Language therapy results with children of the autism spectrum. 'Resultados de terapia de lenguaje con niños del espectro autista'.

Resumen en español. Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Trajectory and outcomes of speech language therapy in the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS): case report

The aim of this study was to describe the trajectory and the outcomes of speech-language therapy in Prader-Willi syndrome through a longitudinal study of the case of an 8 year-old boy, along four years of speech-language therapy follow-up. The therapy sessions were filmed and documental analysis of information from the child's records regarding anamnesis, evaluation and speech-language therapy reports and multidisciplinary evaluations were carried out. The child presented typical characteristics of Prader-Willi syndrome, such as obesity, hyperfagia, anxiety, behavioral problems and self aggression episodes. Speech-language pathology evaluation showed orofacial hypotony, sialorrhea, hypernasal voice, cognitive deficits, oral comprehension difficulties, communication using gestures and unintelligible isolated words. Initially, speech-language therapy had the aim to promote the language development emphasizing social interaction through recreational activities. With the evolution of the case, the main focus became the development of conversation and narrative abilities. It were observed improvements in attention, symbolic play, social contact and behavior. Moreover, there was an increase in vocabulary, and evolution in oral comprehension and the development of narrative abilities. Hence, speech-language pathology intervention in the case described was effective in different linguistic levels, regarding phonological, syntactic, lexical and pragmatic abilities.

Speech-language therapy for treatment of dysphagia and dysphonia in systemic granulomatous diseases: granulomatous diseases: dysphagia and dysphonia treatments

The granulomatous lesions are frequently founded in infectious diseases and can involve the larynx and pharynx and can cause varying degrees of dysphonia and dysphagia. There is still no systematic review that analyzes effectiveness of speech therapy in systemic granulomatous diseases. Research strategy: A systematic review was performed according to Cochrane guideline considering the inclusion of RCTs and quasi-RCTs about the effectiveness of speech-language therapy to treat dysphagia and dysphonia symptoms in systemic granulomatous diseases of the larynx and pharynx. Selection criteria: The outcome planned to be measured in this review were: swallowing impairment, frequency of chest infections and voice and swallowing symptoms. Data analysis: We identified 1,140 citations from all electronic databases. After an initial shift we only selected 9 titles to be retrieved in full-text. After full reading, there was no RCT found in this review and therefore, we only described the existing 2 case series studies. Results: There were no randomized controlled trials found in the literature. Therefore, two studies were selected to be included only for narratively analysis as they were case series. Conclusion: There is no evidence from high quality studies about the effectiveness of speech-language therapy in patients with granulomatous diseases of the larynx and pharynx. The investigators could rely in the outcomes suggested in this review to design their own clinical trials.

Exploring the emergent literacy needs of preschoolers with language impairments

Current research indicates the need to identify and support children at-risk for reading difficulties as early as possible. Children with language impairments are one group of children who have been shown to be at-risk for literacy problems. Their difficulties likely stem from the challenges they tend to experience with acquiring emergent literacy skills as preschoolers. Very little empirical work has been done with preschoolers with language impairments to explore the nature of their emergent literacy development or their response to interventions which target emergent literacy skills. In the present study, 55 preschoolers with language impairments were recruited from a speech and language centre in Southern Ontario. The nature of the relationship between children's early language and literacy skills was explored using measures of their written language awareness, phonological awareness and oral language abilities, in an attempt to better understand how to conceptualize their emergent literacy abilities. Furthermore, a between-subjects design was used to compare two language interventions: an experimental emergent literacy intervention and a standard intervention based on traditional models of speech and language therapy. Results indicated that preschooler's emergent literacy abilities can be understood as a broad, multi-dimensional construct consisting of three separate but interrelated components: written language awareness, phonological awareness, and oral language. The emergent literacy-enhanced intervention was generally superior to the standard language intervention in improving children's skills in written language awareness, and children with the most severe impairments seemed to benefit the most from the experimental intervention. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as areas for future research are discussed. .

