Latina Super-heroines: Hot Tamales in Tights vs. Women Warriors, Wrestlers and Guerrilla Fighters of La Raza

The year 1977 saw the making of the first Latino superhero by a Latino artist. From the 1980s onwards it is also possible to find Latina super-heroines, whose number and complexity has kept increasing ever since. Yet, the representations of spandexed Latinas are still few. For that reason, the goal of this paper is, firstly, to gather a great number of Latina super-heroines and, secondly, to analyze the role that they have played in the history of American literature and art. More specifically, it aims at comparing the spandexed Latinas created by non-Latino/a artists and mainstream comic enterprises with the Latina super-heroines devised by Latino/a artists. The conclusion is that whereas the former tend to conceive heroines within the constraints of the logic of Girl Power, the latter choose to imbue their works with a more daring political content and to align their heroines with the ideologies of Feminism and Postcolonialism.

Considerationum spiritualium super librum Cantici canticorum Salomonis in vtraq[ue] lingua, Latina, videlicet & Hispana, perquàm vtilis tractatus /

Mode of access: Internet.

La Inversión Extranjera en América Latina y el Caribe 2004

Documento en inglés ingresado en Biblioteca (99358)

La Inversión Extranjera en América Latina y el Caribe 2005

Documento en inglés ingresado en Biblioteca (102566)

La Inversión Extranjera en América Latina y el Caribe 2006

Documento en inglés ingresado en Biblioteca (105935)

Coyuntura laboral en América Latina y el Caribe: crisis en los mercados laborales y respuestas contracíclicas

Tal como se había previsto en el primer boletín conjunto preparado por la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL); y la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT);, la crisis económica continuó golpeando a los países de América Latina y el Caribe durante el segundo trimestre de 2009. Los mercados internacionales se mantuvieron débiles, lo que afectó las exportaciones regionales de bienes y servicios, las remesas y la inversión extranjera directa continuaron cayendo, el crédito perdió dinamismo y la masa salarial se contrajo, sobre todo por la pérdida de empleo. En consecuencia, las proyecciones de crecimiento de muchos países debieron corregirse a la baja. Por otra parte, desde fines del año pasado, aunque con marcadas diferencias entre los países de la región, se viene implementando una política contracíclica para compensar con el gasto público la debilidad de la inversión y el consumo privados y estimular la reactivación de la demanda agregada.En este segundo boletín, la CEPAL y la OIT señalan cómo se ha profundizado el impacto de la crisis en los mercados de trabajo de la región en el primer semestre de este año y analizan las opciones y los avances de la inversión pública en infraestructura y de los programas de empleo de emergencia para contrarrestar los efectos de la crisis en el mercado de trabajo.Prácticamente en todos los países se registró un aumento de la tasa de desempleo en comparación con el año anterior y esta situación empeoró en el segundo trimestre respecto del primero. En el segundo trimestre, el desempleo urbano superó la tasa del mismo período del año anterior en un punto porcentual (un 8,5% frente a un 7,5%);, mientras que en el primero esta brecha fue de 0,6 puntos porcentuales. Además, algunos indicadores muestran un aumento de la informalidad, un debilitamiento del empleo con protección social y una contracción del empleo de jornada completa.Si se analiza la evolución de los mercados laborales en el primer semestre y se considera la proyección de una caída del producto regional del 1,9% en 2009, se estima que la tasa de desempleo urbano regional rondará el 8,5% en el promedio anual. Esta proyección es ligeramente menos pesimista que la adelantada en el primer boletín, lo que tendría su principal explicación en la caída de la tasa de participación que se observa en el primer semestre y se mantendría vigente durante todo el año. Si no se diera esta reducción de la oferta laboral, que en buena parte se debería a un efecto de "desaliento", el promedio anual de la tasa de desempleo urbano se ubicaría entre el 8,8% y el 8,9%. De esta manera,el número de desempleados abiertos urbanos aumentaría 2,5 millones, pero, si se incluye a los "desalentados", el número de personas adicionales que no encuentran espacio en el mercado laboral urbano crecería a 3,2 millones.Sin embargo, como ocurre a nivel mundial, algunas señales indican que la crisis económica en la región habría tocado fondo a mediados de año. En muchos países se ha detenido la caída de la producción y hay indicios de una incipiente recuperación que motiva un cauto optimismo, ya que esto favorecería la evolución de los mercados laborales en el cuarto trimestre. Sin embargo, consideramos que la recuperación será gradual y no se dará de manera homogénea en todos los países de la región.Es importante destacar que los problemas laborales no se resolverán con el retorno a un sendero ascendente de crecimiento. En primer lugar, es de esperar que la recuperación del empleo se dé con un cierto rezago respecto de la actividad económica. En segundo término, con un crecimiento económico que a corto plazo continuará siendo moderado y no volverá a las tasas registradas entre fines de 2003 y mediados de 2008, la demanda laboral seguirá débil y eso repercutirá en la generación de empleo de buena calidad. Por lo tanto, los países no deben desistir de los esfuerzos para estimular la defensa y la creación de puestos de trabajo decente y deben reforzar la efectividad y eficiencia de los instrumentos disponibles. De esta manera, la región no solo enfrentará mejor los desafíos de la recuperación económica, sino que también fortalecerá las bases para lograr la inclusión social y poder avanzar en mejores condiciones hacia el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.

