Raskaan jalkaväen taisteluajoneuvon valmistaminen Leopard 2A4 -taistelupanssarivaunusta

Kokemukset viimeaikaisista konflikteista ovat johtaneet siihen, että eri valtioiden asevoimat ovat kehittäneet aikaisempaa raskaampia taisteluajoneuvoja. Pääasiallinen valmistusmenetelmä on ollut käyttää jo olemassa olevia taistelupanssarivaunun runkoja uuden vaunun rakentamiseen. Resurssien rajallisuus, vaikutuskeskeisyyden korostuminen sotataidossa ja taistelukentän muutos asettaa nykyisille taisteluajoneuvoille vaatimuksia, joihin ne eivät täysin kykene vastaamaan. Ajoneuvoille asetettuihin vaatimuksiin voitaisiin etsiä vastausta myös Leopard 2A4 -alustaisella raskaalla jalkaväen taisteluajoneuvolla. Tämän tutkielman tavoitteena on selvittää, mitä etuja Leopard 2A4 -vaunujen hyödyntämisellä raskaan jalkaväen taisteluajoneuvon valmistukseen voitaisiin saavuttaa. Tavoitteeseen päästäkseen tutkimuksessa vastataan seuraaviin kysymyksiin: mitä ovat raskaat jalkaväen taisteluajoneuvot? Mitä haasteita raskaiden jalkaväen taisteluajoneuvojen valmistus aiheuttaa? Miten raskaat jalkaväen taisteluajoneuvot soveltuvat 2000-luvun taistelukentän toimintaympäristöön? Tutkielman pääasiallinen tutkimusmenetelmä on kirjallisuusanalyysi. Näkökulma on pääosin tekninen. Tärkeimpinä lähteinä ovat toimineet Serbian yliopiston tutkijoiden tutkimus raskaista jalkaväen taisteluajoneuvoista, Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulun Taktiikan laitoksen julkaisema Liikkuvuus 2030 -tutkimus, sekä Puolustusvoimien Teknillisen tutkimuslaitoksen Sotatekninen arvio ja ennuste 2025. Maailmalla näytetyt esimerkit osoittavat, että taistelupanssarivaunuista on mahdollista tuottaa toimiva raskas jalkaväen taisteluajoneuvo. Ajoneuvojen vahvuuksia ovat hyvä taistelutekninen ja taktinen liikkuvuus, ylivertainen suojaus ja yhdistettyjen alustaratkaisuiden tuomat logistiset säästöt. Heikkouksina ovat strateginen liikkuvuus ja uuden kaluston tutkimus- ja kehityskustannukset. Leopard 2A4 -rungolle rakennetulla ajoneuvolla olisi aikanaan mahdollista korvata vanhentuvaa BMP-2 rynnäkköpanssarivaunukalustoa.

STANDARDIZATION OF SOME ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS OF CAPTIVE LEOPARD CATS (LEOPARDUS TIGRINUS)

Thirty-three captive leopard cats, Leopardus tigrinus, were anesthetized with xylazine (1-2 mg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg), and electrocardiograph (ECG) tests were recorded in all leads with 1 cm = 1 mV sensibility and 25 mm/sec speed repeating DII lead at 50 mm/sec speed with the same sensibility. Results expressed by mean and standard deviation were: heart rate (HR) = 107 +/- 17 (bpm); P-wave = 0.048 +/- 0.072 (s) x 0.128 +/- 0.048 (mV); PR interval = 0.101 +/- 0.081 (s); QRS compound = 0.053 +/- 0.012 (s) x 1.446 +/- 0.602 (mV); QT interval = 0.231 +/- 0.028 (s); R-wave (CV(6)LL) = 1.574 +/- 0.527 (mV); R-wave (CV(6)LU) = 1.583 +/- 0.818 (mV); heart rhythm: normal sinus rhythm (15.2%), sinus rhythm with wandering pacemaker (WPM) (60.6%), sinus arrhythmia with WPM (24.2%); electric axis: between +30 degrees and +60 degrees (6.1%), +60 (6.1%), between +60 degrees and +90 degrees (57.6%), +90 degrees (9%), between +90 degrees and +120 degrees (21.2%); ST segment: normal (75.7%), elevation (18.2%), depression (6.1%); T-wave polarity (DII): positive (100%); T-wave (V(10)): absent (6.1%), negative (63.6%), positive (18.2%), and with interference (12.1%). Through ECG data comparison with other species, unique features of Leopardus tigrinus` (leopard cat) ECG parameters were detected. Some of the study animals presented with an R-Wave amplitude that was indicative of left ventricle overload according to patterns for normal domestic cats (Felis cati). Echocardiographic exams revealed normal heart cavities` function and morphology. The aim of this study was to establish some electrocardiographic parameters of captive L. tigrinus.

Síndrome Leopard e miocardiopatia hipertrófica: uma associação relacionada à morte súbita

Relatamos a rara associação entre síndrome Leopard e miocardiopatia hipertrófica em mulher de 27 anos, pouco sintomática, que veio para estratificação e prevenção de risco de morte súbita. Portadora de uma síndrome rara, que se manifesta com pequenas máculas disseminadas pelo corpo, além de alterações oculares, genitais, cardíacas e de crescimento. A associação de miocardiopatia hipertrófica com fatores de risco de morte súbita determinou a indicação do implante de cardiodesfibrilador (CDI) para prevenção primária.

