Estudos anatômicos de folhas de espécies de plantas daninhas de grande ocorrência no Brasil. V - Leonurus sibiricus, Leonotis nepetaefolia, Plantago tomentosa e Sida glaziovii

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar a anatomia foliar das espécies de plantas daninhas Leonurus sibiricus (rubim), Leonotis nepetaefolia (cordão-de-frade), Plantago tomentosa (tanchagem) e Sida glaziovii (guanxuma-branca) e, assim, obter melhor entendimento das barreiras à penetração dos herbicidas e, conseqüentemente, fornecer subsídios à busca de estratégias de manejo para superar esses obstáculos. As folhas expandidas do terceiro ao quinto nó foram coletadas de plantas no campo; destas folhas foram obtidas três amostras da região central, com aproximadamente 1 cm², as quais foram utilizadas em estudos da estrutura e clarificação e em observações em microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). L. sibiricus é uma espécie hipoestomática, e as demais espécies avaliadas são anfiestomáticas. As principais barreiras foliares potenciais à penetração de herbicidas constatadas em L. sibiricus foram a alta densidade tricomática e a ausência de estômatos na face adaxial. Já em relação a L. nepetaefolia, alta densidade tricomática, grande espessura da cutícula da face adaxial e baixa densidade estomática na face adaxial foram os principais obstáculos potenciais detectados. P. tomentosa apresentou como possíveis barreiras foliares à penetração de herbicidas o alto teor de cera epicuticular, a alta densidade tricomática e a grande espessura da cutícula de ambas as faces. Alta densidade tricomática e baixa densidade estomática na face adaxial foram os possíveis obstáculos constatados nas folhas de S. glaziovii.

Metodologia para germinação de sementes de Leonurus sibiricus L

O objetivo do trabalho foi investigar a influência de diferentes temperaturas, o comportamento fotoblástico e a absorção de água de sementes de Leonurus sibiricus L. Essa espécie medicinal é originária da Índia, distribuída pela Ásia, África e América, utilizada no tratamento de reumatismo, problemas dermatológicos e respiratórios. Para tanto, as sementes foram submetidas a temperaturas entre 5 a 40ºC, com intervalos de 5ºC, e alternadas de 20/30, 20/25 e 25/30ºC, com 5 repetições de 50 sementes cada, em condições de luz e escuro. No estudo da absorção de água as sementes foram colocadas para germinar na temperatura de 20ºC e na presença da luz e pesadas para avaliar o ganho de água durante todo o processo germinativo, até a protrusão da radícula. Pelos resultados verificou-se que os maiores porcentuais de germinação e índice de velocidade de germinação ocorreram na temperatura constante de 20ºC, e nas temperaturas alternadas 20/25, 25/30, 25/30ºC sob luz. Houve germinação na temperatura mínima de 10ºC e na máxima 40ºC. No ensaio de absorção de água verificou-se que as sementes iniciam a protrusão da radícula com 65 horas de exposição e seguem padrão trifásico na curva de absorção. O modelo estatístico ajustado para a espécie foi y = 1,869 (1 - 0,414 exp ( -0,201t) + exp [-2,397 + 0,037 (t - 65)], com R²= 0,9998.

In vitro allelopathic potential of Leonurus sibiricus L. leaves

The chemical interaction between plants is known as allelopathy and it is related to the release of substances into the environment. The present study aimed at the evaluation of the allelopathic activity of the leaves of Leonurus sibiricus against the germination and initial growth of Raphanus sativus, Lactuca sativa, and Lepidium sativum. Chemical analyses showed the presence in the leaves of four major flavonoids (quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 > 6)-beta-D-galactopyranoside; rutin; hyperin, and isoquercetrin) and of three minor flavonoidic compounds (genkwanin, 3'-hydroxy genkwanin, and quercetin). Extracts, their chromatographic fractions and pure isolated flavonoids showed different biological activities. A methanol extract of leaves of Leonurus sibiricus caused significant reduction only in the germination of Lactuca sativa, with no effects on the germinative processes of Raphanus sativus and Lepidium sativum. Some chromatographic fractions, containing the flavonoids, showed inhibitory activity on the initial stages of root growth of all tested seeds. The isolated flavonoids, at the higher concentration tested (10(-4) M) seemed to be responsible for the inhibition of the germination, as well as the radical elongation. Among pure compounds, 3'-OH-genkwanin and quercetin showed the stronger antigerminative activity at the concentration of 10(-4) M, whereas the radical elongation was reduced by rutin, isoquercetrin and 3'-OH-genkwanin. All compounds, tested at concentrations ranging between 10(-5) and 10(-7) M, showed stimulatory activities.