Thomae Serrani Valentini Super Judicio Hieronymi Tiraboschii de M. Valerio Martiale, L. Annaeo Seneca, M. Annaeo Lucano et aliis ... hispanis ad Clementinum Vannettium : epistolae duae ..

Sign.: A-O8, P2

Prudentii poetae Opera. Prosperi Aquitanici Epigrammata super diui Au. Augustini sententias. Haec graece Cantica Ioannis Damasceni. Cosmae Hierosolymitani cantica tredecim ...

Es el volumen I de "Poetae Christiani Veteres" (Adams, P 1685)

Concionum quadruplicium, super Euangelia omnium sanctorum, quibus etiam funebres conciones accesserunt ; secunda partis, tomus sextus /

Mode of access: Internet.

A pobreza rural na América Latina

Introducción: A pobreza permanece como um problema social al ser enfrentado pela sociedade global no próximo século, já que o grande desenvolvimento da tecnologia, da produçäo industrias de massa e do comercio internacional ocorrido no presente século näo foi suficiente para superá-lo. É justamente este algo grau de desenvolvimiento que torna a pobreza um fenómeno constrangedor do pronto de vista moral, já que os beneficios da riqueza se partem de modo desigual e injusto entre países do Norte vis a ris os do Sul, desvaforecendo as regiönes como América Central…

On the mass determination of super-Earths orbiting active stars: the CoRoT-7 system

Context. Star activity makes the mass determination of CoRoT-7b and CoRoT 7c uncertain. Investigators of the CoRoT team proposed several solutions, but all but one of them are larger than the initial determinations of 4.8 +/- 0.8 M(Earth) for CoRoT-7b and 8.4 +/- 0.9 M(Earth) for CoRoT 7c. Aims. This investigation uses the excellent HARPS radial velocity measurements of CoRoT-7 to redetermine the planet masses and to explore techniques for determining mass and orbital elements of planets discovered around active stars when the relative variation in the radial velocity due to the star activity cannot be considered as just noise and can exceed the variation due to the planets. Methods. The main technique used here is a self-consistent version of the high-pass filter used by Queloz et al. (2009, A&A, 506, 303) in the first mass determination of CoRoT-7b and CoRoT-7c. The results are compared to those given by two alternative techniques: (1) the approach proposed by Hatzes et al. (2010, A&A, 520, A93) using only those nights in which two or three observations were done; (2) a pure Fourier analysis. In all cases, the eccentricities are taken equal to zero as indicated by the study of the tidal evolution of the system. The periods are also kept fixed at the values given by Queloz et al. Only the observations done in the time interval BJD 2 454 847-873 are used because they include many nights with multiple observations; otherwise, it is not possible to separate the effects of the rotation fourth harmonic (5.91 d = P(rot)/4) from the alias of the orbital period of CoRoT-7b (0.853585 d). Results. The results of the various approaches are combined to give planet mass values 8.0 +/- 1.2 M(Earth) for CoRoT-7b and 13.6 +/- 1.4 M(Earth) for CoRoT 7c. An estimation of the variation of the radial velocity of the star due to its activity is also given. Conclusions. The results obtained with three different approaches agree to give higher masses than those in previous determinations. From the existing internal structure models they indicate that CoRoT-7b is a much denser super-Earth. The bulk density is 11 +/- 3.5 g cm(-3), so CoRoT-7b may be rocky with a large iron core.

Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission XIII. CoRoT-13b: a dense hot Jupiter in transit around a star with solar metallicity and super-solar lithium content

We announce the discovery of the transiting planet CoRoT-13b. Ground-based follow-up in CFHT and IAC80 confirmed CoRoT's observations. The mass of the planet was measured with the HARPS spectrograph and the properties of the host star were obtained analyzing HIRES spectra from the Keck telescope. It is a hot Jupiter-like planet with an orbital period of 4.04 days, 1.3 Jupiter masses, 0.9 Jupiter radii, and a density of 2.34 g cm(-3). It orbits a G0V star with T(eff) = 5 945 K, M(*) = 1.09 M(circle dot), R(*) = 1.01 R(circle dot), solar metallicity, a lithium content of +1.45 dex, and an estimated age of between 0.12 and 3.15 Gyr. The lithium abundance of the star is consistent with its effective temperature, activity level, and age range derived from the stellar analysis. The density of the planet is extreme for its mass, implies that heavy elements are present with a mass of between about 140 and 300 M(circle plus).

Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission VIII. CoRoT-7b: the first super-Earth with measured radius

Aims. We report the discovery of very shallow (Delta F/F approximate to 3.4 x 10(-4)), periodic dips in the light curve of an active V = 11.7 G9V star observed by the CoRoT satellite, which we interpret as caused by a transiting companion. We describe the 3-colour CoRoT data and complementary ground-based observations that support the planetary nature of the companion. Methods. We used CoRoT colours information, good angular resolution ground-based photometric observations in- and out- of transit, adaptive optics imaging, near-infrared spectroscopy, and preliminary results from radial velocity measurements, to test the diluted eclipsing binary scenarios. The parameters of the host star were derived from optical spectra, which were then combined with the CoRoT light curve to derive parameters of the companion. Results. We examined all conceivable cases of false positives carefully, and all the tests support the planetary hypothesis. Blends with separation >0.40 '' or triple systems are almost excluded with a 8 x 10(-4) risk left. We conclude that, inasmuch we have been exhaustive, we have discovered a planetary companion, named CoRoT-7b, for which we derive a period of 0.853 59 +/- 3 x 10(-5) day and a radius of R(p) = 1.68 +/- 0.09 R(Earth). Analysis of preliminary radial velocity data yields an upper limit of 21 M(Earth) for the companion mass, supporting the finding. Conclusions. CoRoT-7b is very likely the first Super-Earth with a measured radius. This object illustrates what will probably become a common situation with missions such as Kepler, namely the need to establish the planetary origin of transits in the absence of a firm radial velocity detection and mass measurement. The composition of CoRoT-7b remains loosely constrained without a precise mass. A very high surface temperature on its irradiated face, approximate to 1800-2600 K at the substellar point, and a very low one, approximate to 50 K, on its dark face assuming no atmosphere, have been derived.

The CoRoT-7 planetary system: two orbiting super-Earths

We report on an intensive observational campaign carried out with HARPS at the 3.6 m telescope at La Silla on the star CoRoT-7. Additional simultaneous photometric measurements carried out with the Euler Swiss telescope have demonstrated that the observed radial velocity variations are dominated by rotational modulation from cool spots on the stellar surface. Several approaches were used to extract the radial velocity signal of the planet(s) from the stellar activity signal. First, a simple pre-whitening procedure was employed to find and subsequently remove periodic signals from the complex frequency structure of the radial velocity data. The dominant frequency in the power spectrum was found at 23 days, which corresponds to the rotation period of CoRoT-7. The 0.8535 day period of CoRoT-7b planetary candidate was detected with an amplitude of 3.3 m s(-1). Most other frequencies, some with amplitudes larger than the CoRoT-7b signal, are most likely associated with activity. A second approach used harmonic decomposition of the rotational period and up to the first three harmonics to filter out the activity signal from radial velocity variations caused by orbiting planets. After correcting the radial velocity data for activity, two periodic signals are detected: the CoRoT-7b transit period and a second one with a period of 3.69 days and an amplitude of 4 m s(-1). This second signal was also found in the pre-whitening analysis. We attribute the second signal to a second, more remote planet CoRoT-7c. The orbital solution of both planets is compatible with circular orbits. The mass of CoRoT-7b is 4.8 +/- 0.8 (M(circle plus)) and that of CoRoT-7c is 8.4 +/- 0.9 (M(circle plus)), assuming both planets are on coplanar orbits. We also investigated the false positive scenario of a blend by a faint stellar binary, and this may be rejected by the stability of the bisector on a nightly scale. According to their masses both planets belong to the super-Earth planet category. The average density of CoRoT-7b is rho = 5.6 +/- 1.3 g cm(-3), similar to the Earth. The CoRoT-7 planetary system provides us with the first insight into the physical nature of short period super-Earth planets recently detected by radial velocity surveys. These planets may be denser than Neptune and therefore likely made of rocks like the Earth, or a mix of water ice and rocks.

Sigma phase morphologies in cast and aged super duplex stainless steel

Solution annealed and water quenched duplex and super duplex stainless steels are thermodynamically metastable systems at room temperature. These systems do not migrate spontaneously to a thermodynamically stable condition because an energy barrier separates the metastable and stable states. However, any heat input they receive, for example through isothermal treatment or through prolonged exposure to a voltaic arc in the welding process, cause them to reach a condition of stable equilibrium which, for super duplex stainless steels, means precipitation of intermetallic and carbide phases. These phases include the sigma phase, which is easily identified from its morphology, and its influence on the material`s impact strength. The purpose of this work was to ascertain how 2-hour isothermal heat treatments at 920 degrees C and 980 degrees C affect the microstructure of ASTM A890/A890M GR 6A super duplex stainless steel. The sigma phase morphologies were found to be influenced by these two aging temperatures, with the material showing a predominantly lacy microstructure when heat treated at 920 degrees C and block-shaped when heat treated at 980 degrees C. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.