Melatonin reduces LH, 17 beta-estradiol and induces differential regulation of sex steroid receptors in reproductive tissues during rat ovulation

Background: Melatonin is associated with direct or indirect actions upon female reproductive function. However, its effects on sex hormones and steroid receptors during ovulation are not clearly defined. This study aimed to verify whether exposure to long-term melatonin is able to cause reproductive hormonal disturbances as well as their role on sex steroid receptors in the rat ovary, oviduct and uterus during ovulation. Methods: Twenty-four adult Wistar rats, 60 days old (+/-250 g) were randomly divided into two groups. Control group (Co): received 0.9% NaCl 0.3 mL + 95% ethanol 0.04 mL as vehicle; Melatonin-treated group (MEL): received vehicle + melatonin [ 100 mu g/100 g BW/day] both intraperitoneally during 60 days. All animals were euthanized by decapitation during the morning estrus at 4 a. m. Results: Melatonin significantly reduced the plasma levels of LH and 17 beta-estradiol, while urinary 6-sulfatoximelatonin (STM) was increased at the morning estrus. In addition, melatonin promoted differential regulation of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), androgen receptor (AR) and melatonin receptor (MTR) along the reproductive tissues. In ovary, melatonin induced a down-regulation of ER-alpha and PRB levels. Conversely, it was observed that PRA and MT1R were up-regulated. In oviduct, AR and ER-alpha levels were down-regulated, in contrast to high expression of both PRA and PRB. Finally, the ER-beta and PRB levels were down-regulated in uterus tissue and only MT1R was up-regulated. Conclusions: We suggest that melatonin partially suppress the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis, in addition, it induces differential regulation of sex steroid receptors in the ovary, oviduct and uterus during ovulation.

Contrasting LH-HH subband splitting of strained quantum wells grown along [001] and [113] directions

Contrasting responses for the temperature tuning of the electronic structure in semiconductor quantum wells are discussed for heterolayered structures grown along (001) and (113) directions. The temperature affects the strain modulation of the deformation potentials and the effective optical gap is tuned along with the intersub-band splitting in the valence band. A multiband theoretical model accounts for the characterization of the electronic structure, highlighting the main qualitative and quantitative differences between the two systems under study. The microscopic source of strain fields and the detailed mapping of their distribution are provided by a simulation using classical molecular-dynamics technics.

Influence of LH and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) on metformin response in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Objective: To search for predictors of metformin response in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) through a detailed analysis of clinical and laboratory parameters. Study design: We designed a prospective study to investigate clinical and laboratory parameters to search for predictors of metformin response in women with PCOS. A total of 53 PCOS patients were given metformin 850 mg twice a day for 6 months, after which patients were classified as responders or non-responders. Parameters analyzed for comparison between the two groups were: plasma fasting insulin glucose/insulin ratio; oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with insulin (120 min); HOMA and QUICKI tests; total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides; LH, FSH, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, androstenedione, 17-OH progesterone, and DHEAS. Results: From all patients, 30(56.6%) were responders and 23(43.3%) were non-responders. Multinomial analysis showed that the positive response to metformin was associated with higher levels of basal LH (p = 0.038) and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (p = 0.015). Conclusion: In weight-matched PCOS subjects, laboratory markers might predict the metformin response. Higher levels of basal LH and lower levels of HDL-C are correlated with a positive response to metformin treatment in PCOS subjects. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Luteinizing hormone (LH) acts through PKA and PKC to modulate T-type calcium currents and intracellular calcium transients in mice Leydig cells

