Black laws of Virginia; a summary of the legislative acts of Virginia concerning Negroes from earliest times to the present,

Mode of access: Internet.

The charter and ordinances of the city of Hudson, together with legislative acts relating to the city /

Mode of access: Internet.

Compilation of legislative acts, municipal grants, etc., constituting the charter of said company, also of the Harlem Bridge, Morrisania and Fordham Railway Company, the Melrose and West Morrisania Railroad Company, and the North Third Avenue and Fleetwood Park Railroad Company.

"January 1, 1900."

[Legislative acts, laws, and decrees].

Consists of publications with titles: Décret de la convention nationale; Acte du corps législatif; Loi. Publishers are: J.M. Beauchemin, imprimeur du département des Côtes du Nord, Saint-Brieuc; J. Roboiquet, Rennes; la veuve de François Vatar & de Bruté, Rennes; la veuve de R.J.B. Huart et fils, Dinan.

Acts of the State of Ohio.

Includes extraordinary and special sessions.

A introdução de mecanismos de competição e o quadro legal básico do Sistema Nacional de Saúde português : a perspectiva hospitalar

RESUMO - O presente trabalho de projecto visa analisar a introdução de mecanismos de competição do ponto de vista do quadro legal básico – Constituição e Lei de Bases da Saúde – que enforma o sistema de saúde português e principalmente, o seu impacte ao nível do meio hospitalar. Pretende-se aferir se a implementação de ferramentas de mercado no meio em apreço encontra previsão naqueles diplomas legais, sendo por isso, permissivos quanto ao seu desenvolvimento ou se, por outro lado, o nosso enquadramento legal se revela hostil ao seu desenvolvimento. O estudo foi desenvolvido com recurso, essencialmente, à pesquisa e revisão bibliográficas que serão transversais aos capítulos que compõem o enquadramento conceptual, à hermenêutica para efeitos de aplicação à temática da descrição do quadro legal básico e à análise das hipóteses de trabalho apresentadas. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que, via de regra, o quadro legal básico do sistema de saúde português é permissivo à introdução de mecanismos de competição, encontrando mesmo, alguns deles, eco legal em disposições datadas de final da década de ’60. Este grau de permissividade tanto é comprovável através de estatuições que directamente prevêem determinada ferramenta, como através da ausência de previsão que no nosso ordenamento jurídico, não é sinónimo de proibição. ----------------------------------ABSTRACT - This essay analyses the existing relation between the introduction of competition tools in the Portuguese health care system and its basic legal framework – the Constitution and the Health Bases Law – particularly from the hospital’s point of view. We aim to assess if the use and implementation of those tools are permissible by law or if, on the other hand, our legal system is hostile towards that introduction. Preferably we used bibliographical research in almost every chapter and hermeneutics allowed us to perform a detailed analysis of the basic legal framework. We conclude that, most of the times, the Portuguese basic legal framework is permissible to the use of such tools and some of the legislative acts date from the late sixties. That can be encompassed by existing or non-existing statutes – since in our legal system what is not specifically foreseen is not, necessarily forbidden.

Da supremacia funcional da Lei Parlamentar: contributo para a sistematização da teoria geral da lei no sistema de fontes do direito constitucional português

In, AAVV "Estudos de direito público", Lisboa: âncora Editora, 2006, 243-346 pp.

The scrutiny of the principle of subsidiarity by autonomous regional parliaments with particular reference to the participation of the Parliament of Catalonia in the early warning system

The purpose of this article is to offer a practical approach to the new European dimension for regional parliaments signified by the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon. The parliamentary scrutiny of subsidiarity by way of the early warning system has assigned a new mission to legislative assemblies with the aim of reinforcing the intervention of regions in the drafting of policies by Union institutions. In the Spanish case, the institutionalisation of this mechanism came about with Act nº 24/2009, which attributes to the Joint Committee for the European Union, in the name of the Cortes Generales [the Spanish Parliament], the function of receiving the proposals for legislative acts by the EU and transferring them to the regional parliaments in order for the latter to issue, in a brief period of four weeks, a report on compliance with the principle of subsidiarity. The majority of regional parliaments have also carried out normative reforms to regulate the procedure of participation in the early warning system.

