tracing system for Caretta caretta mtDNA haplotypes by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). Using this technique, we were able to distinguish the SSCP patterns of 18 individuals of the haplotypes CC-A4, CC-A24 and CCxLO, which are commonly found in turtles sampled on the Brazilian coast. When we analyzed 15 turtles with previously unknown sequences, we detected two other haplotypes, in addition to the other four. Based on DNA sequencing, they were identified as the CC-A17 and CC-A1 haplotypes. Further analyses were made with the sea turtles, Chelonia mydas (N = 8), Lepidochelys olivacea (N = 3) and Eretmochelys imbricata (N = 1), demonstrating that the PCR-SSCP technique is able to distinguish intra-and interspecific variation in the family Cheloniidae. We found that this technique can be useful for identifying sea turtle mtDNA haplotypes, reducing the need for sequencing.

Plastic ingestion by sea turtles in Paraíba State, Northeast Brazil

ABSTRACT Currently, plastics are recognized as a major pollutant of the marine environment, representing a serious threat to ocean wildlife. Here, we examined the occurrence and effects of plastic ingestion by sea turtles found stranded along the coast of Paraíba State, Brazil from August 2009 to July 2010. Ninety-eight digestive tracts were examined, with plastic found in 20 (20.4%). Sixty five percent (n = 13) of turtles with plastic in the digestive tract were green turtles (Chelonia mydas), 25% (n = 5) were hawksbills (Eretmochelys imbricata), and 10% (n = 2) were olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea). More plastic was found in the intestine (85%) than in other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. We observed complete blockage of the gastrointestinal tract due to the presence of plastic in 13 of the 20 turtles that had ingested plastic. No correlation was found between the curved carapace length (CCL) and the number or mass of the plastic ingested items. Significant differences were found between the intake of hard and soft plastic and the ingestion of white/transparent and colored plastic, with soft and white/transparent plastics being more commonly ingested. This study reveals the serious problem of plastic pollution to sea turtles at the area.

