The role of Interleukin-12 in liver inflammation

Chronic liver inflammation during viral hepatitis is a major health problem worldwide. The role of proinflammatory cytokines, like IL-12, in breaking hepatic immune tolerance, and inducing acute liver inflammation and virus clearance is not clear. Nor is clear its role in uncontrolled severe inflammatory response, leading to fulminant hepatitis and hepatic failure. This work, focused in the study of the role of endogenous produced IL-12 in inducing hepatic inflammatory responses, demonstrates: In vitro, using adenovirus coding for IL-12, that hepatocytes stimulate CD4+ T cells in a tolerogenic manner, and that endogenous IL-12 is able to switch the immune response into Th1; and in vivo, that endogenous IL-12 induces hepatocyte damage and virus elimination in mice infected with adenovirus. In addition, and in order to study in vivo the relevance of IL-12 in acute inflammation, conditional IL-12 transgenic mice expressing IL-12 in the liver after cre-recombinase mediated induction were generated. For this purpose, an IL-12 fusion protein was created, which demonstrated high levels of bioactivity. Induction of IL-12 expression during embryonic development was achieved by crossbreeding with Act-Cre transgenic mice; induction of IL-12 expression in adult mice was achieved by a plasmid coding for the cre-recombinase. This study demonstrates that after induction, IL-12 is expressed in the liver of the transgenic mice. It also demonstrates that hepatic expression of IL-12 induces splenomegaly and liver inflammation, characterized by large infiltrations in portal tracts and veins, associated with hepatic damage, necrosis areas and lethality. Furthermore, constitutive hepatic IL-12 expression does not lead to abortion, but to total lethality, short after delivery. In conclusion, in this study, a transgenic mouse model has been generated, in which the expression of active IL-12 in the liver can be induced at any time; this model will be very helpful for studying hepatic pathologies. This study has also demonstrated that hepatic produced IL-12 is able of breaking liver tolerance inducing inflammation, virus elimination, severe hepatocyte damage, and lethality. These findings suggest IL-12 as a key cytokine in acute liver inflammation and fulminant hepatic failure. 5.1 Future studies Once the importance of IL-12 in inducing hepatic inflammation and virus elimination was demonstrated in this study, understanding the mechanisms of the IL-12 induced liver damage, and more important, how to avoid it will be the main focus in the future. It is very important to achieve hepatic inflammation for a more effective and faster viral elimination, but avoiding the toxicity of IL-12, which leads to massive liver injury and lethality is obviously necessary to allow IL-12 as therapy. For that purpose, future studies will be mainly base on three different points: 1. The determination of different cell populations present in the hepatic infiltration, which of them are responsible for liver injury, and as well their state of activation. 2. The measure of other pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which can play a role in IL-12-induced liver inflammation and hepatocyte damage. For these purposes, specific blocking antibodies (anti TNF-alpha, anti IL-12, anti IFN-g) will be used. The study with different transgenic mice: TNF-alpha Receptor knockout, TGF-b, will also help in determining the role of those cytokines during IL-12-induced liver damage and lethality. 3. The establishing of liver pathology models (viral infection, tumours, auto-antigens) in mice. Induction of IL-12 at any time of the pathology development will help in clarifying the role of IL-12 in those models. Finally, the transgenic mice expressing IL-23 in the liver will be generated.

Die Rolle der Autoimmunreaktion gegen das SLA/LP-Molekül bei autoimmuner Hepatitis

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Rolle des SLA/LP Proteins bei der autoimmunen Hepatits untersucht. Zum einen sollte die Hypothese einer aberranten Expression des SLA/LP Moleküls als Auslöser der Autoimmunreaktion gegen SLA/LP überprüft werden. Hierzu wurde die Expression des SLA/LP Moleküls in Leber und Lymphozyten von Patienten mit verschiedenen hepatischen Erkrankungen und bei gesunden Personen bestimmt. Die quantitativen Expressionsanalysen wurden mittels real-time PCR unter Einsatz SLA/LP-spezifischer Oligonukleotide durchgeführt. Es zeigte sich, dass SLA/LP ubiquitär im Körper exprimiert wird, mit erhöhter Expression im Pankreas. Die Ergebnisse der SLA/LP Expressionsanalysen in peripheren mononukleären Blutzellen und Leberparenchymzellen von Patienten mit einer autoimmunen Hepatitis ergaben keine Hinweise auf eine aberrante Expression des SLA/LPs. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass SLA/LP im Leberparenchym der Patienten tendenziell eher erhöht exprimiert wird, doch war kein Unterschied zwischen unterschiedlichen hepatischen Erkrankungen nachweisbar. Somit konnte in dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass eine aberrante Expression nicht für die Auslösung der Erkrankung zuständig ist. Zum andern sollte in dieser Arbeit überprüft werden, ob eine Autoimmunreaktion gegen SLA/LP zu einer Entzündung in der Leber führen kann. Hierzu wurden Mäuse unterschiedlicher Stämme mit SLA/LP Protein in komplettem Freunds Adjuvans immunisiert und auf Leberschädigung und Leberentzündung untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass SLA/LP-Autoimmunität Leberentzündung und Leberschädigung auslösen kann. Die Auslösung der Hepatitis war aber vom Mausstamm und der Defizienz von Interleukin 10 abhängig. Somit scheint unter bestimmten immunologischen Bedingungen eine Immunreaktion gegen SLA/LP zu einer Leberentzündung und Leberschädigung zu führen.