Frieda Langendorff als Ortrud, Rollenbild, Hüftbild, in: Richard Wagner: Lohengrin

Signatur des Originals: S 36/F05129

A method to evaluate the response of the coronary circulation of perfused rat heart to adenosine

Exogenous adenosine causes a monophasic dilation of the coronary vessels in paced, perfused rat heart preparations. Because levels of endogenous adenosine in paced hearts may mask the presence of high potency adenosine receptors, we have developed a method to measure coronary vascular responses in a potassium-arrested heart. Hearts from adult male, Wistar rats were perfused at a constant flow rate of 10 mL/min in the nonrecirculating, Langendorff mode, using Krebs-Henseleit buffer. After 30 min, coronary perfusion pressure was 44 +/- 1 mmHg (mean +/- SEM). Hearts were then perfused with a modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing 35 mM potassium. Coronary perfusion pressure increased by 84 +/- 3 mmHg. Adenosine-induced reductions in coronary perfusion pressure were expressed as a percentage of the maximal increase in pressure produced by modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer from the equilibration level. A concentration-response curve for adenosine (n = 6) was biphasic and best described by the presence of two adenosine receptors, with negative log EC50 values of 8.8 +/- 0.3 and 4.3 +/- 0.1, representing 29 +/- 3 and 71 +/- 3%, respectively, of the observed response. Interstitial adenosine sampled by microdialysis during potassium arrest was 25% of the concentration found in paced hearts. Endogenous adenosine in nonarrested hearts may obscure the biphasic response of the coronary vessels to adenosine.

Levosimendan: Studies on its mechanisms of action and beyond

Acute heart failure syndrome represents a prominent and growing health problem all around the world. Ideally, medical treatment for patients admitted to hospital because of this syndrome, in addition to alleviating the acute symptoms, should also prevent myocardial damage, modulate neurohumoral and inflammatory activation, and preserve or even improve renal function. Levosimendan is a cardiac enhancer having both inotropic and vasodilatory effects. It is approved for the short-term treatment of acutely decompensated chronic heart failure, but it has been shown to have beneficial clinical effects also in ischemic heart disease and septic shock as well as in perioperative cardiac support. In the present study, the mechanisms of action of levosimendan were studied in isolated guinea-pig heart preparations: Langendorff-perfused heart, papillary muscle and permeabilized cardiomyocytes as well as in purified phosphodiesterase isoenzyme preparations. Levosimendan was shown to be a potent inotropic agent in isolated Langendorff-perfused heart and right ventricle papillary muscle. In permeabilized cardiomyocytes, it was demonstrated to be a potent calcium sensitizer in contrast to its enantiomer, dextrosimendan. It was additionally shown to be a very selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) type-3 inhibitor, the selectivity factor for PDE3 over PDE4 being 10000 for levosimendan. Irrespective of this very selective PDE3 inhibitory property in purified enzyme preparations, the inotropic effect of levosimendan was demonstrated to be mediated mainly through calcium sensitization in the isolated heart as well as the papillary muscle preparations at clinically relevant concentrations. In the isolated Lagendorff-perfused heart, glibenclamide antagonized the levosimendan-induced increase in coronary flow (CF). Therefore, the main vasodilatory mechanism in coronary veins is believed to be the opening of the ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels. In the paced hearts, CF did not increase in parallel with oxygen consumption (MVO2), thus indicating that levosimendan had a direct vasodilatory effect on coronary veins. The pharmacology of levosimendan was clearly different from that of milrinone, which induced an increase in CF in parallel with MVO2. In conclusion, levosimendan was demonstrated to increase cardiac contractility by binding to cardiac troponin C and sensitizing the myofilament contractile proteins to calcium, and further to induce coronary vasodilatation by opening KATP channels in vascular smooth muscle. In addition, the efficiency of the cardiac contraction was shown to be more advantageous when the heart was perfused with levosimendan in comparison to milrinone perfusion.

Disfunção mitocondrial e cardíaca em camundongos induzida por dieta rica em ácidos graxos poliinsaturados