Composição do óleo essencial de rubim (Leonurus sibiricus L. - Lamiaceae)

The essential oils are found in a great number of Lamiaceae family species, but few researches were carried out on this subject. This work had as a goal to identify the Leonurus sibiricus L. (rubim) essential oil composition. Rubim leaves and flowers in infusion are able to avoid vomit, diarrhea, and are also indicated in cold, cough, bronchitis and rheumatisms cases. In order to know what are the phytochemical compositions involved, it was used the gas chromatography techniques with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as methodology. The results showed 70% volatility compound by trans-cariophylene, alpha-humulene and germacrene-D. Other substances like gamacadinene, beta-bourborene and alpha-copaene were found like compounds of this essential oil species.

Efeito alelopático de extrato de leonurus sibiricus l. em mentha piperita l.. desenvolvimento, trocas gasosas e metabólitos do óleo essencial

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Composition of essential oil peppermint cultivated with methanolic extract of Leonurus sibiricus L. leaves

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Acúmulo de nutrientes pelo cafeeiro sob interferência de plantas daninhas

As plantas jovens de café são muito sensíveis à interferência das plantas daninhas, devido à forte competição por nutrientes que se estabelece entre essas plantas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo, portanto, avaliar os efeitos da interferência de sete espécies de plantas daninhas no conteúdo relativo (CR) de macro e micronutrientes, na massa seca da parte aérea de plantas de café. Aos 30 dias após o transplantio das mudas de café, em vasos contendo 12 L de substrato, fez-se o transplantio e/ou a semeadura das espécies daninhas, em seis densidades (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 plantas por vaso). Os períodos de convivência, desde o transplantio ou emergência das plantas daninhas até a colheita das plantas, foram de 77 dias - Bidens pilosa, 180 dias - Commelina diffusa, 82 dias - Leonurus sibiricus, 68 dias - Nicandra physaloides, 148 dias - Richardia brasiliensis e 133 dias - Sida rhombifolia. B. pilosa, C. diffusa, L. sibiricus e R. brasiliensis, mesmo em baixas densidades, acarretaram decréscimos consideráveis no conteúdo relativo de nutrientes de plantas de café. B. pilosa foi a planta daninha que extraiu a maior quantidade de nutrientes, enquanto N. physaloides e S. rhombifolia foram as espécies que causaram menor interferência ao cafeeiro. O grau de interferência variou com a espécie e com a densidade das plantas daninhas.

Effects of weed species competition on the growth of young coffee plants

The effects of competition of seven weed species on the growth of coffee plants were evaluated under greenhouse conditions. Thirty days after coffee seedling transplantation into 12 L pots with soil level area of 6.5 dm², weeds were transplanted into or sown in those pots, at densities of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 plants per pot. Competition or weedy periods from weed transplantation or emergence to plant harvesting, at weed pre-flowering stage, were: 77 days - Bidens pilosa, 98 days - Brachiaria decumbens, 180 days - Commelina diffusa, 82 days - Leonurus sibiricus, 68 days - Nicandra physaloides, 148 days - Richardia brasiliensis and 133 days - Sida rhombifolia. Coffee plant height, stem diameter, leaf number and shoot dry matter were determined. Effects of competition by N. physaloides and S. rhombifolia against coffee plants were among the lowest, since only a slight decrease in all the characteristics evaluated in coffee plants was observed. The other weed species caused severe decrease in growth, mainly with increasing weed plant densities. Competition degree was found to depend on weed species and density.

Growth and nutrient concentration in coffee root system under weed species competition