Exploratory study : exploring the effectiveness of a literacy-based intervention with children with language impairments

Research points clearly to the need for all concerned stakeholders to adopt a preventative approach while intervening with children who are at-risk for future reading disabilities. Research has indicated also that a particular sub-group of children at-risk for reading impairments include preschool children with language impairments (Catts, 1993). Preschool children with language impairments may have difficulties with emergent literacy skills - important prerequisite skills necessary for successful formal reading. Only in the past decade have researchers begun to study the effects of emergent literacy intervention on preschool children with language impairments. As such, the current study continues this investigation of how to effectively implement an emergent literacy therapy aimed at supporting preschool children with language impairments. In addition to this, the current study explores emergent literacy intervention within an applied clinical setting. The setting, presents a host of methodological and theoretical challenges - challenges that will advance the field of understanding children within naturalistic settings. This exploratory study included thirty-eight participants who were recruited from Speech Services Niagara, a local preschool speech and language program. Using a between-group pre- and posttest design, this study compared two intervention approaches - an experimental emergent literacy intervention and a traditional language intervention. The experimental intervention was adopted from Read It Again! (Justice, McGinty, Beckman, & Kilday, 2006) and the traditional language intervention was based on the traditional models of language therapy typically used in preschool speech and language models across Ontario. 5 Results indicated that the emergent literacy intervention was superior to the ,t..3>~, ~\., ;./h traditional language therapy in improving the children's alphabet knowledge, print and word awareness and phonological awareness. Moreover, results revealed that children with more severe language impairments require greater support and more explicit instruction than children with moderate language impairments. Another important finding indicated that the effects of the preschool emergent literacy intervention used in this study may not be sustainable as children enter grade one. The implications of this study point to the need to support preschool children with language impairments with intensive emergent literacy intervention that extends beyond preschool into formal educational settings.

Hit the target: language activities designed to develop simple grammatical structures

This paper discusses language therapy activities for helping hearing impaired children acquire language.

Validation tool for smart screening of language disorders in pediatrics care

Primary-care pediatricians could play a key role in early detection of development disorders as quick as they might have enough time and knowledge for suitable screenings at clinical routine. This research paper focuses on the development and validation of a knowledge-based web tool whose aim is to support a smart detection of developmental disorders in early childhood. Thus, the use of the system can trigger the necessary preventive and therapeutic actions from birth until the age of six. The platform was designed on the basis of an analysis of significant 21 cases of children with language disorders that supported the creation of a specific knowledge base, its ontology and a set of description logic relations. The resulting system is being validated in a scalable approach with a team of seven experts from the fields of neonathology, pediatrics, neurology and language therapy.

Deployment and validation of a smart system for screening of language disorders in primary care

Neuro-evolutive development from birth until the age of six years is a decisive factor in a child?s quality of life. Early detection of development disorders in early childhood can facilitate necessary diagnosis and/or treatment. Primary-care pediatricians play a key role in its detection as they can undertake the preventive and therapeutic actions requested to promote a child?s optimal development. However, the lack of time and little specific knowledge at primary-care avoid to applying continuous early-detection anomalies procedures. This research paper focuses on the deployment and evaluation of a smart system that enhances the screening of language disorders in primary care. Pediatricians get support to proceed with early referral of language disorders. The proposed model provides them with a decision-support tool for referral actions to trigger essential diagnostic and/or therapeutic actions for a comprehensive individual development. The research was conducted by starting from a sample of 60 cases of children with language disorders. Validation was carried out through two complementary steps: first, by including a team of seven experts from the fields of neonatology, pediatrics, neurology and language therapy, and, second, through the evaluation of 21 more previously diagnosed cases. The results obtained show that therapist positively accepted the system proposal in 18 cases (86%) and suggested system redesign for single referral to a speech therapist in three remaining cases.

Screening for Language Disorders in Stroke: German Validation of the Language Screening Test (LAST)

BACKGROUND Screening of aphasia in acute stroke is crucial for directing patients to early language therapy. The Language Screening Test (LAST), originally developed in French, is a validated language screening test that allows detection of a language deficit within a few minutes. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate two parallel German versions of the LAST. METHODS The LAST includes subtests for naming, repetition, automatic speech, and comprehension. For the translation into German, task constructs and psycholinguistic criteria for item selection were identical to the French LAST. A cohort of 101 stroke patients were tested, all of whom were native German speakers. Validation of the LAST was based on (1) analysis of equivalence of the German versions, which was established by administering both versions successively in a subset of patients, (2) internal validity by means of internal consistency analysis, and (3) external validity by comparison with the short version of the Token Test in another subset of patients. RESULTS The two German versions were equivalent as demonstrated by a high intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.91. Furthermore, an acceptable internal structure of the LAST was found (Cronbach's α = 0.74). A highly significant correlation (r = 0.74, p < 0.0001) between the LAST and the short version of the Token Test indicated good external validity of the scale. CONCLUSION The German version of the LAST, available in two parallel versions, is a new and valid language screening test in stroke.