RAPPORT NATIONAL SUR L'ETAT DE LA BIODIVERSITE

Informations de base sur la République du Cap Vert L'archipel du Cap Vert est constitué par dix îles et huit îlots situés à environ 500 km de la côte occidentale africaine. Sa superficie est de 4033 km2. Les îles sont d'origine volcanique et sont implantées sur la zone sud-ouest de la plate-forme sénégalaise sur la croûte océanique d'âge comprise entre 140 et 120 millions d'années. Le relief est très accidenté dans les îles les plus jeunes (Fogo, Santiago, Santo Antão et S. Nicolau), mais relativement plat dans les îles plus anciennes (Maio, Boavista e Sal). Les sols sont peu évolués, avec des horizons pédologiques peu différenciés. Par sa situation géographique, dans une zone d'aridité météorologique, le climat du Cap Vert est sahélien du type tropical sec, soumis aux vents alizés du nordest, avec des températures modérées (environ 24ºC) et une faible amplitude thermique dû à l'environnement atlantique. Les précipitations sont généralement faibles sur l'ensemble du pays, ne dépassant pas les 300 mm de moyenne annuelle pour les 65% du territoire situé à moins de 400 m d'altitude. Les zones sous l'influence des alizés étant encore plus sèches (150 mm de moyenne annuelle). Sur les versants situés à plus de 500 m d'altitude faisant face aux alizés, on peut atteindre ou dépasser les 700 mm. Les pluies sont irrégulières et généralement mal distribuées dans le temps et dans l'espace. Le peuplement et son influence sur la biodiversité Après leur colonisation par les humains au cours du XVème siècle, les îles du Cap Vert ont été soumises à une forte exploitation des ressources biologiques. Des facteurs anthropiques avec conséquences directe et indirecte sur la végétation, tels que l'agriculture pluviale, dans la plupart des cas pratiquée sur les fortes pentes des versants, l'utilisation du bois de feu, le surpâturage et l'introduction des espèces exotiques ont contribué à la dégradation graduelle de la végétation et des habitats de l'archipel. Le rôle de ces facteurs a été encore accentué par l'action passif des facteurs intrinsèques tels que l'insularité et la fraction importante du territoire occupée par des zones arides et semi-arides. La végétation des zones arides et semi-arides qui occupent, au Cap Vert, plus de 70% du sol arable du territoire, a un faible pouvoir de régénération. Sa flore insulaire est sensible par le fait d'avoir évolué en l'absence de prédateurs et d'être issues de petites populations avec une diversité génétique limitée et par une aire de dissémination très limitée. La diversité des espèces Il existe au Cap Vert, 110 espèces de bryophytes dont 15 sont endémiques. Du total, 36% sont extinctes ou menacées. Parmi les endémiques 40% sont menacées. Les espèces d’angiospermes sont en nombre de 240 dont 45 sont endémiques. A noter que 27% du total sont extinctes ou menacées. Parmi les endémiques, 54% sont en danger de disparition. La biodiversité animale cours des risques majeures de survie. Des 37 espèces de gastéropodes existantes, 15 sont endémiques dont 67% sont menacées. Les arachnides sont au nombre de 111 dont 46 sont endémiques. Parmi les endémiques, 78% sont menacées. Il existe 470 espèces d'insectes (coléoptères) dont 155 sont endémiques. 84% des taxa endémiques sont menacées. On suppose que du total des 470 espèces, 64% sont disparues ou en danger. L'état actuel de la faune et de la flore a été donné par la Première Liste Rouge du Cap Vert, publiée en 1996 et qui indique un certain nombre de statistiques effrayantes : sont menacées plus de 26% des angiospermes, plus de 40% des bryophytes, plus de 65% des ptéridophytes et plus de 29% des lichens ; plus de 47% des oiseaux, 25% des reptiles terrestres, 64% des coléoptères, plus de 57% des arachnides, plus de 59% des mollusques terrestres. L'archipel du Cap Vert est situé dans la zone tropicale où, selon Nunan (1992), si on exclue les espèces migratoires on peu compter environ 273 espèces de poissons, dont 70% sont endémiques. La liste des espèces de poissons des îles du Cap Vert est assez diversifiée et compte environ une centaine d'espèces appartenant à différentes familles. En matière de diversité biologique marine l'exploitation des ressources dans la ZEE (Zone Economique Exclusive) sont encore loin d'atteindre le potentiel estimé. Néanmoins, il existe quelques espèces qui sont en danger, notamment les tortues et les langoustes. Dans les eaux capverdiennes il existe 5 espèces de tortues : Dermocelys coriacea, Chelonia mydas, Eretmochelys imbricata, Caretta caretta et Lepidochelys olivacea. Les tortues sont d'une façon générale soumises à une exploitation irrationnelle depuis des décades. La viande et les oeufs, surtout de la tortue mâle sont très appréciés. La carapace est utilisée dans la bijouterie (boucles, bagues, colliers, etc.). Parmi les quatre familles de langoustes connues, l'archipel du Cap Vert recèle deux : la Palinuridae (langouste rose, verte et marron) et la Scyllaride (langouste de pierre). A signaler également une espèce endémique, le Palinuris charlestoni. Toutes les espèces existantes au Cap Vert sont exploitées, souvent à la limite de la durabilité. La République du Cap Vert et la Convention sur la Biodiversité Le Cap Vert a signé la Convention sur la biodiversité en juin 1992 et l'a ratifié en mars 1995. Pour remplir les obligations découlant de l'adoption de la Convention, le pays a complété sa Stratégie Nationale et Plan d'Action sur la Biodiversité en février 1999. Une institution responsable pour la mise en oeuvre de la politique nationale en matière de l'environnement a été créée, le Secrétariat Exécutif pour l'Environnement (SEPA). Le Plan d'Action National a identifié 21 objectifs divisés en huit groupes thèmatiques et contient des activités jusqu'à l'an 2010. Parallèlement à ces actions, la Loi de Base pour l'Environnement, le Code de l'Environnement, le Code de l'Eau et le Code Forestier ont été adoptés. Ce nouveau Code Forestier a été élaboré afin d'actualiser les normes pour une gestion durable des ressources et le transfert des compétences aux régions et communautés. Au niveau stratégique le Cap Vert a élaboré son Programme d'Action National pour l'Environnement (PANA) et a développé le Programme d'Action National de Lutte Contre la Désertification (PAN-LCD) en utilisant l'approche participative faisant appel à tous les acteurs de la société civile y inclus les associations et ONG. Au niveau international le Cap Vert a adhéré aux conventions telles que la biodiversité, les changements climatiques et le contrôle de la désertification. Le pays a également signé les conventions suivantes : Convention des Nations Unies sur le Droit de la Mer, Convention relative à la Protection du Patrimoine Mondial Culturel et Naturel, Convention de Bâle sur les mouvements trans-frontaliers, Convention internationale pour la Prévention de la pollution par des bateaux, Convention de Vienne sur la protection de la couche de l'ozone, Protocole de Montréal sur les substances qui appauvrissent la couche de l'ozone. La mise en oeuvre de la stratégie nationale sur la Diversité Biologique permettra une meilleure gestion de l'eau, des ressources naturelles et des espaces, l'introduction de nouvelles espèces et de nouvelles technologies alternatives pour l'agriculture et l'élevage ainsi que la création de nouveaux emplois alternatifs, à partir des activités génératrices de revenus, et de diminuer ainsi, la pression sur les ressources naturelles.