The effects of competition of six weed species on growth, nutrient concentration and nutrient content of coffee plant root system under greenhouse conditions were evaluated. Thirty days after coffee seedling transplantation into 12 L pots with soil level area of 6.5 dm². Weeds were transplanted or sowed in these pots, at densities of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 plants per pot. The duration of competition (or weedy periods) from weed transplantation or emergence until plant harvesting, at the weed preflowering stage, were (in days): 77 (Bidens pilosa), 180 (Commelina diffusa), 82 (Leonurus sibiricus), 68 (Nicandra physaloides), 148 (Richardia brasiliensis) and 133 (Sida rhombifolia). Dry matter of coffee plants was linearly reduced with increasing B. pilosa and S. rhombifolia density, with pronounced effect of B. pilosa. C. diffusa was the only weed species whose increasing density in the pots did not diminish crop root dry matter. L. sibiricus, N. physaloides and R. brasiliensis reduced root dry matter of coffee plants by 75, 52 and 47%, respectively, as compared to the weed-free treatment, regardless of weed density. Under competition, even though weed species showed lower macronutrient concentration in the roots (except for P), they accumulated 4.2 (N), 12.3 (P), 4.3 (K), 5.5 (Ca), 7.6 (Mg) and 4.4 (S) times more nutrients in the roots than the coffee plants. Crop and weed nutrient concentration, as well as competition degrees greatly varied depending on both weed species and densities.

Growth and development of honey weed based on days or thermal units

This work was carried out with the objective of evaluating the growth and development of honey weed (Leonurus sibiricus) based on days or thermal units (growing degree days). Thus, two independent trials were developed to quantify the phenological development and total dry mass accumulation in increasing or decreasing photoperiod conditions. Considering only one growing season, honey weed phenological development was perfectly fit to day scale or growing degree days, but with no equivalence between seasons, with the plants developing faster at increasing photoperiods, and flowering 100 days after seeding. Even day-time scale or thermal units were not able to estimate general honey weed phenology during the different seasons of the year. In any growing condition, honey weed plants were able to accumulate a total dry mass of over 50 g per plant. Dry mass accumulation was adequately fit to the growing degree days, with highlights to a base temperature of 10 ºC. Therefore, a higher environmental influence on species phenology and a lower environmental influence on growth (dry mass) were observed, showing thereby that other variables, such as the photoperiod, may potentially complement the mathematical models.

Avaliação da importância de habitats secundários para a manutenção de abelhas silvestres em áreas agrícolas

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia) - IBRC

Wing polymorphism and dispersal of Scaptocoris carvalhoi (Hemiptera : Cydnidae)

Functional wing polymorphism is commonly observed it) insects, and it may confer an important adaptive value to populations that bear this trait, because it allows dispersal and the location to more favorable habitats for their survival and reproduction. According to the oogenesis-flight syndrome theory, such wing polymorphism may imply differences in the locomotion Capacity of individuals, which is a factor induced by adverse environmental conditions during muscle development in immatures. Scaptocoris carvalhoi Becker (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) is an important agriculture pest in Brazil, and it has burrowing habits. The adults swarm in the beginning of the rainy season after a prolonged drought period in the Brazilian cerrado region. In these swarms, part of the population leaves the soil, performing long flights until locations with more abundant vegetation. In this study, we characterized wing polymorphism in S. carvalhoi, this being the first description in a species of Cydnidae. Brachypterous and macropterous males and females were observed, which showed positive and significant correlations between body length and hindwing length. Macropterous individuals demonstrated greater locomotion capacity than brachypterous individuals. In addition, only long-winged adults could fly, showing wing mobility and flight reaction. The increased number of macropterous individuals inside the soil during the swarming season and in the beginning of the rainy period suggests that wing polymorphism in this population occurs in seasonal cycles and that factors related to the scarcity of rains influence the development of immatures and the formation of polymorphic adults.

Ensaios preliminares em laboratório para verificar a ação moluscicida de algumas espécies da flora brasileira

Estudou-se em laboratório a atividade moluscicida de 68 extratos de 23 plantas brasileiras. As soluções em água desclorada dos extratos hexânicos e etanólico, nas concentrações de 1, 10 e 100 ppm, foram testadas sobre caramujos adultos e desovas de Biomphalaria glabrata, criados em laboratório. As plantas que demonstraram ação moluscicida na concentração de 100 ppm foram: Arthemisia verlotorum Lamotte, Caesalpinia peltophoroides Benth, Cassia rugosa G.Don., Eclipta alba Hassk, Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd, Euphorbia splendens Bojer, Joannesia princeps Vell, Leonorus sibiricus L.,Macrosiphonia guaranitica Muell,Nerium oleander L., Palicourea nicotianaefolia Cham, e Schlech., Panicum maximum M., Rumex crispus L., Ruta graveolens L., e Stryphnodendron barbatiman M.