Early hearing loss and language abilities in children with Down syndrome

BACKGROUND: Although many children with Down syndrome experience hearing loss, there has been little research to investigate its impact on speech and language development. Studies that have investigated the association give inconsistent results. These have often been based on samples where children with the most severe hearing impairments have been excluded and so results do not generalize to the wider population with Down syndrome. Also, measuring children's hearing at the time of a language assessment does not take into account the fluctuating nature of hearing loss in children with Down syndrome or possible effects of losses in their early years. AIMS: To investigate the impact of early hearing loss on language outcomes for children with Down syndrome. METHODS & PROCEDURES: Retrospective audiology clinic records and parent report for 41 children were used to categorize them as either having had hearing difficulties from 2 to 4 years or more normal hearing. Differences between the groups on measures of language expression and comprehension, receptive vocabulary, a narrative task and speech accuracy were investigated. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: After accounting for the contributions of chronological age and nonverbal mental age to children's scores, there were significant differences between the groups on all measures. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: Early hearing loss has a significant impact on the speech and language development of children with Down syndrome. Results suggest that speech and language therapy should be provided when children are found to have ongoing hearing difficulties and that joint audiology and speech and language therapy clinics could be considered for preschool children.

Alterações fonológicas em crianças com perturbação de linguagem

O presente trabalho propõe-se analisar as características fonológicas de 14 crianças com perturbação de linguagem (PL) e comparar com 14 crianças que apresentam desenvolvimento linguístico normal (estudo 1). As crianças com PL foram divididas em dois sub-grupos: as crianças com PL com quociente de inteligência não verbal (QINV) normal e as crianças com PL com QINV baixo. O estudo 2 visa analisar a eficácia de duas abordagens de intervenção (articulatória e fonológica) no grupo das 14 crianças com PL, usando um estudo experimental controlado randomizado. As medidas de resultados incluem indicadores de severidade (e.g., percentagem de consoantes correctas; percentagem de ocorrência de processos fonológicos; inventário fonético) e de inteligibilidade (palavras isoladas e fala encadeada). O trabalho pretende ainda analisar a resposta ao tratamento das crianças tendo em conta o seu nível de QINV. Foi também desenvolvido um questionário para obter as opiniões dos pais (análise qualitativa) sobre as abordagens de intervenção implementadas. Os resultados obtidos no estudo 1 indicam que as crianças com PL apresentam dificuldades graves a nível do desenvolvimento fonológico. Estas dificuldades evidenciaram-se pela percentagem reduzida de consoantes correctas e pela elevada frequência de utilização de processos fonológicos típicos nas crianças com PL quando comparadas com as crianças com desenvolvimento da linguagem normal. Verificou-se que as crianças com PL também apresentaram processos fonológicos que não são frequentes no desenvolvimento fonológico normal. Neste estudo verificou-se ainda que as crianças com QINV baixo e as crianças com QINV normal não apresentaram uma performance significativamente diferente nas medidas analisadas. Os resultados do estudo da análise da eficácia das abordagens de intervenção indicam que as duas abordagens foram eficazes na melhoria da produção das crianças. Os resultados mostraram uma diferença significativa no grupo tratado com a abordagem fonológica (AF) (p = 0.018) e no grupo tratado com a abordagem articulatória (AA) (p = 0.018) relativamente à diferença entre a PCC obtida antes e depois da intervenção terapêutica. Verificou-se também uma diferença significativa (p = 0.015) entre os dois grupos de intervenção o que sugere que o grupo das crianças tratadas com a AF apresentou uma evolução significativamente maior a nível da PCC comparativamente ao grupo das crianças tratadas com a AA. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo mostraram também que as diferenças a nível do QINV não influenciaram a resposta ao tratamento. Todos os pais consideraram que a intervenção contribuiu para a evolução das crianças, e que a terapia os ajudou a compreender melhor os seus filhos. Relativamente às experiências de inteligibilidade, os resultados foram obtidos através de um conjunto de ouvintes, entre os quais se verificou uma elevada concordância. Os resultados destas experiências mostraram que a AF foi eficaz na melhoria da inteligibilidade das palavras e da fala encadeada das crianças, ao contrário da AA.