Perustajaosakkaan velvollisuudet ja liiketoiminta asuntotuotannossa

Tutkimus selvittää asuntorakentamista asuntokauppalain 2 luvun mukaisissa asuntorakentamisprojekteissa. Tutkimuksen kohteena ovat asunto osakeyhtiömuotoisen asuntorakentamisen prosessin ja lainsäädännön tarkasteleminen perustajaosakkaan näkökulmasta, sekä perustajaosakkaan liiketoimintamallit. Lisaksi tutkielma sisältää kansainvälistä vertailua lainsäädännön osalta. Kansainvälinen vertailu keskittyy asuntorakentamisen lainsäädännön eroavaisuuksiin Suomen ja naapurimaiden välillä. Tutkimuksen liiketoimintamalleissa tutustutaan pääsääntöisesti Skanska Oy konsernin toimintaan asuntotuotannossa. Tutkimuksesta selviää, että asuntorakentamisessa perustajaosakas tarvitsee monipuolista lain tuntemusta. Asuntorakentamisprosessi on monta ulottuvuutta sisältävä prosessi, jossa ostajan edut ovat suojattava lain vaatimissa määrin. Lisaksi asunnon ostajat saavat valvoa kollektiivisesti etujaan suhteessa perustajaosakkaaseen. Kansainvälinen vertailu osoittaa Suomen lainsäädännön olevan ostajan suojassa merkittävästi vahvempi, kuin erityisesti itäisten naapurimaidemme lainsäädäntö.

Política judiciária no Conselho Nacional de Justiça: e a perspectiva de gênero?

A consolidação do regime democrático exige a efetiva vigência de direitos na sociedade. No Brasil, esse processo, iniciado com a promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988, alcançou a organização do Poder Judiciário pela Reforma da Justiça ocorrida por meio da Emenda Constitucional no 45, de 8 de dezembro de 2004. No entanto, cabe questionar se essa reforma tem provocado o surgimento de uma cultura democrática, no âmbito das políticas judiciais. Observarei esse problema a partir de um recorte específico: a incorporação da perspectiva de gênero no novo desenho institucional da administração judiciária brasileira. Ao analisar os Atos Legislativos e a “Ação Estratégica do Poder Judiciário” produzidos pelo Conselho Nacional de Justiça – CNJ, órgão responsável pelo desenvolvimento de política judicial no Brasil, pretendo demonstrar que a perspectiva de gênero não foi incorporada, quer por insuficiência de matriz administrativa de efeito vinculante, quer por ausência de programas de ação institucional, voltados para o acesso à justiça e para os direitos das mulheres. Nesse sentido, a conclusão do trabalho sugere a persistência de obstáculos ao processo de transição democrática no que se refere às políticas de igualdade de gênero.

O Ato legislativo praticado com desvio de poder e a responsabilidade do Estado e do Legislador

Pós-graduação em Direito - FCHS

Hutchison Family Papers - Accession 19

The Hutchison Family Papers consist of diaries, journals, speeches, correspondence, genealogical material and financial papers, concerning the personal and business affairs of a Rock Hill family. Subjects include post-colonial life in the Carolinas, the antebellum plantation system in South Carolina, post-Civil War cotton farming, especially the Rock Hill Cotton Mill, and Rock Hill during World War I. There is also material concerning relations and negotiations with the Catawba Indians by David Hutchison who was one of several commissioners designated by the South Carolina legislature to investigate Catawba land claims and leasing practices; and historical sketches of Glencairn Garden, the White House and the Oakland Avenue Presbyterian Church, all located in Rock Hill, South Carolina. There are also included in the “General Correspondence and Related Papers” series such records as: last will and testament, inventory lists, certificates of indentured servants, legislative acts, (eg. 1840 Treaty with the Catawba Indians) and other similar documents. Correspondents include Jude Grimke, A.E. Hutchison, David Hutchison, Hiram Hutchison, James Moore, John N. Morehead and Thomas Spratt.

Gli interventi del presidente della repubblica in sede di promulgazione ed emanazione degli atti legislativi

