Pharmacological and Toxicological Studies of Essential Oil of Lavandula stoechas subsp. luisieri.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the chemical and pharmacological properties of essential oil (EO) of Lavandula stoechas L. subsp. luisieri that is a spontaneous shrub widespread in Alentejo (Portugal). Oxygenated monoterpenes, as 1,8-cineole, lavandulol and necrodane derivatives are the main components of essential oil. It revealed important antioxidant activity with high ability to inhibit the lipid peroxidation and showed an outstanding effect against a wide spectrum of microorganisms, such as Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and pathogenic yeasts. The analgesic effect studied in rats was dose dependent, reaching a maximum of 67 % at 60 min. with the dose of 200 mg/kg and the anti-inflammatory activity with this dose caused an inhibition in carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema (83 %) that is higher than dexamethasone 1 mg/Kg (69 %). Besides, animals exhibited a normal behaviour after EO administration revealing low toxicity. Essential oil of L. luisieri from Alentejo that presents important pharmacological properties and low toxicity is a promised candidate to be used as food supplement or in pharmaceutical applications.

Chemical composition and pharmacological activities of essential oils of Lavandula spp.

Lavandula spp. belong to the family Lamiatae and some species are often used in popular medicine and have been used for centuries in a large number of medical applications and in aromatherapy. Although similar ethnobotanical properties of Lavandula spp., its essential oils, general chemical composition and therapeutic applications differ from different species. Lavandula stoechas L. subsps. luisieri (Rozeira) Rozeira and L. viridis L’Hér are endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, widespread in the South of Portugal, namely in Southern Alentejo and Algarve. The aim of our study was evaluate the chemical composition and toxicological and pharmacological activities of leaves essential oils of spontaneous plants of L. stoechas L. subsps. luisieri (Alentejo) and L. viridis (Algarve). The essential oils of these wild plants, collected in spring, were obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus and its chemical composition was evaluated by GC/FID. The acute toxicity of essential oils was evaluated "in vitro" using brine shrimp (LC50) and "in vivo" using Swiss mice (DL50). The analgesic and anti-inflammatory pharmacological properties of L. stoechas subsp. luisieri essential oil were evaluated in mouse or rats by the Amour-Smith and carrageen-induced paw edema tests, respectively. Results showed important differences in chemical composition of essential oils from two species analyzed either to diversity and proportion of its constituents. The essentials oils showed citotoxicity against Artemia salina and a DL50 higher than 2000 mg/kg for mice. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils were exhibit for the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OILS OF LAVANDULA SPP.

Lavenders belong to the family Labiatae and represent some of the most popular medicinal plants of great economic importance. Their essential oils are important for the perfume, cosmetic, flavouring and pharmaceutical industries. However, despite its popularity, and the long tradition of use, biological properties of the various Lavandula species are not yet been well sustained by scientific or clinical studies and some available data being inconclusive and controversial [1]. Although Lavandula spp. have similar ethnobotanical properties, however, chemical composition and therapeutic uses differ from different species and main composition of essential oils showed differences with species and with the region were they grow [1,2,3]. L. stoechas L. subsps. luisieri (Rozeira) Rozeira. L. pedunculata (Mill.) Cav. and L. viridis L’Hér are endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, widespread in the South of Portugal, namely in Alentejo and Algarve. In our work, essential oils from the stems or leaves from wild grown plants of L. luisieri (Alentejo), L. pedunculata (Alentejo) and L. viridis (Algarve), were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-FID. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by solid diffusion disk assay and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and food spoilage fungi.

Caracterização química e actividade biológica dos óleos essenciais e extractos aquosos de algumas Lavandula spp. do Sul de Portugal

No presente trabalho estudaram-se três espécies do género Lavandula, do sul de Portugal: L. luisieri e L. pedunculata (Alentejo) e L.viridis (Algarve), com vista caraterizar a composição química dos óleos essenciais das diferentes espécies, parte vegetativa (folha) e espiga floral, e dos respetivos extratos de hidrodestilação, e avaliar as propriedades antioxidante, antimicrobiana, toxicológica, analgésica e antiinflamatória de alguns dos seus óleos essenciais e extratos aquosos, mais promissores. Os resultados mostraram importantes diferenças na composição química dos óleos essenciais, quanto à diversidade e à proporção dos seus constituintes. Os óleos essenciais e hidrolatos, em estudo, apresentaram importantes propriedades antioxidantes e antimicrobianas. Os estudos toxicológicos e farmacológicos mostraram que os óleos apresentaram citotoxicidade em Artemia salina, apresentaram valores de DL50 muito superiores a 2000 mg/kg em ratinhos Swiss, e que possuem importantes propriedades analgésicas e anti-inflamatória. Estes resultados sugerem o seu potencial uso para aplicações farmacológicas como agentes nutracêuticos e/ou fitoterapêuticos; ABSTRACT:The aim of present work was to develop a set of studies of three species of the genera Lavandula, at the South of Portugal: L. luisieri e L. pedunculata (Alentejo) e L.viridis (Algarve), in order to characterize the chemical composition of the essential oils (leaves and flowers) and to evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, toxicological and pharmacological properties of selected essential oils and aqueous extracts. Results show important differences in chemical composition of essential oils, both in diversity as the proportion of their constituents. Essential oils and aqueous extracts of different Lavandula spp. showed important antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Pharmacological studies have shown that essential oils showed cytotoxicity against Artemia salina, low acute toxicity, with LD50 >> 2000 mg/kg for mice, and important analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. These results suggest their potential use for pharmacological applications as nutraceutical and/or phytotherapeutic agents.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of Lavandula spp.