Vers un outil d'évaluation du langage préscolaire et détecteur de préalables pour l'éducation de base au Cameroun en cas de retard de langage

L’étude présente l’élaboration du premier outil d’évaluation normalisée du langage destiné aux enfants francophones d’âge préscolaire des pays africains qui se caractérisent par l’absence de services publics en orthophonie et la méconnaissance des retards de langage. En s’inspirant des techniques psychométriques langagières utilisées en Amérique du nord et en se basant sur les théories d’acquisition du langage, on a construit un outil appelé Batterie de tests de dépistage approfondi (BATEDA) qui compte onze tests répartis en trois sous-batteries évaluant respectivement l’intégrité des modalités de transmission du langage (BATEM), les composantes langagières (BATEL) et la mémoire verbale (TMV). A partir d’un échantillon de 159 enfants camerounais francophones, on a normalisé la batterie suivant la cote z et les rangs en centile. Les tests présentent une fiabilité inter-juge et intra-juge (p<0,05), une cohérence interne globale d’environ 96% (α de Cronbach=0,958) et une validité prédictive de la réussite scolaire des enfants (r=0,700). Les stratégies d’application de la BATEDA visent à favoriser la pratique du dépistage systématique et la prise en charge des retards de langage au Cameroun, en mettant à contribution les enseignants et les parents comme principaux intervenants. Les implications de cette étude sont de trois ordres : (1) une meilleure connaissance des difficultés langagières, la revalorisation des personnes atteintes et une attitude de vigilance sociale; (2) l’instauration de la pratique de dépistage précoce favorable à l’intervention; (3) une potentielle diminution du taux d’exclusion et d’abandon scolaire d’enfants présentant des retards langagiers à travers un enseignement ciblé en leur faveur.

Intervention orthophonique et neurobiologie du cerveau : apports de la neuroimagerie à la prise en charge de l’aphasie chronique

L’aphasie est un trouble acquis du langage entraînant des problèmes de communication pouvant toucher la compréhension et/ou l’expression. Lorsque l’aphasie fait suite à un accident vasculaire cérébral, une régression des déficits communicatifs s'observe initialement, mais elle peut demeurer sévère pour certains et est considérée chronique après un an. Par ailleurs, l’aphasie peut aussi être observée dans l’aphasie progressive primaire, une maladie dégénérative affectant uniquement le langage dans les premières années. Un nombre grandissant d’études s’intéressent à l’impact de la thérapie dans l’aphasie chronique et ont démontré des améliorations langagières après plusieurs années. L’hémisphère gauche semble avoir un rôle crucial et est associé à de meilleures améliorations langagières, mais la compréhension des mécanismes de plasticité cérébrale est encore embryonnaire. Or, l’efficacité de la thérapie dans l’aphasie progressive primaire est peu étudiée. À l’aide de la résonance magnétique fonctionnelle, le but des présentes études consiste à examiner les mécanismes de plasticité cérébrale induits par la thérapie Semantic Feature Analysis auprès de dix personnes souffrant d’aphasie chronique et d’une personne souffrant d’aphasie progressive primaire. Les résultats suggèrent que le cerveau peut se réorganiser plusieurs années après une lésion cérébrale ainsi que dans une maladie dégénérative. Au niveau individuel, une meilleure amélioration langagière est associée au recrutement de l’hémisphère gauche ainsi qu’une concentration des activations. Les analyses de groupe mettent en évidence le recrutement du lobule pariétal inférieur gauche, alors que l’activation du gyrus précentral gauche prédit l’amélioration suite à la thérapie. D’autre part, les analyses de connectivité fonctionnelle ont permis d’identifier pour la première fois le réseau par défaut dans l’aphasie. Suite à la thérapie, l’intégration de ce réseau bien connu est comparable à celle des contrôles et les analyses de corrélation suggèrent que l’intégration du réseau par défaut a une valeur prédictive d’amélioration. Donc, les résultats de ces études appuient l’idée que l’hémisphère gauche a un rôle prépondérant dans la récupération de l’aphasie et fournissent des données probantes sur la neuroplasticité induite par une thérapie spécifique du langage dans l’aphasie. De plus, l’identification d’aires clés et de réseaux guideront de futures recherches afin d’éventuellement maximiser la récupération de l’aphasie et permettre de mieux prédire le pronostic.