LH increases the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in mice Leydig cells, in a process triggered by calcium influx through T-type Ca(2+) channels. Here we show that LH modulates both T-type Ca(2+) currents and [Ca(2+)]; transients through the effects of PKA and PKC. LH increases the peak calcium current (at -20 mV) by 40%. A similar effect is seen with PMA. The effect of LH is completely blocked by the PKA inhibitors H89 and a synthetic inhibitory peptide (IP-20), but only partially by chelerythrine (PKC inhibitor). LH and the blockers induced only minor changes in the voltage dependence of activation, inactivation or deactivation of the currents. Staurosporine (blocker of PKA and PKC) impaired the [Ca(2+)](i) changes induced by LH. A similar effect was seen with H89. Although PMA slowly increased the [Ca(2+)](i) the subsequent addition of LH still triggered the typical transients in [Ca(2+)](i). Chelerythrine also does not avoid the Ca(2+) transients, showing that blockage of PKC is not sufficient to inhibit the LH induced [Ca(2+)](i) rise. In summary, these two kinases are not only directly involved in promoting testosterone synthesis but also act on the overall calcium dynamics in Leydig cells, mostly through the activation of PKA by LH. (c) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

LH surge in Nelore cows (Bos indicus), after induced estrus or after ovarian superestimulation

Considering, that there is limited information about the preovulatory LH surge in Zebu Cattle (Bos indicus). the purpose of the present work was to assess the LH surge in Nelore cows during the estrous cycle and after ovarian superestimulation of ovarian follicular development with FSH. This information is particularly important to improve superovulatory protocols associated with fixed-time artificial insemination. Nelore cows (n = 12) had their estrus synchronized with all intravaginal device containing progesterone (CIDR-B (R)) associated with estradiol benzoate administration (EB, 2.5 mg, i.m., Day 0). Eight days later all animals were treated with PGF2 alpha (Day 8) in the morning (8:00 h) and at night, when CIDR devices were removed (20:00 11). Starting 38 h after the first PGF2 alpha injection, blood sampling and ovarian ultrasonography took place every 4 h, during 37 consecutive hours. Frequent handling may have resulted in a stress-induced suppression of LH secretion resulting in only 3 of 12 cows having ovulations at 46.7 +/- 4.9 and 72.3 +/- 3.8 h, respectively, after removal of CIDR-B. Thirty days later, the same animals received the described hormonal treatment associated with FSH (Folltropin (R) total dose = 200 mg) administered twice a day, during 4 consecutive days, starting on Day 5. Thirty-six hours after the first injection of PGF2 alpha, to minimize stress. only seven blood samples were collected at 4 h interval each. and ultrasonography was performed every 12 h until ovulation. In 11 of 12 cows (92%) the LH surge and ovulation were observed 34.6 +/- 1.6 and 59.5 +/- 1.9 h. respectively. after removal of progesterone source. The maximum values for LH in those animals were 19.0 +/- 2.6 ng/ml (mean +/- S.E.M.). It is concluded that, in Nelore COWS submitted to a ovarian superstimulation Protocol, the LH surge occurs approximately 35 It after removal of intravaginal device containing progesterone, and approximately 12h before the LH surge observed after an induced estrus without ovarian superstimulation (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Acción de LH, HCG, FSH, Estrógenos, Ácido Retinoico y Tamoxifeno sobre especializaciones de membranas de células del ovario del pollo durante su embriogenesis

En trabajos previos analizamos los efectos de hormonas esteroideas y gonadotrofinas como factores determinantes de la progresión de un ovario funcionante y la atrofia del otro. Por otra parte se ha comprobado que las diferenciaciones de membranas juegan un rol importante en la migración, crecimiento y diferenciación durante la embriogénesis y en procesos carcinogénicos. Nosotros demostramos que los contactos intercelulares sufren modificaciones bajo la influencia de hormonas. También se postula que la inhibición de la comunicación intercelular a través de las uniones gap es el mecanismo de acción de diferentes agentes teratogénicos como así también de diversas clases de promotores tumorales. Se cree que los análogos de la vitamina A reducirían el riesgo del cáncer y por ello se utilizarían en la protección contra la inducción de tumores benignos o malignos. Sin embargo, los resultados son contradictorios. Algunos autores estudiaron el efecto del tamoxifeno sobre gónadas de embrión de pollo in ovo demostrando su efecto antiestrogénico. Actualmente, el mecanismo de acción está siendo revisado ante los efectos de resistencia observados en el tratamiento del cáncer de mama. Por ello nos propusimos estudiar in ovo e in vitro la acción de LH, HCG, FSH; 17-B-Estradiol, ácido retinoico y tamoxifeno sobre las diferenciaciones de membranas y contactos intercelulares en las gónadas femeninas del pollo durante su embriogénesis. Debemos destacar que en el pollo ocurren simultáneamente la diferenciación y crecimiento del ovario izquierdo y la atrofia del ovario derecho. Estos dos acontecimientos son frecuentes en el desarrollo normal de todos los embriones incluyendo el humano. Cuando el equilibrio de los mismos se altera por acción de diferentes inductores o inhibidores, se producen serias malformaciones. Por lo tanto, nuestros resultados podrían explicar algunos de los mecanismos probables que rigen su etiopatogenia. Además nos permitirá obtener información sobre los mecanismos de control y su extrapolación a las células tumorales. El cáncer de ovario es una frecuente causa de muerte en la mujer y en la mayoría de los casos proviene del epitelio superficial.

