Las esferas del poder. Hacendados y comerciantes de Buenos Aires ante los cambios de la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII

El propósito es analizar la formación de los "intereses locales" en la sociedad rioplatense de Antiguo Régimen, durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII. Nos preguntamos, mediante las acciones de los comerciantes y hacendados en relación al cabildo porteño, acerca de la creación de espacios institucionales propios tendientes a proteger los intereses particulares de cada grupo. Los Hacendados encontraron desde siempre en el cabildo un espacio institucional apto para canalizar sus aspiraciones. Sin embargo, en 1775 crearon un Gremio que los representara. Los comerciantes como grupo, buscaron inorgánicamente desde la primera mitad del siglo XVIII, y orgánicamente desde 1779, canalizar sus demandas mediante un órgano colectivo: las juntas de comercio. Los comerciantes obtuvieron su Consulado en 1794. En el 1797, la Corona establece que se integren a él, alternándose en su conducción tanto los hacendados como los comerciantes. Con ello, pasó a representar los intereses locales vinculados tanto al comercio como a la producción.

Las esferas del poder. Hacendados y comerciantes de Buenos Aires ante los cambios de la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII

El propósito es analizar la formación de los "intereses locales" en la sociedad rioplatense de Antiguo Régimen, durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII. Nos preguntamos, mediante las acciones de los comerciantes y hacendados en relación al cabildo porteño, acerca de la creación de espacios institucionales propios tendientes a proteger los intereses particulares de cada grupo. Los Hacendados encontraron desde siempre en el cabildo un espacio institucional apto para canalizar sus aspiraciones. Sin embargo, en 1775 crearon un Gremio que los representara. Los comerciantes como grupo, buscaron inorgánicamente desde la primera mitad del siglo XVIII, y orgánicamente desde 1779, canalizar sus demandas mediante un órgano colectivo: las juntas de comercio. Los comerciantes obtuvieron su Consulado en 1794. En el 1797, la Corona establece que se integren a él, alternándose en su conducción tanto los hacendados como los comerciantes. Con ello, pasó a representar los intereses locales vinculados tanto al comercio como a la producción.

Las esferas del poder. Hacendados y comerciantes de Buenos Aires ante los cambios de la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII

El propósito es analizar la formación de los "intereses locales" en la sociedad rioplatense de Antiguo Régimen, durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII. Nos preguntamos, mediante las acciones de los comerciantes y hacendados en relación al cabildo porteño, acerca de la creación de espacios institucionales propios tendientes a proteger los intereses particulares de cada grupo. Los Hacendados encontraron desde siempre en el cabildo un espacio institucional apto para canalizar sus aspiraciones. Sin embargo, en 1775 crearon un Gremio que los representara. Los comerciantes como grupo, buscaron inorgánicamente desde la primera mitad del siglo XVIII, y orgánicamente desde 1779, canalizar sus demandas mediante un órgano colectivo: las juntas de comercio. Los comerciantes obtuvieron su Consulado en 1794. En el 1797, la Corona establece que se integren a él, alternándose en su conducción tanto los hacendados como los comerciantes. Con ello, pasó a representar los intereses locales vinculados tanto al comercio como a la producción.

Compensation covenants for mining activities run with the land : a win for successive landowners

The Queensland Supreme Court case of Cape Flattery Silica Mines Pty Ltd v Hope Vale Aboriginal Shire Council [2012] QSC 381 provides guidance on the long-term ramifications of compensation agreements for mining activities. The central issue considered by the Court was whether compensation payments relate to land and run with the land pursuant to s 53(1) of the Property Law Act.

Six unidentified, youngest members of a traditional Küfer guild posing in front of their wine barrels holding the tools of their trade and glasses of wine; Bad Dürkheim Portraits Men

Handwritten description on verso addressed to Herr u. Frau Ernst Weill

Non-industrial private forest landowners’ choices of timber management strategies and potential allowable cut.

In the study, the potential allowable cut in the district of Pohjois-Savo - based on the non-industrial private forest landowners' (NIPF) choices of timber management strategies - was clarified. Alternative timber management strategies were generated, and the choices and factors affecting the choices of timber management strategies by NIPF landowners were studied. The choices of timber management strategies were solved by maximizing the utility functions of the NIPF landowners. The parameters of the utility functions were estimated using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The level of the potential allowable cut was compared to the cutting budgets based on the 7th and 8th National Forest Inventories (NFI7 and NFI8), to the combining of private forestry plans, and to the realized drain from non-industrial private forests. The potential allowable cut was calculated using the same MELA system as has been used in the calculation of the national cutting budget. The data consisted of the NIPF holdings (from the TASO planning system) that had been inventoried compartmentwise and had forestry plans made during the years 1984-1992. The NIPF landowners' choices of timber management strategies were clarified by a two-phase mail inquiry. The most preferred strategy obtained was "sustainability" (chosen by 62 % of landowners). The second in order of preference was "finance" (17 %) and the third was "saving" (11 %). "No cuttings", and "maximum cuttings" were the least preferred (9 % and 1 %, resp.). The factors promoting the choices of strategies with intensive cuttings were a) "farmer as forest owner" and "owning fields", b) "increase in the size of the forest holding", c) agriculture and forestry orientation in production, d) "decreasing short term stumpage earning expectations", e) "increasing intensity of future cuttings", and f) "choice of forest taxation system based on site productivity". The potential allowable cut defined in the study was 20 % higher than the average of the realized drain during the years 1988-1993, which in turn, was at the same level as the cutting budget based on the combining of forestry plans in eastern Finland. Respectively, the potential allowable cut defined in the study was 12 % lower than the NFI8-based greatest sustained allowable cut for the 1990s. Using the method presented in this study, timber management strategies can be clarified for non-industrial private forest landowners in different parts of Finland. Based on the choices of timber managemet strategies, regular cutting budgets can be calculated more realistically than before.