Indivíduos obesos apresentam maior risco de morbidade e mortalidade atribuída às doenças cardiovasculares. A composição da dieta é um fator que prediz o fenótipo cardíaco em resposta a obesidade e, o tipo de ácido graxo pode afetar de forma diferencial a estrutura e a função do miocárdio. Estudos têm mostrado que a disfunção mitocondrial exerce um papel chave na patogênese da insuficiência e hipertrofia cardíaca, e as alterações mitocondriais observadas em falhas cardíacas apontam para defeitos em sítios específicos da cadeia transportadora de elétrons. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a função contrátil ventricular em camundongos, alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica, rica em ácidos graxos poliinsaturados, buscando elucidações através da bioenergética mitocondrial. Após desmame, camundongos machos C57Bl/6 passaram a receber dieta manipulada contendo 7% (C) ou 19% (HF) de óleo de soja, até os 135 dias de idade. A ingestão alimentar e a massa corporal foram monitoradas e foi realizado teste de tolerância à glicose. No final do período experimental, os animais foram anestesiados e submetidos à avaliação da composição corporal por Absortimetria de Raios X de Dupla Energia (DXA), e em seguida, sacrificados por exsanguinação. No plasma foram determinados o perfil lipídico e a insulina. O coração, o tecido adiposo intra-abdominal e o subcutâneo foram coletados, pesados, processados para análise histomorfológica. Fibras cardíacas do ventrículo esquerdo foram utilizadas para análise da respiração mitocondrial através de oxígrafo. O coração também foi utilizado para a técnica de perfusão de coração isolado de Langendorff, e para análise da expressão de proteínas relacionadas à bioenergética de cardiomiócitos, através de Western Blotting. O índice de HOMA e de adiposidade foram calculados. O grupo HF apresentou maior adiposidade, sem alteração na ingestão alimentar. Foi observada intolerância a glicose, hiperinsulinemia e resistência à insulina, além de alterações desfavoráveis no perfil lipídico. Foi observado alteração na morfologia cardíaca e quadro de cardiomiopatia hipertrófica, refletindo em alteração hemodinâmica, determinando maior contratilidade, maior pressão ventricular e função diastólica prejudicada. Em relação à atividade mitocondrial dos cardiomiócitos foi observada menor oxidação de carboidratos (-47%) e de ácidos graxos (-60%). Porém, sem alteração na expressão de proteínas relacionadas à bioenergética de cardiomiócitos, CPT1, UCP2, GLUT1, GLUT4, AMPK e pAMPK. A partir desses resultados, concluímos que o tipo e a quantidade de ácidos graxos predizem o fenótipo cardíaco na obesidade, promovendo alteração na capacidade oxidativa mitocondrial, na morfologia e na hemodinâmica cardíaca

大蹼铃蟾皮肤分泌物中βγ-CAT对血液和心血管系统作用及机制研究

非晶状体βγ-晶状体蛋白(non-lens βγ-crystallin, α-亚基)和三叶因子(trefoil factor, β-亚基) 复合物（non-lens βγ-crystallin and trefoil factor complex, 缩写为βγ-CAT）是从大蹼铃蟾皮肤中分离、纯化的一种新型蛋白, 具有促进细胞迁移、伤口愈合功能，同时还可通过核定位、调节转录因子和炎症相关蛋白诱导细胞脱落、凋亡。βγ-CAT对心血管和血液系统的作用和机制还不清楚。本研究的目的在于深入研究这些问题，为人类重大疾病的研究提供新思路。 首先，我们利用各种整体动物模型，研究了βγ-CAT对心血管系统和血液系统的影响。结果发现βγ-CAT可对白细胞、红细胞、血小板、肝细胞、肾细胞和心血管系统产生毒理作用。βγ-CAT可导致白细胞计数、红细胞计数和血小板计数减少、低血压、心律失常、心肌细胞轻度水肿、部分肺泡淤血、炎症细胞浸润肺泡壁、肝细胞水样变性、肾小管水肿、肾小球淤血和脾脏淤血、高钾血症、血糖升高、转氨酶和乳酸脱氢酶升高。我们推测βγ-CAT造成实验动物死亡的主要原因是心功能衰竭、高钾血症和白细胞毒素效应。 其次，为研究βγ-CAT对血管的效应，我们用兔胸主动脉进行了一系列的实验。结果表明，βγ-CAT可引起兔胸主动脉环剂量依赖性收缩，半数有效浓度为（EC50）10 nM; α-肾上腺素能受体阻断剂（酚妥拉明）和5-羟色胺受体阻断剂（S006）不能抑制βγ-CAT的血管收缩效应。因此，我们认为，整体实验观察到的低血压不是由于血管舒张造成的，而是由于βγ-CAT对心肌了产生了抑制效应，并且，βγ-CAT产生的血管收缩效应是通过新的途径引起的。 最后，我们把βγ-CAT导致兔死亡的原因归结为心血管系统衰竭，因为，一方面βγ-CAT抑制心肌使每搏量减少，另一方面它可收缩动脉使心脏的后负荷增加，从而导致重要器官、组织灌注不良而死亡。但导致心功能衰竭的机制还不清楚，于是，我们进行了离体心脏灌流、内皮细胞培养、细胞因子测定、免疫组化、凋亡实验，试图阐明导致动物心力衰竭的机制。首先，我们在离体心脏灌流装置上以恒压和恒流的灌流模式来研究βγ-CAT的心肌变力效应。接下来，我们用高钾去除冠脉血管内皮细胞，以评估内皮细胞在βγ-CAT对心肌的直接效应。最后，我们用βγ-CAT刺激培养的心内皮细胞和主动脉内皮细胞，之后检测细胞因子的释放；并用免疫组化的方法定位冠脉内皮和心肌细胞细胞因子的释放和对这些细胞的凋亡效应。实验一的结果表明，βγ-CAT导致心力衰竭的部分原因是由于βγ-CAT引起的冠脉血管收缩造成；实验二的结果表明，βγ-CAT引起的心力衰竭是内皮依赖的。实验三检测到心内皮、主动脉内皮和冠脉内皮释放TNF-α（TNF-α），高浓度的βγ-CAT还可诱导冠脉内皮凋亡，但不引起心肌细胞凋亡。综上所述，我们认为，冠脉内皮在βγ-CAT引起的心力衰竭中具有较大的贡献，通过冠脉内皮释放细胞因子（如TNF-α）作用于心肌细胞，从而导致收缩能力降低，引起心力衰竭。