Lavenders have been used in folk medicine as disinfectant, expectorant, analgesic, anti-spasmodic, laxative and stimulant. Some species are endemic of Iberian Peninsula and often found in the Portuguese montado, including Lavandula stoechas subsp. luisieri and Lavandula pedunculata. The investigation of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of the Portuguese montado flora is very poor and restricted to a few botanical families, and their biological activities are mainly attributed to the essential oils. So, it is crucial to know the properties of Lavandula EOs, contributing for animal health and the valorisation of Portuguese montado flora. The aim of this study was to evaluate chemical composition, antioxidant properties and screening anti-inflammatory potential of EOs and extracts of Lavandula stoechas L. subsps. luisieri Rozeira, Lavandula pedunculata (Mill.) Cav. subsp. pedunculata and Lavandula viridis L’Hér, wild grown in the south of Portugal.

Sobre la distribución corológica del género Lavandula L. en la Península Ibérica

Se han estudiado 969 pliegos de especies y subespecies del género Lavandula L. de la Península Ibérica y se han confeccionado los mapas de distribución de estos taxones tomando en consideración la provincias y sectores de Rivas-martínez (1982).

Electrophysiological and behavioural responses of the pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus, to volatiles from a non-host plant, lavender, Lavandula angustifolia (Lamiaceae)

A semiochemical based push-pull strategy for control of oilseed rape pests is being developed at Rothamsted Research. This strategy uses insect and plant derived semiochemicals to manipulate pests and their natural enemies. An important element within this strategy is an understanding of the importance of non-host plant cues for pest insects and how such signals could be used to manipulate their behaviour. Previous studies using a range of non-host plants have shown that, for the pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), the essential oil of lavender, Lavandula angustifolia (Lamiaceae), was the most repellent. The aim of this study was to identify the active components in L. angustifolia oil, and to investigate the behaviour of M. aeneus to these chemicals, to establish the most effective use of repellent stimuli to disrupt colonisation of oilseed rape crops. Coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography (GC-EAG) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) resulted in the identification of seven active compounds which were tested for behavioural activity using a 4-way olfactometer. Repellent responses were observed with (±)-linalool and (±)-linalyl acetate. The use of these chemicals within a push-pull pest control strategy is discussed.

Potencialidade de correctivos orgânicos/inorgânicos na recuperação de escombreiras, de gossan e ricas em sulfuretos e desenvolvimento de Cistus ladanifer e Lavandula pedunculata para a exploração de bioextractos vegetais

Doutoramento em Engenharia do Ambiente - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL

Avaliação de condicionadores em solo para uso em telhados verdes com vistas à retenção hídrica.