Anatomia, dos nectános de algumas espécies da flora apícola

This paper deals with anatomical descriptions of some types of nectaries in 27 species of honey plants of Piracicaba, S. P. The material studied was divides in two groups: a) Extra-floral nectaries; b) Floral nectaries. Euphorbia pulcherrima, Willd; showed to belonging to the first group: its nectaries tissue consist of an epidermal layer of cell without stomata and with true gland, with subepidermal cells diferentiated by the thickness of the wall. Among the plants with floral nectaries, the following types has been listed, according the location of the nectary in the flower: 1 - with true glands: a) in sepals, Hibiscus rosa sinensis, L.; Dombeya Wallichii, Bth. e Hk; b) in the stamens tube, Antigonum leptopus, Hook e Arn.; 2 - on the receptacle with nectariferous tissue in the epidermal cell with: a) thickness wall with stomata, Prunus persical, L.; b) thin wall without stomata, Crotalaria paulinia, Shranck; Caesal-pinia sepiaria, Roxb; Aberia caffra; 3 - with a disc located in the receptacle with: epidermal: a) with stomata, Coffea arábica, L. var. semper florens; Citrus aurantifolia, Swing; Cinchona sp.; Pryrostegia ignea, Presl.; b) without stomata and with thin wall, Leojurus sibiricus, L.; Bactocydia unguis, Mart., Ipomoea purpurea, L.; Greviüea Thelemanniana, Hueg.; Dolichos lablab, L.; Vernonia polyanthes, Less., Montanoa bipinatifida, C. Koch., Eruca sativa, L. Brassica Juncea, Co; Eucalyptus tereticomis, Smith.; Eucalyptus rostrata, Schleche; Salvia splendens, Selow.; 4 - in the basal tissues of the ovary, Budleia brasiliensis, Jacq F.; Petrea subserrata, Cham.; 5 - in the base of stamens, Per sea americana, Mill. On the anatomical point of view, most of the types of nectary studied has external nectariferous tissues, located on the epidermal cells with thin periclinal wall and without stomata. The sub-epidermal layer were rich in sugar. Short correlation was found between the structure of the nectary and the amount of nectar secretion. So, in the nectary with true glands, in those with thin wall and without stomata on epidermal cells and in those with stomata, the secretion was higher than in the other types listed.

Murcha do manjericão (Ocimum basilicum) no Brasil: agente causal, círculo de plantas hospedeiras e transmissão via semente

O manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) é uma hortaliça da família Lamiaceae, utilizada na culinária ou como matéria prima para a indústria de fármacos e óleos essenciais. Amostras de plantas de manjericão apresentando sintomas de murcha, seca de hastes e podridão de colo foram coletadas na área rural de Brazlândia (DF) durante a estação chuvosa de 2005. Outras duas amostras foram coletadas em plantas cultivadas em campo aberto e casas de vegetação na região de Ponte Alta (DF). Isolados de um fungo, identificado como Fusarium oxysporum, foram obtidos em todas as amostras. Testes de patogenicidade foram conduzidos com mudas das cultivares O. basilicum 'Dark Opal' e 'Italian Large Leaf', e de acessos das espécies O. americanum L. (manjericão de folha miúda), O. campechianum Mill. (alfavaca), Origanum manjorana L. (manjerona), Origanum vulgare L. (orégano), Mentha arvensis L. (menta), Coleus blumei Benth. (tapete), Leonorus sibiricus L. (rubim) e Leonotis nepetaefolia (L.) W.T. Aiton (cordão-de-frade). Todos os isolados fúngicos mostraram-se altamente virulentos sobre as duas cultivares de manjericão. Em O. campechianum e O. americanum os isolados causaram apenas suave escurecimento vascular e leve redução de crescimento, sendo avirulentos sobre acessos das espécies O. manjorana, O. vulgare, M. arvensis, C. blumei, L. sibiricus e L. nepetaefolia. Este conjunto de dados indicou que o agente causal da doença é o fungo F. oxysporum f. sp. basilici, constituindo-se no primeiro registro formal deste patógeno no Brasil. Os lotes de sementes utilizados nas áreas de ocorrência da doença foram submetidos a um teste de sanidade visando verificar a presença do patógeno. O fungo F. oxysporum f. sp. basilici foi detectado em quatro dos seis lotes e os isolados obtidos das sementes contaminadas mostraram similar sintomatologia e um idêntico perfil de virulência aos verificados em campo e casa de vegetação, sugerindo que as sementes representam o mais provável veículo de introdução e potencial disseminação deste patógeno no Brasil.