I tre capitoli in cui è suddiviso il lavoro cercano di offrire una ricognizione delle questioni che ruotano intorno alla sussistenza o meno di prerogative presidenziali riguardo l’attività legislativa, e in generale sulle eventuali trasformazioni avvenute, soprattutto negli ultimi anni, nel ruolo del Presidente della Repubblica all’interno del sistema costituzionale italiano. Il lavoro esordisce con una premessa metodologica con cui si tenta di valorizzare la questione relativa ai diversi approcci metodologici che si possono seguire nello studio delle tematiche presidenziali: ossia, tenere nettamente distinti il piano delle norme da quello delle prassi oppure analizzarli e valutarli congiuntamente. Il primo capitolo è dedicato all’analisi della figura presidenziale così come delineata dalla Costituzione e arricchita dagli oltre sessant’anni di letteratura costituzionale. Vengono quindi analizzate le disposizioni costituzionali di riferimento e viene dato conto delle principali teorie costituzionali espresse dalla letteratura giuridica. Il secondo capitolo è dedicato a quella che viene offerta come una delle possibili cause da cui traggono origine le evoluzioni registrate in questi ultimi anni dalla figura presidenziale: ossia, il mutamento del sistema costituzionale di rappresentanza politica. Tale elemento è analizzato soprattutto nel suo ambito istituzionale, vale a dire il modello di forma di governo rappresentato dal circuito parlamento-governo. Il terzo capitolo entra direttamente nelle due questioni di fondo della ricerca: da un lato lo studio della generale attività presidenziale di intervento nelle questioni politiche, attraverso comunicati o esternazioni; dall’altro lato l’analisi di alcuni specifici casi paradigmatici di intervento presidenziale in sede di emanazione o promulgazione (o, comunque, discussione) degli atti legislativi del governo e del parlamento, accaduti tra il 2006 e il 2013. Inoltre, il lavoro è arricchito da una importante sezione (allegata) di “case studies” contenente il risultato di una ricerca effettuata su oltre tremila documenti presidenziali, dal 2006 al 2013, resi pubblici dagli uffici del Quirinale.

Lotta alla criminalita' e salvaguardia dei diritti e delle liberta' fondamentali nell'U.E.

La ricerca è dedicata a verificare se e come, a livello dell’Unione europea, la lotta alla criminalità (ed in particolare quella organizzata) venga condotta nel rispetto di diritti e libertà fondamentali, e se la cooperazione tra Stati membri su questo fronte possa giungere a promuovere standard omogenei ed elevati di tutela degli stessi. Gli ambiti di cooperazione interessati sono principalmente quello giudiziario in materia penale e quello di polizia, e la ritrosia degli Stati a cedere all’Unione competenze in materia si è accompagnata ad un ritardo ancora maggiore dell’emersione, nell’ambito degli stessi, della dimensione dei diritti. Ciò ha reso molto difficile lo sviluppo completo ed equilibrato di uno “spazio di libertà, sicurezza e giustizia” (art. 67 TFUE). L’assetto istituzionale introdotto dal Trattato di Lisbona e l’attribuzione di valore giuridico vincolante alla Carta hanno però posto le basi per il superamento della condizione precedente, anche grazie al fatto che, negli ambiti richiamati, la salvaguardia dei diritti è divenuta competenza ed obiettivo esplicito dell’Unione. Centrale è per la ricerca la cooperazione giudiziaria in materia penale, che ha visto la ricca produzione normativa di stampo repressivo recentemente bilanciata da interventi del legislatore europeo a finalità garantista e promozionale. L’analisi degli strumenti nella prospettiva indicata all’inizio dell’esposizione è quindi oggetto della prima parte dell’elaborato. La seconda parte affronta invece la cooperazione di polizia e quello degli interventi volti alla confisca dei beni e ad impedire il riciclaggio, misure – queste ultime - di particolare rilievo soprattutto per il contrasto al crimine organizzato. Sottesi all’azione dell’Unione in queste materie sono, in modo preponderante, due diritti: quello alla salvaguardia dei dati personali e quello al rispetto della proprietà privata. Questi, anche in ragione delle peculiarità che li caratterizzano e della loro natura di diritti non assoluti, sono analizzati con particolare attenzione.

