Energiatehokas toimisto - LED -teknologia

Tässä työssä käsitellään toimistorakennusten energiankulutusta ja nykyisiä toimistojen valaistusratkaisuja. Työssä perehdytään LED-valaistusteknologiaan sekä energiatehokkaaseen toimistovalaistukseen. Energiatehokkaan valaistuksen osalta käsitellään toimistovalaistuksen vaatimuksia, valaistuksen ohjausta ja luonnonvalon vaikutusta energiankulutukseen. Tutkimuskohteena oli Helsingin yliopiston tiloissa sijaitsevat neljä toimistohuonetta, joista kahden valaistusjärjestelmä uusittiin ja kahden jätettiin entiselleen vertailun vuoksi. Tutkimuksessa kartoitettiin toimistohuoneiden nykyistä energiankulutusta ja etsittiin keinoja sen tehostamiseen valaistuksen osalta. Tässä työssä tutkittiin erityisesti LED-valaisimien ja valaistuksen ohjauksen hyödynnettävyyttä toimistotiloissa. Toimistotilojen elinkaarikustannuslaskelmilla pyrittiin toteamaan valaistusjärjestelmien taloudellinen kannattavuus 30 vuoden tarkastelujaksolla. Tutkimuksessa tehtiin käyttäjäkysely toimistohuoneissa työskenteleville henkilöille ennen ja jälkeen muutoksen. Kyselyn perusteella voitiin todeta uusitun valaistusjärjestelmän hyödyt ja puutteet käyttäjän näkökulmasta.

Teholähteet led-valaistuksessa ja sopivan valinta kotitalouskäyttöön

Led-valaisun kehitys on mahdollistanut sen käytön kodin yleisvalaistuksessa. Työssä tutkitaan eri led-valaisuun soveltuvia teholähteitä, joista valitaan teknisiltä ominaisuuksiltaan sopivin kodin yleiskäyttöön. Tutkittavia teholähteitä ovat lineaariset ja hakkuriteholähteet. Teholähteiden ominaisuuksista tarkastellaan hyötysuhteita ja tehokertoimia, joista molempien perusteella sopivin teholähdetyyppi valitaan.

Diseño de un sistema automático de medida de la constante de Planck en diodos LED

En este proyecto fin de carrera se ha diseñado y construido un equipo de medida automático que permite realizar la medida de la constante de Planck utilizando los principios de Funcionamiento de los diodos LED. El equipo de medida es totalmente automático gracias a la utilización de una placa controladora Arduino MEGA 2560, que se encarga de realizar la iluminación secuencial de cada LED, medir sus tensiones de funcionamiento, y de realizar los cálculos necesarios para hallar la constante de Planck. Todos los datos se muestran por una pantalla LCD de 16 caracteres por 2 lineas. Para comprender el funcionamiento del sistema de medida automático se ha realizado un estudio detallado de cada uno de los sistemas que componen el equipo de medida. Se ha explicado el funcionamiento teórico de los diodos LED y el funcionamiento de los semiconductores. Se ha explicando los diversos tipos de semiconductores que se utilizan para los LED y las modificaciones que se les aplica para mejorar su eficiencia. Para poder comprender en qué consiste la constante de Planck se ha explicado los principios teóricos en que se basa, y se ha realizado una pequeña demostración de su cálculo. Una vez visto todos los principios teóricos se ha pasado a realizar la explicación de cada uno de los grandes bloques que componen el sistema de medida automático. Estos bloques son la placa controladora Arduino, el sistema de iluminación LED, el sistema de control mecánico de LEDs, la pantalla LCD, el sistema de interrupciones y el sistema de alimentación. Para poder observar el espectro de emisión de cada uno de los LED se ha utilizado un analizador de espectros óptico (OSA), el cual ha sido explicado con detenimiento. El código de programación de Arduino ha sido explicado en forma de diagrama de flujo para una mayor facilidad de comprensión. Se ha desarrollado un manual de usuario para facilitar el uso del sistema a cualquier usuario, en el que se ha introducido un ejemplo completo de funcionamiento. ABSTRACT. In this final Project has designed and built an automatic measuring equipment which is able to measure the Planck`s constant using the operation principles of the LEDs. The measuring equipment is fully automated thanks to the use of an Arduino Mega 2560 controller board, which is responsible for conducting sequential illumination of each LED, measure their operating voltages, and perform the necessary calculations of find the Planck constant. All data is displayed by a LCD screen 16 character by 2 lines. To understand the operation of the automatic measuring system has been made a detailed study of each of the systems that make the measurement equipment. It develops the theoretical performance of the LED and the operation of semiconductors. It explains the different types of semiconductors that are used for LEDs and the changes applied to improve efficiency. In order to understand what is the Planck constant has been explained the theoretical principles in which it is based, and a small demonstration of its calculation has been performed. After seeing all the theoretical principles has been made the explanation of each of the main blocks that compose the automatic measuring system. These blocks are the Arduino controller board, LED lighting system, the mechanical control system LEDs, LCD screen, the interrupt system and feeding system. To observe the emission spectrum of each of the LED has been used optical spectrum analyzer (OSA), which has been explained in detail. The Arduino programming code has been explained in flowchart form for an easy understanding. It has developed a manual to facilitate the use of system to any user, which has introduced a complete example of operation.

