Distribution of Tetranychus evansi and its predator Phytoseiulus longipes (Acari : Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae) in southern Brazil

Tetranychus evansi is an important pest of tomato in several countries. The predatory mite Phytoseiulus longipes has been found in association with it in Uruguaiana, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the distribution of those two species in Uruguaiana region. Bi-weekly samples of plant parts were taken between January 28 and April 30, 2007 in Uruguaiana and five neighboring counties. Tetranychus evansi was found in all counties, but P. longipes was only found in Uruguaiana, mainly in the urban area. It is conceivable that such restricted distribution of P. longipes is due to its recent introduction to the region. Alternatively, unfavorable winter conditions could prevent its persistence, except in protected places. Buildings and vegetation characteristics of the urban area of Uruguaiana could moderate strong winds, intense rainfall and low temperatures that commonly occur in the area.

Descrição da larva de Idiataphe longipes (Odonata, Libellulidae, Trameini)

A larva de Idiataphe longipes (Hagen, 1861) é descrita com base em cinco exúvias associadas aos respectivos adultos emergidos, coletadas no Açude da Concórdia, Valença, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

Triterpenos isolados de Eschweilera longipes miers (Lecythidaceae)

The phytochemical studies of Eschweilera longipes have led to the identification of ten triterpenoids: fridelin, fridelinol, alpha-amirin, beta-amirin, 3beta-O-cinamoyl-alpha-amirin, 3beta-O-cinamoyl-beta-amirin, alpha-amirenone, beta-amirenone, 3-alpha-hidroxi-lupeol, 3-alpha-hidroxi-taraxasterol, along with b-sitosterol, stigmasterol, alpha -tocopherol and tocotrienol. The structures of these compounds were identified by analysis of IR, ¹H and 13C NMR data and comparison with values of literature.

Extracellular Matrix Assembly in Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae)1 : III. Organization of Fucoglucuronogalactans within the Adhesive Stalks of Achnanthes longipes

Achnanthes longipes is a marine, biofouling diatom that adheres to surfaces via adhesive polymers extruded during motility or organized into structures called stalks that contain three distinct regions: the pad, shaft, and collar. Four monoclonal antibodies (AL.C1–AL.C4) and antibodies from two uncloned hybridomas (AL.E1 and AL.E2) were raised against the extracellular adhesives of A. longipes. Antibodies were screened against a hot-water-insoluble/hot-bicarbonate-soluble-fraction. The hot-water-insoluble/hot-bicarbonate-soluble fraction was fractionated to yield polymers in three size ranges: F1, ≥ 20,000,000 Mr; F2, ≅100,000 Mr; and F3, <10,000 Mr relative to dextran standards. The ≅100,000-Mr fraction consisted of highly sulfated (approximately 11%) fucoglucuronogalactans (FGGs) and low-sulfate (approximately 2%) FGGs, whereas F1 was composed of O-linked FGG (F2)-polypeptide (F3) complexes. AL.C1, AL.C2, AL.C4, AL.E1, and AL.E2 recognized carbohydrate complementary regions on FGGs, with antigenicity dependent on fucosyl-containing side chains. AL.C3 was unique in that it had a lower affinity for FGGs and did not label any portion of the shaft. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunocytochemistry indicated that low-sulfate FGGs are expelled from pores surrounding the raphe terminus, creating the cylindrical outer layers of the shaft, and that highly sulfated FGGs are extruded from the raphe, forming the central core. Antibody-labeling patterns and other evidence indicated that the shaft central-core region is related to material exuded from the raphe during cell motility.

Hypholoma longipes; Strophariaceae

Hypholoma longipes Dearn. & Bisby in Bisby et al.

Hypholoma longipes; Strophariaceae

Hypholoma longipes Dearn. & Bisby in Bisby et al.