PTPN11 mutation manifesting as LEOPARD syndrome associated with hypertrophic plexi and neuropathic pain.

BACKGROUND: LEOPARD syndrome (LS) belongs to the family of neuro-cardio-facio-cutaneous syndromes, which include Neurofibromatosis-1 (NF1), Noonan syndrome, Costello Syndrome, cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome, Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair and Legius syndrome. These conditions are caused by mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in the RAS-MAPK cellular pathway. Clinical heterogeneity and phenotype overlaps across those different syndromes is already recognized. CASE PRESENTATION: We hereby report a heterozygous de novo mutation in the PTPN11 gene (c.1403C > T) manifesting with a clinical picture of LS during childhood, and later development of neuropathic pain with hypertrophic plexi, which are typically observed in NF1 but have not been reported in LS. CONCLUSION: LS caused by PTPN11 mutations may be associated with hypertrophic roots and plexi. Consequently, clinicians should be aware of the possible development of neuropathic pain and consider specific diagnostic work-up and management.

Geographical variation in the clouded leopard, Neofelis nebulosa, reveals two species

The clouded leopard, Neofelis nebulosa, is an endangered semiarboreal felid with a wide distribution in tropical forests of southern and southeast Asia, including the islands of Sumatra and Borneo in the Indonesian archipelago [1]. In common with many larger animal species, it displays morphological variation within its wide geographical range and is currently regarded as comprising of up to four subspecies [2-4]. It is widely recognized that taxonomic designation has a major impact on conservation planning and action [5-8]. Given that the last taxonomic revision was made over 50 years ago [2], a more detailed examination of geographical variation is needed. We describe here the results of a morphometric analysis of the pelages of 57 clouded leopards sampled throughout the species' range. We conclude that there are two distinct morphological groups, which differ primarily in the size of their cloud markings. These results are supported by a recent genetic analysis [9]. On that basis, we give diagnoses for the distinction of two species, one in mainland Asia (N. nebulosa) and the other in Indonesia (N. diardi). The implications for conservation that arise from this new taxonomic arrangement are discussed.

Hunting and social behaviour of leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) at Seal Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica

The hunting behavior of leopard seals Hydrurga leptonyx was monitored opportunistically at Seal Island, South Shetland Islands, during the austral summers from 1986/87 to 1994/95. Leopard seals used several methods to catch Antarctic fur seal pups Arctocephalus gazella and chinstrap penguins Pygoscelis antarctica, and individuals showed different hunting styles and hunting success. One to two leopard seals per year were responsible for an average of 60% of observed captures of fur seal pups. Leopard seals preyed on penguins throughout the summer, but preyed on fur seal pups only between late December and mid-February. Hunting behavior differed significantly between different locations on the island; fur seals were hunted only at one colony, and penguins were hunted in several areas. The relative abundance of prey types, size of prey in relation to predator, and specialization of individual leopard seals to hunt fur seal prey probably influence individual prey preferences among leopard seals. On five occasions, two leopard seals were seen together on Seal Island. Possible interpretations of the relationship between the interacting leopard seals included a mother-offspring relationship, a consorting male-female pair, and an adult leopard seal followed by an unrelated juvenile. In two incidents at Seal Island, two leopard seals were observed interacting while hunting: one seal captured fur seal pups and appeared to release them to the other seal. Observations of leopard seals interacting during hunting sessions were difficult to confirm as co-operative hunting, but they strongly implied that the two seals were not agonistic toward one another. The hunting success of individual leopard seals pursuing penguins or fur seals is probably high enough for co-operative hunting not to become a common hunting strategy; however, it may occur infrequently when it increases the hunting productivity of the seals.

Population Growth of Antarctic Fur Seals: Limitation by a Top Predator, The Leopard Seal?

Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) in the South Shetland Islands are recovering from 19th-century exploitation more slowly than the main population at South Georgia. To document demographic changes associated with the recovery in the South Shetlands, we monitored fur seal abundance and reproduction in the vicinity of Elephant Island during austral summers from 1986/1987 through 1994/1995. Total births, mean and variance of birth dates, and average daily mortality rates were estimated from daily live pup counts at North Cove (NC) and North Annex (NA) colonies on Seal Island. Sightings of leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) and incidents of leopard seal predation on fur seal pups were recorded opportunistically during daily fur seal research at both sites. High mortality of fur seal pups, attributed to predation by leopard seals frequently observed at NC, caused pup numbers to decline rapidly between January and March (i.e., prior to weaning) each year and probably caused a long-term decline in the size of that colony. The NA colony, where leopard seals were never observed, increased in size during the study. Pup mortality from causes other than leopard seal predation appeared to be similar at the two sites. The number of pups counted at four locations in the Elephant Island vicinity increased slowly, at an annual rate of 3.8%, compared to rates as high as 11% at other locations in the South Shetland Islands. Several lines of circumstantial evidence are consistent with the hypothesis that leopard seal predators limit the growth of the fur seal population in the Elephant Island area and perhaps in the broader population in the South Shetland Islands. The sustained growth of this fur seal population over many decades rules out certain predator–prey models, allowing inference about the interaction between leopard seals and fur seals even though it is less thoroughly studied than predator–prey systems of terrestrial vertebrates of the northern hemisphere. Top-down forces should be included in hypotheses for future research on the factors shaping the recovery of the fur seal population in the South Shetland Islands.