Climate change in Libya and desertification of Jifara Plain

The study was arranged to manifest its objectives through preceding it with an intro-duction. Particular attention was paid in the second part to detect the physical settings of the study area, together with an attempt to show the climatic characteristics in Libya. In the third part, observed temporal and spatial climate change in Libya was investigated through the trends of temperature, precipitation, relative humidity and cloud amount over the peri-ods (1946-2000), (1946-1975), and (1976-2000), comparing the results with the global scales. The forth part detected the natural and human causes of climate change concentrat-ing on the greenhouse effect. The potential impacts of climate change on Libya were ex-amined in the fifth chapter. As a case study, desertification of Jifara Plain was studied in the sixth part. In the seventh chapter, projections and mitigations of climate change and desertification were discussed. Ultimately, the main results and recommendations of the study were summarized. In order to carry through the objectives outlined above, the following methods and approaches were used: a simple linear regression analysis was computed to detect the trends of climatic parameters over time; a trend test based on a trend-to-noise-ratio was applied for detecting linear or non-linear trends; the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test for trend was used to reveal the behavior of the trends and their significance; PCA was applied to construct the all-Libya climatic parameters trends; aridity index after Walter-Lieth was shown for computing humid respectively arid months in Libya; correlation coefficient, (after Pearson) for detecting the teleconnection between sun spot numbers, NAOI, SOI, GHGs, and global warming, climate changes in Libya; aridity index, after De Martonne, to elaborate the trends of aridity in Jifara Plain; Geographical Information System and Re-mote Sensing techniques were applied to clarify the illustrations and to monitor desertifi-cation of Jifara Plain using the available satellite images MSS, TM, ETM+ and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). The results are explained by 88 tables, 96 figures and 10 photos. Temporal and spatial temperature changes in Libya indicated remarkably different an-nual and seasonal trends over the long observation period 1946-2000 and the short obser-vation periods 1946-1975 and 1976-2000. Trends of mean annual temperature were posi-tive at all study stations except at one from 1946-2000, negative trends prevailed at most stations from 1946-1975, while strongly positive trends were computed at all study stations from 1976-2000 corresponding with the global warming trend. Positive trends of mean minimum temperatures were observed at all reference stations from 1946-2000 and 1976-2000, while negative trends prevailed at most stations over the period 1946-1975. For mean maximum temperature, positive trends were shown from 1946-2000 and from 1976-2000 at most stations, while most trends were negative from 1946-1975. Minimum tem-peratures increased at nearly more than twice the rate of maximum temperatures at most stations. In respect of seasonal temperature, warming mostly occurred in summer and au-tumn in contrast to the global observations identifying warming mostly in winter and spring in both study periods. Precipitation across Libya is characterized by scanty and sporadically totals, as well as high intensities and very high spatial and temporal variabilities. From 1946-2000, large inter-annual and intra-annual variabilities were observed. Positive trends of annual precipi-tation totals have been observed from 1946-2000, negative trends from 1976-2000 at most stations. Variabilities of seasonal precipitation over Libya are more strikingly experienced from 1976-2000 than from 1951-1975 indicating a growing magnitude of climate change in more recent times. Negative trends of mean annual relative humidity were computed at eight stations, while positive trends prevailed at seven stations from 1946-2000. For the short observation period 1976-2000, positive trends were computed at most stations. Annual cloud amount totals decreased at most study stations in Libya over both long and short periods. Re-markably large spatial variations of climate changes were observed from north to south over Libya. Causes of climate change were discussed showing high correlation between tempera-ture increasing over Libya and CO2 emissions; weakly positive correlation between pre-cipitation and North Atlantic Oscillation index; negative correlation between temperature and sunspot numbers; negative correlation between precipitation over Libya and Southern Oscillation Index. The years 1992 and 1993 were shown as the coldest in the 1990s result-ing from the eruption of Mount Pinatubo, 1991. Libya is affected by climate change in many ways, in particular, crop production and food security, water resources, human health, population settlement and biodiversity. But the effects of climate change depend on its magnitude and the rate with which it occurs. Jifara Plain, located in northwestern Libya, has been seriously exposed to desertifica-tion as a result of climate change, landforms, overgrazing, over-cultivation and population growth. Soils have been degraded, vegetation cover disappeared and the groundwater wells were getting dry in many parts. The effect of desertification on Jifara Plain appears through reducing soil fertility and crop productivity, leading to long-term declines in agri-cultural yields, livestock yields, plant standing biomass, and plant biodiversity. Desertifi-cation has also significant implications on livestock industry and the national economy. Desertification accelerates migration from rural and nomadic areas to urban areas as the land cannot support the original inhabitants. In the absence of major shifts in policy, economic growth, energy prices, and con-sumer trends, climate change in Libya and desertification of Jifara Plain are expected to continue in the future. Libya cooperated with United Nations and other international organizations. It has signed and ratified a number of international and regional agreements which effectively established a policy framework for actions to mitigate climate change and combat deserti-fication. Libya has implemented several laws and legislative acts, with a number of ancil-lary and supplementary rules to regulate. Despite the current efforts and ongoing projects being undertaken in Libya in the field of climate change and desertification, urgent actions and projects are needed to mitigate climate change and combat desertification in the near future.