Impact of natural epizootics of the fungal pathogen Neozygites floridana (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) on population dynamics of Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae) in tomato and nightshade

The tomato red spider mite, Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae) was recently introduced in Africa and Europe, where there is an increasing interest in using natural enemies to control this pest on solanaceous crops. Two promising candidates for the control of T. evansi were identified in South America, the fungal pathogen, Neozygites floridana and the predatory mite Phytoseiulus longipes. In this study, population dynamics of T. evansi and its natural enemies together with the influence of environmental conditions on these organisms were evaluated during four crop cycles in the field and in a protected environment on nightshade and tomato plants with and without application of chemical pesticides. N. floridana was the only natural enemy found associated with T. evansi in the four crop cycles under protected environment but only in the last crop cycle in the field. In the treatments where the fungus appeared, reduction of mite populations was drastic. N. floridana appeared in tomato plants even when the population density of T. evansi was relatively low (less than 10 mites/3.14 cm(2) of leaf area) and even at this low population density, the fungus maintained infection rates greater than 50%. The application of pesticides directly affected the fungus by delaying epizootic initiation and contributing to lower infection rates than unsprayed treatments. Rainfalls did not have an apparent impact on mite populations. These results indicate that the pathogenic fungus, N. floridana can play a significant role in the population dynamics of T. evansi, especially under protected environment, and has the potential to control this pest in classical biological control programs. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Role of entomopathogenic fungi in the control of Tetranychus evansi and Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), pests of horticultural crops

The spider mites Tetranychus urticae Koch and Tetranychus evansi Baker and Pritchard are important pests of horticultural crops. They are infected by entomopathogenic fungi naturally or experimentally. Fungal pathogens known to cause high infection in spider mite populations belong to the order Entomophthorales and include Neozygites spp. Studies are being carried out to develop some of these fungi as mycoacaricides, as standalone control measures in an inundative strategy to replace the synthetic acaricides currently in use or as a component of integrated mite management. Although emphasis has been put on inundative releases, entomopathogenic fungi can also be used in classical, conservation and augmentative biological control. Permanent establishment of an exotic agent in a new area of introduction may be possible in the case of spider mites. Conservation biological control can be achieved by identifying strategies to promote any natural enemies already present within crop ecosystems, based on a thorough understanding of their biology, ecology and behaviour. Further research should focus on development of efficient mass production systems, formulation, and delivery systems of fungal pathogens.

Life history of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus fragariae on Tetranychus evansi and Tetranychus urticae (Acari : Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae) at five temperatures

Tetranychus evansi Baker and Pritchard and Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) are important pests of Solanaceae in many countries. Several studies have demonstrated that T. urticae is an acceptable prey to many predatory mites, although the suitability of this prey depends on the host plant. T. evansi, has been shown to be an unfavorable prey to most predatory mites that have been tested against it. The predator Phytoseiulus fragariae Denmark and Schicha (Acari: Phytoseiidae) has been found in association with the two species in Brazil. The objective of this work was to compare biological parameters of P. fragariae on T. evansi and on T. urticae as prey. The study was conducted under laboratory conditions at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 degrees C. At all temperatures, survivorship was lower on T. evansi than on T. urticae. No predator reached adulthood at 10 degrees C on the former species; even on the latter species, only about 36% of the predators reached adulthood at 10 degrees C. For both prey, in general, duration of each life stage was shorter, total fecundity was lower and intrinsic rate of population increase (r(m) ) was higher with increasing temperatures. The slower rate of development of P. fragariae on T. evansi resulted in a slightly higher thermal requirement (103.9 degree-days) on that prey than on T. urticae (97.1 degree-days). The values of net reproduction rate (R-0), intrinsic rate of increase (r (m) ) and finite rate of increase (lambda) were significantly higher on T. urticae, indicating faster population increase of the predator on this prey species. The highest value of r (m) of the predator was 0.154 and 0.337 female per female per day on T. evansi and on T. urticae, respectively. The results suggested that P. fragariae cannot be considered a good predator of T. evansi.

Streblidae (Diptera, Hippoboscoidea) em morcegos (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) no nordeste do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

A survey of the Streblidae batflies on the phyllostomid bats was conducted in the northeastern Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, during 1997. Hundred thirty three streblids were collected on 44 parasited hosts. Eleven species of batflies (Trichobius dugesii Townsend, 1891, T. tiptoni Wenzel, 1976, Trichobius sp., Paratrichobius longicrus (Miranda Ribeiro, 1907), Megistopoda aranea (Coquillett, 1899), M. proxima (Séguy, 1926), Exastinion clovisi (Pessoa & Guimarães, 1936), Paraeuctenodes longipes Pessoa & Guimarães, 1936, Anastrebla modestini Wenzel, 1966, A. caudiferae Wenzel, 1976 and Metelasmus pseudopterus Coquillett, 1907) were found on six species of phyllostomid bats (Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818), A. fimbriatus Gray, 1838, Sturnira lilium (E. Geoffroy, 1810), Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766), Anoura caudifera (E. Geoffroy, 1818) and A. geoffroyi Gray, 1838). All records are new for the Rio Grande do Sul and Anastrebla caudiferae is firstly recorded in Brazil. Differences in the batflies community composition in Artibeus fimbriatus and A. lituratus are discussed.