Efeito do treinamento físico na atividade mecânica do coração, estresse oxidativo sistêmico e tecidual em ratas sob distintos níveis estrogênicos

Esse é um estudo experimental que tem por objetivo avaliar as alterações sistêmicas, musculares e mecânica cardíaca em virtude de um programa de exercício físico de média intensidade em ratas ovariectomizadas. Para esse estudo foram utilizadas ratas Wistar fêmeas, divididas em quatro grupos: controle treinado (T), controle sedentário (S), castrado treinado (CT) e castrado sedentário (CS). O protocolo de treinamento utilizado foi de 8 semanas com intensidade inicial de 40% e final de 70% do VO2 Max. No final do protocolo, foi coletado sangue para análise do estresse oxidativo (EO) sistêmico e os animais foram mortos e retirado o músculo gastrocnêmio para medida da lipoperoxidação (LPO), bem como da atividade enzimática antioxidante. O coração para perfusão pelo método de langendorff e análise das enzimas antioxidantes e lipoperoxidação. Na análise do músculo gastrocnêmio, os grupos T e CS tiveram aumento significativo (p<0,05) na atividade da superóxido dismutase (SOD) com relação aos outros grupos. Na atividade da catalase (CAT) o grupo CS foi maior que o CT (p<0,05), e na atividade da GPx, o grupo CT foi menor que o T (p<0,05). A LPO do grupo CT foi menor que dos grupos S e CS (p<0,05). Com relação à análise de EO sistêmico, a atividade da SOD esteve aumentada no grupo CS com relação ao S (p<0,05). A CAT não apresentou diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Com relação à atividade da GPx, os grupos T e CS estiveram aumentados com relação ao grupo CT (p<0,05), porém somente o grupo T aumentou com relação ao S (p<0,05). Na análise do miocárdio os resultados encontrados na atividade da superóxido dismutase (SOD) os grupos C e CT tiveram aumento significativo (p<0,05) com relação ao grupo CS; da catalase (CAT) os grupos T e CS estiveram diminuídos com relação ao grupo CT (p<0,05), porém somente o grupo T esteve diminuído com relação a S (p<0,05); na atividade da GPx o grupo CS foi maior que S (p<0,05) e na LPO não houver diferença significativa entre os grupos. Na perfusão de coração isolado foi observada diferença (p<0,05), sendo a pressão diastólica ventricular esquerda do grupo CS maior que T durante a isquemia. Concluímos que o organismo foi capaz de se adaptar a ausência de estrogênio e que o exercício físico promoveu uma menor oxidação de proteínas nos animais castrados, não apresentando modificações ente os grupos com relação ao estresse oxidativo e mecânica dos corações de ratas treinados sob distintos níveis estrogênicos.

Food restriction induces in vivo ventricular dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats without impairment of in vitro myocardial contractility

Cardiac structures, function, and myocardial contractility are affected by food restriction (FR). There are few experiments associating undernutrition with hypertension. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of FR on the cardiac response to hypertension in a genetic model of hypertension, the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Five-month-old SHR were fed a control or a calorie-restricted diet for 90 days. Global left ventricle (LV) systolic function was evaluated in vivo by transthoracic echocardiogram and myocardial contractility and diastolic function were assessed in vitro in an isovolumetrically beating isolated heart (Langendorff preparation). FR reduced LV systolic function (control (mean ± SD): 58.9 ± 8.2; FR: 50.8 ± 4.8%, N = 14, P < 0.05). Myocardial contractility was preserved when assessed by the +dP/dt (control: 3493 ± 379; FR: 3555 ± 211 mmHg/s, P > 0.05), and developed pressure (in vitro) at diastolic pressure of zero (control: 152 ± 16; FR: 149 ± 15 mmHg, N = 9, P > 0.05) and 25 mmHg (control: 155 ± 9; FR: 150 ± 10 mmHg, N = 9, P > 0.05). FR also induced eccentric ventricular remodeling, and reduced myocardial elasticity (control: 10.9 ± 1.6; FR: 9.2 ± 0.9%, N = 9, P < 0.05) and LV compliance (control: 82.6 ± 16.5; FR: 68.2 ± 9.1%, N = 9, P < 0.05). We conclude that FR causes systolic ventricular dysfunction without in vitro change in myocardial contractility and diastolic dysfunction probably due to a reduction in myocardial elasticity.