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin-releasing pituitary tumor: possible malignant transformation of the LH cell line.

A pituitary tumor was diagnosed in a prepubertal 13-yr-old girl, who had elevated plasma LH (58 mIU/ml) and PRL (93 ng/ml) levels; decreased GH, ACTH, and FSH secretion; and diabetes insipidus. After surgery, plasma LH and PRL declined, but not to normal levels. Conventional external radiotherapy to the pituitary was immediately followed by a decrease in LH to prepubertal values (0.7 mIU/ml), while PRL levels became normal only after a long course of bromocriptine therapy. The pituitary tumor was composed of two distinct cell types: small polygonal cells, which were PRL positive by immunohistochemistry, and clusters of pleomorphic large frequently mitotic polynucleated cells, which were LH positive, some of them also being positive for the alpha-subunit or beta LH but not for beta FSH. Four years after surgery and radiotherapy, the patient deteriorated neurologically. Computed tomographic scan showed widespread frontal and periventricular tumor, which had the histological features of a poorly differentiated carcinoma. No PRL, LH, or alpha- or beta-subunits were detectable on immunocytochemistry. While the PRL-positive cells of the pituitary tumor displayed the histological and clinical features of PRL adenomas, the morphological characteristics of LH cells and the sharp decline of plasma LH levels after radiotherapy were suggestive of malignant transformation. In this context, the later brain tumor could have been the result of subependymal spread of the pituitary tumor after it lost its hormone-secreting capacity.

Novel Roles of HCG/LH Signalling in the Mouse Mammary Gland and its Tumorigenesis.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, and its development is intimately related to hormonal factors, but how hormones affect breast physiology and tumorigenesis is not sufficiently known. Pregnancy elicits long-term protection from breast cancer, but during the first ten years after pregnancy, breast cancer risk is increased. In previous studies, there has been conflicting data on the role of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and the functionality of its receptor in extragonadal tissues. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of chronically elevated HCG in mouse physiology. We have created a transgenic (TG) mouse model that overexpresses HCG. HCG is similar to lutenizing hormone (LH), but is secreted almost solely by the placenta during pregnancy. HCG and LH both bind to the LH receptor (LHR). In the current study, mammary gland tumors were observed in HCG TG mice. We elucidated the role of HCG in mammary gland signalling and the effects of LHR mediated signalling in mouse mammary gland gene expression. We also studied the effects of HCG in human breast epithelial cell cultures. Several endocrine disturbances were observed in HCGβ TG female mice, resulting in precocious puberty, infertility, obesity and pituitary and mammary gland tumors. The histology of the mammary gland tumors of HCGβ TG females resembled those observed in mouse models with activated Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. Wnts are involved in stem cell regulation and tumorigenesis, and are hormonally regulated in the mammary gland. We observed activated β-catenin signalling and elevated expression of Wnt5b and Wnt7b in TG tumors and mammary glands. Furthermore, we discovered that HCG directly regulates the expression of Wnt5b and Wnt7b in the mouse mammary gland. Pharmacological treatment with HCG also caused upregulation of several Wnt-pathway target genes in ovariectomized wild type (WT) mice in the presence of physiological concentrations of estradiol and progesterone. In addition, differential expression of several metabolic genes was observed, suggesting that HCG affects adipocyte function or glucose metabolism. When WT mice were transplanted with LHR deficient or wild type WT mammary epithelium, differential expression of several genes affecting the Wnt-signalling pathway was observed in microarray analysis. Diminished expression of several genes associated with LHR function in other tissues, such as the ovary, was observed in mammary glands deficient of epithelial LHR. In cultured human mammary epithelial cells HCG upregulated the expression of WNT5B, WNT7B similar to mouse, suggesting that the observations found are relevant in human physiology. These studies suggest that HCG/LHR signalling affects gene expression in non-gonadal tissues, and that Wnt-signalling is regulated by HCG/LH in human and mouse mammary glands.