Estructura especiológica demersal observada durante el crucero de evaluación de la merluza entre Puerto Pizarro y Huarmey. BIC José Olaya Balandra 9806-07

Presenta la composición especiólogica por lance de pesca realizado durante el Crucero BIC José Olaya Balandra 9806-07, del 27 de junio al 13 de julio de 1998. El análisis se realizó identificando los grupos taxonómicos y los pesos por especies. En total se registraron 126 especies: 96 peces, 19 crustáceos, 3 moluscos, 6 equinodermos, un cnidario y una "tortuga loro" Lepidochelys olivacea como pesca accidental. La captura total en el área estudiada fue de 24.192,86 kg, de los cuales 24.094,04 kg (99,6%) correspondió a los peces; 73,82 kg (0,3%) a invertebrados y 25,0 kg (0,1%) a una tortuga loro como pesca accidental. La merluza Merluccius gayi peruanus, destacó por su abundancia y frecuencia, se capturó 7.452,87 (30,8%) de volumen total seguido por el falso volador Prionotus stephanophrys con 3.535,87 (14,6%) y el bereche Larimus pacificus con 3.441,95 kg (14,2%).

Caracterização da captura incidental de tartarugas marinhas pela pesca de espinhel pelágico no Nordeste do Brasil

The marine turtles biological characteristics and the impact they have been suffering in consequence of human activities have caused in the last decades the decrease of populations to unsustainable levels. All four of the species described in this paper are registered as endangered in a list by IUCN: Caretta caretta, Lepidochelys olivacea, Chelonia mydas, Dermochelys coriacea. The main causes of such impact include several fishing activities, mostly the surface longline. This paper discusses the monitoring of two foreigner longline fleet along the North East Brazilian coast between October of 2004 and September of 2005. Both operated in the West South Atlantic, one using the Chinese technique and the other the American. The American method s target species is the swordfish (Xiphias gladius), and it is characterized by using squid as bait, J 9/0 offset 5º hook, light sticks and night soaking. It also operates in shallower waters than the Chinese method. The source of information about the efforts and the catches came from onboard observers and were used to calculate the catching rate of turtles over 1000 hooks (CPUE). The American equipment caught more turtles (CPUE = 0,059; N= 103), mainly D. coriacea, while the Chinese longline caught mainly the L. olivacea and presented a CPUE= 0,018 (N= 89). The hooks were most frequently found attached to the mouth of C. caretta, C. mydas, and L. olivacea. The D. coriacea were most frequently caught by hooks externally attached to different parts of their body. There was no significant difference between the hook type catching and most turtles were still alive when released. The results suggest a greater potential of turtle catching by the American method. Besides the statistic tests have showed less interaction between the Chinese equipment and marine turtles, the catches of this fishing technique could have been underestimated due to miscommunication between the onboard observer and the vessel s crew plus the retrieve of the longline during night time