Ventricular remodeling and diastolic myocardial dysfunction in rats submitted to protein-calorie malnutrition

The effects of protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) on heart structure and function are not completely understood. We studied heart morphometric, functional, and biochemical characteristics in undernourished young Wistar rats. They were submitted to PCM from birth (undernourished group, UG). After 10 wk, left ventricle function was studied using a Langendorff preparation. The results were compared with age-matched rats fed ad libitum (control group, CG). The UG rats achieved 47% of the body weight and 44% of the left ventricular weight (LVW) of the CG. LVW-to-ventricular volume ratio was smaller and myocardial hydroxyproline concentration was higher in the UG. Left ventricular systolic function was not affected by the PCM protocol. The myocardial stiffness constant was greater in the UG, whereas the end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship was not altered. In conclusion, the heart is not spared from the adverse effects of PCM. There is a geometric alteration in the left ventricle with preserved ventricular compliance despite the increased passive myocardial stiffness. The systolic function is preserved.

INFLUENCIA DO ACRESCIMO DE MANITOL A SOLUCAO NUTRIENTE NO DESEMPENHO MECANICO E NO GRAU DE EDEMA MIOCARDICO DE CORACOES ISOLADOS DE RATOS

Purpose - To analyse the influence of mannitol added to Krebs-Henseleit (KH) solution on the myocardium edema and myocardial function. Methods - Isolated rat heart under isovolumetric contractions studied according to Langendorff's technique were perfused with KH solution at constant flow during 90 min. The coronary perfusion pressure, diastolic and systolic pressures were recorded at every 15 min. At the end of the experiment, myocardium water content was measured in hearts perfused with KH solution (group I, n = 9) and in hearts perfused with KH solution plus 8 mM mannitol (group II, n = 8). These results were compared to non-perfused control heart (n = 9). Results - Myocardial water content was statistically higher in group I (80.8 ± 1.3%) compared to group II (78.1 ± 0.7%) and control group (75.5 ± 0.5%). Systolic arterial pressure was statistically higher in group I (86.2 ± 11.5 mmHg) compared to group II (72.7 ± 21.1 mmHg). There was no difference in the diastolic pressure between the two groups. Coronary perfusion pressure (Pp) increased progressively during the experiment in both groups. However, Pp was lower in group II than in group I. Conclusion - Mannitol added to KH solution significantly attenuates the myocardium edema in the isolated perfused rat heart.

Efeito do lisinopril sobre parametros cardiacos e mortalidade no infarto experimental em ratos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Food restriction-induced myocardial dysfunction demonstrated by the combination of in vivo and in vitro studies

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that protein-calorie undernutrition decreases myocardial contractility jeopardizing ventricular function, and that ventricular dysfunction can be detected noninvasively. Five-month-old male Wistar-Kyoto rats were fed with regular rat chow ad libitum for 90 days (Control group, n = 14). A second group of rats received 50% of the amount of diet consumed by de control group (Food restricted group, n = 14). Global LV systolic function was evaluated in vivo, noninvasively, by transthoracic echocardiogram. After echocardiographic study, myocardial contractility was assessed in vitro in the isovolumetrically beating isolated heart in eight animals from each group (Langendorff preparation). The in vivo LV fractional shortening showed that food restriction depressed LV systolic function (p < 0.05). Myocardial contractility was impaired as assessed by the maximal rate of rise of LV pressure (+dP/dt), and developed pressure at diastolic pressure of 25 mmHg (p < 0.05). Furthermore, food restriction induced eccentric ventricular remodeling, and reduced myocardial elasticity and LV compliance (p < 0.05). In conclusion, food restriction causes systolic dysfunction probably due to myocardial contractility impairment and reduction of myocardial elasticity. © 2002 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Alterações histológicas do miocárdio, rim e fígado de ratos (Rattus novergicus) Wistar submetidos à infusão de angiotensina II: influência na função ventricular esquerda e resposta ao tratamento com losartan e carvedilol

Pós-graduação em Fisiopatologia em Clínica Médica - FMB

Mecanismos envolvidos na cardiotoxidade aguda induzida pela doxorrubicina em ratos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Avaliação hemodinâmica e morfológica da cetamina S(+) associada à cardioplegia sanguínea em coração isolado de coelho

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Avaliação do efeito do óleo essencial de Citrus Auratium L. no infarto do miocárdio em ratos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)