«The Broken Years»: War Crimes and the laws of war under the impact of the First World War

When the First World War began, the international co-operation of legal academics, which had been a characteristic of the late 19th and early 20th century came to a halt. In the context of the atrocities in Belgium as well as Serbia academics on both sides became involved in the propaganda campaigns of the belligerents on both sides. Not many of them were able to divest themselves. The presentation will claim that as a consequence the time between the First World War and the beginning of the Second can be characterized as «Broken Years» not only in regard to war veterans (Gammage 1974), but also in regard to the international academic discourse on issues of war crimes and the laws of war. This shall be substantiated by a look at academic activities in the interwar period within the International Law Association, the Institut de Droit International, the Interparliamentary Union, the Association Internationale de Droit Pénal and the Internationale Kriminalistische Vereinigung.

Germany's violations of the laws of war, 1914-15 /

Translation of: Les violations des lois de la guerre par l'Allemagne.

The Social Life of Anti-Terrorism Laws. The War on Terror and the Classifications of the "Dangerous Other"

This book addresses two developments in the conceptualisation of citizenship that arise from the 'war on terror', namely the re-culturalisation of membership in a polity and the re-moralisationof access to rights. Taking an anthropological perspective, it traces the ways in which the trans-nationalisation of the 'war on terror' has affected notions of 'the dangerous other' in different political and social contexts, asking what changes in the ideas of the state and of the nation have been promoted by the emerging culture of security, and how these changes affect practices of citizenship and societal group relations.

Reports on the violation of the rights of nations and of the laws ans customs of war in Belgium.

[Vol. I] includes a preface by J. van den Heuvel, minister of state, reports 1-12, and extracts from the pastoral letter of Cardinal Mercier, archbishop of Malines; vol. II includes reports 13-22, with facsimiles of German soldiers' diaries, correspondence between Cardinal Mercier and the German authorities, the protest of Mgr. Heylen, bishop of Namur, etc., etc., appended.

Laws of the United States, in relation to the navy and marine corps; to the close of the second session of the Twenty-sixth Congress. Together with the acts and resolutions of Congress, granting medals, swords and votes of thanks, or having reference to special objects: also private acts, for the relief of individuals, alphabetically arranged: and a table of appropriations and expenditures, for the naval service, from 1791 to 1840, both years inclusive. To which are prefixed the Constitution of the United States, and a synopsis of the legislation of Congress, respecting naval affairs, during the revolutionary war /

Mode of access: Internet.

Laws of the United States, in relation to the navy and marine corps; to the close of the second session of the Twenty-sixth Congress. Together with the acts and resolutions of Congress, granting medals, swords and votes of thanks, or having reference to special objects: also private acts, for the relief of individuals, alphabetically arranged: and a table of appropriations and expenditures, for the naval service, from 1791 to 1840, both years inclusive. To which are prefixed the Constitution of the United States, and a synopsis of the legislation of Congress, respecting naval affairs, during the revolutionary war. With an appendix, containing the laws passed at the Twenty-seventh Congress. Pub. by authority of the Navy department.

Mode of access: Internet.

Military laws: containing: extracts from the federal and state constitutions, synopsis of the organization of the militia, militia laws of Virginia, militia laws of the United States, articles of war, army regulations, description of uniform, forms, &c. Adjutant General's office.

Mode of access: Internet.

The doctrine of command responsibility in the midst of war : legal fallacy or reflection of reality

The history of war is blighted with astonishing reminders of man’s ability to cast his sense of humanity aside and inflict unspeakable harm upon one another. The ruthless bombing of Dresden, the callousness of the Nazi concentration camps and the massacre of the Tutsis are but a few of the atrocities that have haunted our past. In response to these atrocities, society has imposed an ever-increasing number of laws and rules to regulate warfare. Amongst these is the doctrine of command responsibility. The doctrine of command responsibility states that a commander is criminally liable for the crimes of his subordinates if he knew or should have known of their crimes. This paper will examine whether the doctrine is an appropriate and realistic legal standard to hold commanders accountable to or whether the doctrine is more a reflection of social sentiment and legal rhetoric. If the doctrine, and indeed the law of war in general, is unrealistic then the law cannot fulfil its purpose - that is, the prevention of atrocities. Instead of being solely a reflection of moral authority and social sentiments the law must also be a tool that guides and shapes the decisions and actions of the military through the chaotic and brutal nature of war...

“Delendum est Imperium Ottomanorum“: War Crimes, Crimes against Humanity and the End of the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire’s status as a full member of the international community of civilized states, which was bound by the rules of international law, had been challenged again and again during the formative period of the international law in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. When the First World War began, it was the first global military conflict, in which these rules of international law were put to the test. In the case of the Ottoman Empire quite a few questions were not yet settled, not least because the country was still bound by unequal treaties and because it had never ratified the renewed Hague Rules of Land Warfare of 1907, which it had only signed under reservations. Against this background the contribution will therefore focus on the debate amongst legal scholars on violations of the laws of war (and humanity) in regard to the Ottoman Empire during the First World War.

Axis rule in occupied Europe : laws of occupation, analysis of government, proposals for redress /

Bibliography: p. 641-651.

Treasury decisions under internal revenue laws of the United States

Published in its Internal revenue bulletin after July 9, 1942

Some aspects of the war,

--The name of God and the war.--The war and America.--The "scrap of paper."--International brigandage.--Sowing thistles and gathering thorns.--The laws of war.--The law of necessity.--Visions of hatred.--Lying lips and murderous hands.--Molten lead.--Vergebliches ständchen.--The responsibility for the war.--The invasion of Canada.--Songs of war.--Why a Spanish-American should not be pro-German.--The "place in the sun."--Germanism in America.--The settlement of peace.--How to enforce the laws of war.

Treasury decisions under internal revenue laws of the United States.

Mode of access: Internet.