Concentrações de FSH, LH, estradiol, progesterona e histamina no soro, no fluido peritoneal e no fluido folicular de mulheres com e sem endometriose

OBJETIVOS: relatos da literatura mostram que não há dados conclusivos sobre a associação entre a endometriose e as concentrações de hormônios envolvidos no controle da reprodução. Este estudo foi realizado para determinar as concentrações de FSH, LH, estradiol (E), progesterona (P) e histamina (Hi) no soro, no fluido peritoneal e no fluido folicular de mulheres com e sem endometriose. MÉTODOS: a extensão da doença foi estadiada de acordo com a American Fertility Society classification (1997). Para a coleta de soro e de fluido peritoneal foram selecionadas 28 mulheres com endometriose submetidas à laparoscopia diagnóstica (18 mulheres inférteis com endometriose I-II e dez mulheres inférteis com endometriose III-IV). Para o grupo controle, foram selecionadas 21 mulheres férteis submetidas à laparoscopia para esterilização tubárea. O fluido folicular foi obtido de 39 mulheres inférteis submetidas a fertilização in vitro (21 mulheres com endometriose e 18 mulheres sem endometriose). RESULTADOS: as concentrações de FSH e LH no soro, no fluido peritoneal e no fluido folicular não diferiram significativamente entre os grupos. As concentrações de E e P no fluido peritoneal foram significativamente mais baixas em mulheres inférteis com endometriose (E: 154,2±15,3 para estágios I-II e 89,3±9,8 ng/mL para estágios III-IV; P: 11,2±1,5 para estágios I-II e 7,6±0,8 ng/mL para estágios III-IV) em comparação com mulheres controle (E: 289,1±30,1; P: 32,8±4,1 ng/mL) (Testes de Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn; p<0,05). No soro, as concentrações de E e P seguiram o mesmo padrão. No fluido folicular, as concentrações de E e Hi foram significativamente mais baixas em mulheres com endometriose (E: 97,4±11,1 ng/mL; Hi: 6,6±0,9 ng/mL) em comparação com mulheres sem endometriose (E: 237,5±28,5 pg/mL; Hi: 13,8±1,3 ng/mL), enquanto os níveis de P não revelaram diferença significativa entre os grupos (teste t de Student; p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: nossos resultados indicam disfunção ovariana em mulheres com endometriose, com redução nas concentrações de estradiol, progesterona e histamina, o que pode contribuir para a subfertilidade freqüentemente associada à doença.

Beyond child's play : wealth, status, and the death of children in the MH-LH I periods of the Argolid, Greece

This study explores the mortuary remains of children from the MH-LH I periods of the Argolid, Greece. This examination concentrates on how the child in death acted as a tool for wealth and status display. Here, children are understood to have perpetuated, maintained, and reinforced status distinctions between families in their community. The analysis of one hundred child burials that date to these periods illustrates how the burials of children were important opportunities used by the families of children to display wealth and status. Thus, children can be viewed as important factors in the reorganization of social structure in the transition from the Middle to Late Helladic.

Utilización de la reacción inmunológica cruzada entre hormona luteinizante (LH) y gonadotropina corionica humana (HCG) mediante un método de concentración para su determinación en diferentes condiciones clínicas

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con especialidad en Biología celular) U.A.N.L.