Relations entre les orthophonistes et les proches de personnes aphasiques en contexte de réadaptation

Le rôle que jouent les services orthophoniques dans l’ajustement des proches de personnes aphasiques ainsi que le contexte dans lequel les orthophonistes mettent en place des interventions auprès de ces proches ne sont actuellement pas connus. La présente thèse a donc pour but de comprendre de quelle manière les relations entre les orthophonistes et les proches de personnes aphasiques, développées en contexte de réadaptation, s’inscrivent dans la trajectoire dynamique des proches et dans la pratique des orthophonistes. Une approche qualitative par théorisation ancrée a été utilisée dans quatre études pour analyser les entrevues effectuées auprès de proches de personnes aphasiques et d’orthophonistes. Dans l’étude 1, les entrevues menées à trois reprises dans la première année suivant l’accident vasculaire-cérébral (AVC), et ce, auprès de quatre filles dont la mère est aphasique, ont été analysées. Un modèle théorique représentant la relation mère-fille a été développé. Ce modèle illustre que les perceptions de fragilité, de difficultés et de compétence, qu’ont les filles à l’égard de leur mère, les amènent à adopter des comportements de protection ou de confiance, ce qui génère des réactions de satisfaction ou d’insatisfaction chez la mère, renforçant alors les perceptions initiales des filles. Quatre patterns relationnels peuvent donc coexister au sein d’une même dyade. L’aphasie complexifierait cet ajustement relationnel. Dans l’étude 2, les entrevues effectuées à trois reprises durant la première année suivant l’AVC, auprès d’une fille dont la mère est sévèrement aphasique, ont été analysées. Un modèle théorique représentant l’expérience d’aider a été élaboré. Selon ce modèle, percevoir des difficultés chez sa mère et ressentir que leur relation antérieure est menacée a déclenché le processus d’aide chez la fille. Parallèlement, la reconnaissance de la compétence de sa mère a motivé la fille à offrir de l’aide visant à rendre sa mère heureuse et à favoriser son indépendance. Ce type d’aide a contribué à augmenter l’indépendance de sa mère, à retrouver une relation satisfaisante avec celle-ci et à s’adapter à l’aphasie. Dans l’étude 3, les entrevues de 12 proches de personnes aphasiques ont été analysées. Un modèle théorique représentant l’expérience de l’aphasie et de la réadaptation post-AVC a été développé et illustre que les proches sont centrés sur la personne aphasique et participent à la réadaptation dans le rôle d’aidant. Cette disposition influence alors leurs attentes envers la réadaptation, leurs interactions avec les professionnels, dont les orthophonistes, et leur appréciation de la réadaptation. Dans l’étude 4, les entrevues effectuées auprès de huit orthophonistes travaillant en réadaptation ont été analysées. Un modèle théorique illustrant le processus d’intervention des orthophonistes auprès des proches de personnes aphasiques a été construit. Pour les orthophonistes, le travail avec les proches est majoritairement perçu comme un ajout positif, mais exigeant, à leur pratique de base centrée sur la personne aphasique. Une satisfaction professionnelle peut en découler, mais des idéaux non-atteints peuvent persister. La relation proche-orthophoniste serait donc principalement axée sur le rôle d’aidant que joue le proche, et ce, en raison de leur expérience respective. Un agrandissement du territoire de rencontre entre les orthophonistes et les proches pourrait soutenir les proches dans les ajustements relationnels induits par l’AVC avec aphasie ainsi que permettre aux orthophonistes d’atteindre leurs idéaux.