Novo gênero Neotropical de Spintharinae (Araneae, Theridiidae)

Neopisinus gen. nov. é proposto com designação da espécie-tipo Neopisisnus fiapo sp. nov., com base em ambos os sexos, do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Neopisinus distingue-se de todos os gêneros de Spintharinae pelo palpo do macho com enorme condutor trífido, com duas projeções afiladas e uma com ápice bifurcado; pela forma característica da apófise tegular de theridioideos com um lobo terminal e outro dorsal. Nas fêmeas, epígino com aberturas inconspícuas junto à fenda transversal no terço anterior e, internamente, por um espessamento mediano-longitudinal tubular, por onde correm os ductos de copulação em seu percurso inicial. Neopisinus urucu sp. nov. é descrita do norte do Brasil, com base em ambos os sexos. Sete espécies são transferidas de Episinus para Neopisinus: N. bigibbosus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1896), N. bruneoviridis (Mello-Leitão, 1948), N. cognatus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1893), N. gratiosus (Bryant, 1940), N. longipes (Keyserling, 1884), N. putus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1894) e N. recifensis (Levi, 1964). São descritos pela primeira vez o macho de N. longipes e a fêmea de N. recifensis. Novas ocorrências e ilustrações são apresentadas para N. bruneoviridis.

Veliidae (Insecta, Heteroptera, Gerromorpha) from southeastern Brazil: three new species from Rio de Janeiro State, a new species group for Neotropical Rhagovelia Mayr, and notes on distribution and synonymy

Microvelia nelsoni sp. nov., M. takiyae sp. nov., and Rhagovelia mangaratiba sp. nov. are described. Rhagovelia scitula and R. whitei are transferred from the robusta group to the new whitei group. Rhagovelia denticulata is synonymized under R. scitula. Microvelia longipes, Oiovelia brasiliensis, Rhagovelia sooretama, R. trianguloides, R. vaniniae, and Stridulivelia quadrispinosa are recorded for the first time from Rio de Janeiro State. Additional new municipality records in Rio de Janeiro State are presented for Microvelia braziliensis, M. ioana, M. mimula, M. pulchella, Paravelia basalis, P. itatiayana, Rhagovelia accedens, R. agra, R. aiuruoca, R. elegans, R. hambletoni, R. henryi, R. itatiaiana, R. lucida, R. macta, R. modesta, R. novana, R. scitula, R. tenuipes, R. tijuca, R. triangula, and R. zela. Corrections are presented for the previously published distributions of Rhagovelia aiuruoca, R. lucida, R. macta, and R. triangula.

Ingestión casual del cachalote frente a Paita

Analiza la ingestión casual de cachalote, Physeter catodon L., capturados frente a Paita en la zona de caza. El período de estudio comprende de junio 1959 a diciembre 1965 y de marzo 1974 a junio 1980, en el que se examinaron 3885 especímenes. Entre los organismos ingeridos se identificaron peces y el crustáceo Paralomis longipes. Se observaron, además otros materiales no digeribles como cocos, trozos de vegetales y madera, tarros de pintura y cuerdas de manila. Se indentifica, a su vez, que sólo los machos se sumergen a grandes profundidades en busca de alimento.

Distribución, características y procesamiento de la pesquería de centolla Lithodes panamensis.

El área de trabajo comprendió de 7°S a 16°S, en profundidades de 768 a 1506 m y distancia de la costa entre 19 y 44 mn. Se pescaron cuatro especies de centolla: Paralomis longipes (más representativa), Lithodes wiracocha, L. panamensis y Lopholithodes diomedeae. Las tallas en P. longipes variaron entre 69 y 172 mm, en L. wiracocha entre 39 y 145 mm, L. panamensis presentó un rango de 90 a 138 mm. En todos los ejemplares muestreados las hembras presentaron menores tamaños que los machos. Los desembarques mostraron una tendencia ascendente de diciembre a mayo, con mayores valores en abril (28.989 kg) y mayo (28.865 kg). El esfuerzo varió entre 132 y 377 lances por mes, mostrando los máximos valores en enero y mayo.