As inundações são fenômenos naturais que ocorrem devido às chuvas de grande magnitude, agravadas nas áreas urbanas pela impermeabilização do solo e ineficiência dos sistemas de drenagem. Os telhados verdes surgem como uma medida compensatória estrutural que pode reter parte da água precipitada, adiando o pico de escoamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de desenvolver uma combinação de solo e condicionadores para telhado verde, promovam um aumento relevante na capacidade de retenção hídrica e um maior adiamento do pico de escoamento das águas pluviais. Este estudo foi dividido em duas etapas. Na Etapa 1, foram analisadas, em colunas de percolação, três condicionadores nas seguintes concentrações: Gel retentor Stockosorb (2; 4; 6 g/dm3), Fertilizante de liberação lenta Osmocote (4,7; 7,1; 9,0 g/dm3) e Zeólita (30; 50; 70 g/dm3), em três eventos (regas) consecutivos de chuva simulada na intensidade de 57 mm/h. A avaliação das concentrações mais adequadas dentre as testadas para cada condicionante foi baseada nas análises referentes à retenção hídrica (altura do meio após a rega; tempo de adiamento do escoamento; mm retidos; intensidade da água percolada em mm/min) e à qualidade da água percolada (pH, oxigênio dissolvido, turbidez e sólidos). Na Etapa 2, foi avaliada, em vasos, a influência da presença de três espécies de plantas (Arachis pintoi; Raphanus sativus; Lavandula angustifolia) em dois tipos de meio: solo sem condicionadores; solo com condicionadores nas melhores concentrações indicadas na Etapa 1, sendo simulada apenas um evento de chuva de 57 mm/h. Foram analisados parâmetros biológicos (germinação; plantas sobreviventes; comprimento do caule e da raiz; pesos da biomassa do caule e da raiz); retenção hídrica (altura do meio após a rega; tempo de adiamento do escoamento; mm retidos; intensidade da água percolada em mm/min); qualidade da água percolada (pH; oxigênio dissolvido; turbidez; sólidos; nitrato; amônia; fósforo total). Os resultados da Etapa 1 indicaram que o gel promoveu de forma significativa um aumento na retenção hídrica, e adiou o início da percolação de água, além de promover ligeira elevação do pH na água percolada. A adição de zeólita resultou em um aumento significativo da retenção hídrica, porém tal aumento não é vantajoso visto que este representa um custo adicional que poderia ser reduzido com o aumento da proporção do gel na coluna. A adição de fertilizantes não promoveu mudanças na qualidade da água percolada. Na Etapa 2, somente o efeito da presença de A. pintoi (maior produção de biomassa de raiz e caule) e R. sativus foram avaliadas. A presença dos condicionantes no solo proporcionou um desempenho significativamente superior em relação a retenção hídrica (altura do substrato e adiamento do pico de chuva) e qualidade da água percolada (pH e turbidez) quando comparados aos testes realizados na presença somente de solo. O fertilizante influenciou nas altas concentrações dos nutrientes (nitrogênio e fósforo) na água percolado nos resultados. A presença do gel no substrato, resultou numa capacidade superior de retenção de hídrica, e consequentemente no adiamento do pico de intensidade de chuva. Sendo assim, recomenda-se a aplicação do gel em telhados verdes para futuros estudos em ambientes externos.

23. Revisión nomenclatural de la alianza Cistion laurifolii Rivas Goday 1956 y de sus sintaxones subordinados

La alianza Cistion laurifolii (Lavanduletalia stoechadis Br.-Bl. 1940 em. Rivas-Martínez 1968, Cisto-Lavanduletea Br.-Bl. 1940) reúne los jarales dominados por diversas especies de Cistus —principalmente Cistus laurifolius— y Lavandula pedunculata —cantueso endémico del interior de la península Ibérica—, a los que acompañan en algunas asociaciones gayubas (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi var. crassifolia) y ciertos brezos (Erica scoparia, Calluna vulgaris); como rasgo diferencial frente a otras alianzas de la clase destaca la ausencia de diversos caméfitos termófilos.

Contribución al conocimiento melitopalinológico de Sierra Morena

Sc ha estudiado al microscopio óptico el sedimento de once muestras de miel de diversas localidades del este de Sierra Morena. Se pone de manifiesto que, en este área, el néctar de flores es la principal fuenle de miel para Apis mellifera,siendo la mielada poco importante. Echium plantagineum, Lavandula stoechas y Eucalyptus camaldulensis son las principales fuentes de miel en este área, en tanto que Cistus ladanifer, C. albidus, Olea europaea y Quercus sp. lo son de polen.

Studies on honey from the Algarve in view of its valorization

Tese de dout., Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2012

Antioxidant activity of some Morrocan hydrosols

Essential oils are used in Cosmetic, Perfumery, Food and Pharmaceutical Industries as flavours and/or medicines. However, part of the essential oil components that remains in the distillation water (hydrosol or distillate water) has been less studied both in chemical and biological terms. This research concerns the antioxidant activity, measured through several methods, of Lavandula officinalis L., Origanum majorana L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Salvia officinalis L. and Thymus vulgaris L., Cinnamomum verum J. Presl. and Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill and Perry hydrosols. The ability of hydrosols to prevent oxidation was checked by two main methods: prevention of lipid peroxidation through the measurement of malonaldehyde produced after degradation of hydroperoxides; and ability for scavenging free radicals including hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals. The S. aromaticum and T. vulgaris hydrosols, predominantly constituted by eugenol and carvacrol, respectively, were the most effective as antioxidants, except for scavenging superoxide anion radical. In this case, L. officinalis hydrosol in which linalool prevailed was a stronger antioxidant. The worst hydrosol as antioxidant was that of S. officinalis, independent on the method checked.