Tartarugas marinhas da Bacia Potiguar/RN: diagnóstico, biologia alimentar e ameaças

This work aimed to study the diversity and distribution of marine sea turtles stranded in Potiguar Basin, Rio Grande do Norte, as well as aspects related to feeding behavior associated with human impacts. The study was conducted through the analysis of data from stranded animals, recorded in a daily monitoring in an area bounded on the north by the municipality of Aquiraz, in the state of Ceará, and the east by the municipality of Caicara do Norte, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. Stranded dead animals were necropsied and for the analysis of the diet of animals, esophagus, stomach and intestines were fixed in 10% formalin and after that, the stomach contents were sorted and stored in 70% alcohol. Representative fragments of these organs were removed for making histological slides, with a view to histological characterization of the digestive tract. 2.046 occurrences of turtles were recorded during the period from 01/01/2010 to 31/12/2012. The Chelonia mydas species showed the highest number of records and it was observed in 66.81 % (N = 1,367) of cases; followed by Eretmochelys imbricata with 4.45 % (N = 91) and by Lepidochelys olivacea with 1.22% (N = 25). The Caretta caretta and Dermochelys coriacea species were, respectively, 0.93 % (N = 19) and 0.05 % (N = 1) records of strandings. In 26.54 % of cases, it was not possible to identify the species. Regarding the spatial distribution, the stretch A was the one that had the highest number of strandings and a larger number of records were registered in the warm months of the year. The dietary analysis showed that C. mydas fed preferentially on algae; C. caretta had a diet with a predominance of the item "coral´s fragments" and E. imbricata species showed preference for an animal origin material. Related to this anthropic interaction, 57.14 % (n = 76) of animals that died at the rehabilitation s base, showed cause of death due to complications from ingesting debris. According to the data presented, the Potiguar Basin presents itself as an area with important diversity and distribution of marine sea turtle as well is characterized as a feeding and nidification area for these species

Estudo da helmintofauna de tartarugas marinhas procedentes da costa brasileira

Pós-graduação em Biologia Geral e Aplicada - IBB

Caracterização da captura incidental de tartarugas marinhas pela pesca de espinhel pelágico no Nordeste do Brasil

The marine turtles biological characteristics and the impact they have been suffering in consequence of human activities have caused in the last decades the decrease of populations to unsustainable levels. All four of the species described in this paper are registered as endangered in a list by IUCN: Caretta caretta, Lepidochelys olivacea, Chelonia mydas, Dermochelys coriacea. The main causes of such impact include several fishing activities, mostly the surface longline. This paper discusses the monitoring of two foreigner longline fleet along the North East Brazilian coast between October of 2004 and September of 2005. Both operated in the West South Atlantic, one using the Chinese technique and the other the American. The American method s target species is the swordfish (Xiphias gladius), and it is characterized by using squid as bait, J 9/0 offset 5º hook, light sticks and night soaking. It also operates in shallower waters than the Chinese method. The source of information about the efforts and the catches came from onboard observers and were used to calculate the catching rate of turtles over 1000 hooks (CPUE). The American equipment caught more turtles (CPUE = 0,059; N= 103), mainly D. coriacea, while the Chinese longline caught mainly the L. olivacea and presented a CPUE= 0,018 (N= 89). The hooks were most frequently found attached to the mouth of C. caretta, C. mydas, and L. olivacea. The D. coriacea were most frequently caught by hooks externally attached to different parts of their body. There was no significant difference between the hook type catching and most turtles were still alive when released. The results suggest a greater potential of turtle catching by the American method. Besides the statistic tests have showed less interaction between the Chinese equipment and marine turtles, the catches of this fishing technique could have been underestimated due to miscommunication between the onboard observer and the vessel s crew plus the retrieve of the longline during night time

Caracterização da captura incidental de tartarugas marinhas pela pesca de espinhel pelágico no Nordeste do Brasil