Non-industrial private forest landowners’ choices of timber management strategies.

The factors affecting the non-industrial, private forest landowners' (hereafter referred to using the acronym NIPF) strategic decisions in management planning are studied. A genetic algorithm is used to induce a set of rules predicting potential cut of the landowners' choices of preferred timber management strategies. The rules are based on variables describing the characteristics of the landowners and their forest holdings. The predictive ability of a genetic algorithm is compared to linear regression analysis using identical data sets. The data are cross-validated seven times applying both genetic algorithm and regression analyses in order to examine the data-sensitivity and robustness of the generated models. The optimal rule set derived from genetic algorithm analyses included the following variables: mean initial volume, landowner's positive price expectations for the next eight years, landowner being classified as farmer, and preference for the recreational use of forest property. When tested with previously unseen test data, the optimal rule set resulted in a relative root mean square error of 0.40. In the regression analyses, the optimal regression equation consisted of the following variables: mean initial volume, proportion of forestry income, intention to cut extensively in future, and positive price expectations for the next two years. The R2 of the optimal regression equation was 0.34 and the relative root mean square error obtained from the test data was 0.38. In both models, mean initial volume and positive stumpage price expectations were entered as significant predictors of potential cut of preferred timber management strategy. When tested with the complete data set of 201 observations, both the optimal rule set and the optimal regression model achieved the same level of accuracy.

Public and private technical assistance programs for non-industrial private forest landowners in the southern United States.

XVIII IUFRO World Congress, Ljubljana 1986.

Signs of community or marks of the exclusive? Parish and guild seals in later medieval England

New, Elizabeth, 'Signs of community or marks of the exclusive? Parish and guild seals in later medieval England', In: The Parish in Late Medieval England, (Lincs: Shaun Tyas) pp.112-128, 2006 RAE2008

Conservatism and Revolution: The All-Russian Union of Landowners, 1916-1918

Rendle, Matthew, 'Conservatism and Revolution: The All-Russian Union of Landowners, 1916-1918', Slavonic and East European Review (2006) 84(3) pp.481-507 RAE2008

Ecological differences and coexistence in a guild of microparasites: Bartonella in wild rodents

The study of ecological differences among coexisting microparasites has been largely neglected, but it addresses important and unusual issues because there is no clear distinction in such cases between conventional (resource) and apparent competition. Here patterns in the population dynamics are examined for four species of Bartonella (bacterial parasites) coexisting in two wild rodent hosts, bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) and wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus). Using generalized linear modeling and mixed effects models, we examine, for these four species, seasonal patterns and dependencies on host density (both direct and delayed) and, having accounted for these, any differences in prevalence between the two hosts. Whereas previous studies had failed to uncover species differences, here all four were different. Two, B. doshiae and B. taylorii, were more prevalent in wood mice, and one, B. birtlesii, was more prevalent in bank voles. B. birtlesii, B. grahamii, and B. taylorii peaked in prevalence in the fall, whereas B. doshiae peaked in spring. For B. birtlesii in bank voles, density dependence was direct, but for B. taylorii in wood mice density dependence was delayed. B. birtlesii prevalence in wood mice was related to bank vole density. The implications of these differences for species coexistence are discussed.

Responses of invertebrate trophic level, feeding guild and body size to the management of improved grassland field margins

P>1. Management of lowland mesotrophic grasslands in north-west Europe often makes use of inorganic fertilizers, high stocking densities and silage-based forage systems to maximize productivity. The impact of these practices has resulted in a simplification of the plant community combined with wide-scale declines in the species richness of grassland invertebrates. We aim to identify how field margin management can be used to promote invertebrate diversity across a suite of functionally diverse taxa (beetles, planthoppers, true bugs, butterflies, bumblebees and spiders). 2. Using an information theoretic approach we identify the impacts of management (cattle grazing, cutting and inorganic fertilizer) and plant community composition (forb species richness, grass species richness and sward architecture) on invertebrate species richness and body size. As many of these management practices are common to grassland systems throughout the world, understanding invertebrate responses to them is important for the maintenance of biodiversity. 3. Sward architecture was identified as the primary factor promoting increased species richness of both predatory and phytophagous trophic levels, as well as being positively correlated with mean body size. In all cases phytophagous invertebrate species richness was positively correlated with measures of plant species richness. 4. The direct effects of management practices appear to be comparatively weak, suggesting that their impacts are indirect and mediated though the continuous measures of plant community structure, such as sward architecture or plant species richness. 5. Synthesis and applications. By partitioning field margins from the remainder of the field, economically viable intensive grassland management can be combined with extensive management aimed at promoting native biodiversity. The absence of inorganic fertilizer, combined with a reduction in the intensity of both cutting and grazing regimes, promotes floral species richness and sward architectural complexity. By increasing sward architecture the total biomass of invertebrates also increased (by c. 60% across the range of sward architectural measures seen in this study), increasing food available for higher trophic levels, such as birds and mammals.