The marine turtles biological characteristics and the impact they have been suffering in consequence of human activities have caused in the last decades the decrease of populations to unsustainable levels. All four of the species described in this paper are registered as endangered in a list by IUCN: Caretta caretta, Lepidochelys olivacea, Chelonia mydas, Dermochelys coriacea. The main causes of such impact include several fishing activities, mostly the surface longline. This paper discusses the monitoring of two foreigner longline fleet along the North East Brazilian coast between October of 2004 and September of 2005. Both operated in the West South Atlantic, one using the Chinese technique and the other the American. The American method s target species is the swordfish (Xiphias gladius), and it is characterized by using squid as bait, J 9/0 offset 5º hook, light sticks and night soaking. It also operates in shallower waters than the Chinese method. The source of information about the efforts and the catches came from onboard observers and were used to calculate the catching rate of turtles over 1000 hooks (CPUE). The American equipment caught more turtles (CPUE = 0,059; N= 103), mainly D. coriacea, while the Chinese longline caught mainly the L. olivacea and presented a CPUE= 0,018 (N= 89). The hooks were most frequently found attached to the mouth of C. caretta, C. mydas, and L. olivacea. The D. coriacea were most frequently caught by hooks externally attached to different parts of their body. There was no significant difference between the hook type catching and most turtles were still alive when released. The results suggest a greater potential of turtle catching by the American method. Besides the statistic tests have showed less interaction between the Chinese equipment and marine turtles, the catches of this fishing technique could have been underestimated due to miscommunication between the onboard observer and the vessel s crew plus the retrieve of the longline during night time

Patterns of lipid storage and mobilisation in the female green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas)

Reproductive data from southern Queensland indicate that vitellogenesis in female Chelonia mydas takes approximately 8 months and is followed by a migration to a breeding area. At Heron Island, females lay multiple clutches over approximately 3 months. To investigate how females mobilise and store lipid during the breeding season we collected plasma, yolk, and fat tissue samples from females at a variety of stages during the nesting season. In breeding females, concentrations of plasma triglyceride increased seasonally. They reached peak concentrations during vitellogenesis and courtship, remained high throughout the nesting season, and then declined to a nadir after the last clutch. Plasma protein concentration increased throughout the breeding season, peaking following the last clutch for the season. Yolk lipids were highest during courtship and were similar throughout the nesting season, suggesting that uptake of lipid by ovarian follicles is completed prior to the beginning of the nesting season. Plasma triglyceride decreases in females with prolonged periods of unsuccessful nesting, and total lipid levels in adipose tissue and follicle yolks were significantly lower in atretic females. It appears that: (1) endogenous energy reserves can be reduced by stochastic environmental events (such as those reducing nesting success), and (2) a metabolic shift signalling the end of the nesting season is characterised by a drop in plasma triglycerides and slight increase in total plasma protein.

Diversidade de membracídeos (Hemiptera, Membracidae) e sobreposição de recursos tróficos em área do semi-árido

Foram examinados 1.069 indivíduos de 13 espécies de membracídeos coletados em suas plantas hospedeiras, entre agosto de 2004 e setembro de 2005, em uma região do semi-árido da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. Enchenopa concolor (Fairmaire, 1846) (31,6%) e E. euniceae Creão-Duarte & Rothéa, 2006 (24,8%) foram as espécies mais abundantes. Cinco famílias de plantas hospedeiras abrigaram esses insetos. Entre essas famílias, Fabaceae apresentou maior riqueza (12) e abundância (70,3%) de membracídeos. Darnis olivacea Fabricius, 1803, Hygris beckeri Sakakibara, 1998 e Sundarion flavum (Fairmaire, 1846) apresentaram os maiores valores de amplitude de nicho. Entre as espécies mais abundantes, E. minuta Creão-Duarte & Rothéa, 2006 e Micrutalis binaria (Faimaire, 1846) mostraram a maior sobreposição de nicho trófico, mas a sobreposição temporal entre elas foi relativamente baixa. Os resultados revelaram possíveis estratégias desenvolvidas pelas espécies para coexistência e exploração de recursos na Caatinga.