Variable impedance LED matrix control system for lamps in PV applications

The interest in LED lighting has been growing recently due to the high efficacy, lifelime and ruggedness that this technology offers. However the key element to guarantee those parameters with these new electronic devices is to keep under control the working temperature of the semiconductor crystal. This paper propases a LED lamp design that fulfils the requ irements of a PV lighting systems, whose main quality criteria is reliability. It uses directly as a power supply a non·stabilized constant voltage source, as batteries. An electronic control architecture is used to regulate the current applied to the LEO matri)( according to their temperature and the voltage output value of the batteries with two pulse modulation signals (PWM) signals. The first one connects and disconnects the LEOs to the power supply and the second one connects and disconnects several emitters to the electric circuit changing its overall impedance. A prototype of the LEO lamp has been implemented and tested at different temperaturas and battery voltages.

LED bulbs technical specification and testing procedure for solar home systems

The definition of technical specifications and the corresponding laboratory procedures are necessary steps in order to assure the quality of the devices prior to be installed in Solar Home Systems (SHS). To clarify and unify criteria a European project supported the development of the Universal Technical Standard for Solar Home Systems (UTSfSHS). Its principles were to generate simple and affordable technical requirements to be optimized in order to facilitate the implementation of tests with basic and simple laboratory tools even on the same SHS electrification program countries. These requirements cover the main aspects of this type of installations and its lighting chapter was developed based on the most used technology at that time: fluorescent tubes and CFLs. However, with the consolidation of the new LED solid state lighting devices, particular attention is being given to this matter and new procedures are required. In this work we develop a complete set of technical specifications and test procedures that have been designed within the frame of the UTSfSHS, based on an intense review of the scientific and technical publications related to LED lighting and their practical application. They apply to lamp reliability, performance and safety under normal, extreme and abnormal operating conditions as a simple but complete quality meter tool for any LED bulb.

SINGLE STAGE LED DRIVER TECHNOLOGY WITH LOW FREQUENCY RIPPLE CANCELLATION

Because of high efficacy, long lifespan, and environment-friendly operation, LED lighting devices become more and more popular in every part of our life, such as ornament/interior lighting, outdoor lightings and flood lighting. The LED driver is the most critical part of the LED lighting fixture. It heavily affects the purchasing cost, operation cost as well as the light quality. Design a high efficiency, low component cost and flicker-free LED driver is the goal. The conventional single-stage LED driver can achieve low cost and high efficiency. However, it inevitably produces significant twice-line-frequency lighting flicker, which adversely affects our health. The conventional two-stage LED driver can achieve flicker-free LED driving at the expenses of significantly adding component cost, design complexity and low the efficiency. The basic ripple cancellation LED driving method has been proposed in chapter three. It achieves a high efficiency and a low component cost as the single-stage LED driver while also obtaining flicker-free LED driving performance. The basic ripple cancellation LED driver is the foundation of the entire thesis. As the research evolving, another two ripple cancellation LED drivers has been developed to improve different aspects of the basic ripple cancellation LED driver design. The primary side controlled ripple cancellation LED driver has been proposed in chapter four to further reduce cost on the control circuit. It eliminates secondary side compensation circuit and an opto-coupler in design while at the same time maintaining flicker-free LED driving. A potential integrated primary side controller can be designed based on the proposed LED driving method. The energy channeling ripple cancellation LED driver has been proposed in chapter five to further reduce cost on the power stage circuit. In previous two ripple cancellation LED drivers, an additional DC-DC converter is needed to achieve ripple cancellation. A power transistor has been used in the energy channeling ripple cancellation LED driving design to successfully replace a separate DC-DC converter and therefore achieved lower cost. The detailed analysis supports the theory of the proposed ripple cancellation LED drivers. Simulation and experiment have also been included to verify the proposed ripple cancellation LED drivers.

Towards the circularity of outdoor lighting systems

In recent years, there has been increasing attention to lighting energy efficiency, due to economics - lower energy costs - and environmental reasons - maninduced climate change. Driven by strict energy-efficiency requirements, the lighting industry started to replace the traditional lamps with LED lighting solutions, ignoring the limits of their maintenance and recycling. Faced with an increasing global population, rising resource consumption and associated negative environmental impacts, shifting from a traditional economic linear model to a more sustainable paradigm of growth is now becoming increasingly urgent. Whereas the topic of circular economy has been widely investigated in literature in the past, little attention has been reserved for the different evaluation tools to assess and improve product circularity and how companies can become more resource-efficient. Hence, the present thesis investigates the implementation of a circular economy in the lighting industry through the use of circularity indicators and ecodesign strategies. Concerning the real luminaire products, the role of the luminaire in the circular economy and recycling industry is explored, highlighting the limits of their End-of-life process. The main conclusions of the thesis reveal the significance of initial product development, reuse, remanufacturing and repair strategies in a transition towards a circular economy.

Impacto das novas tecnologias no aumento da eficiência da iluminação pública: caso de estudo do parque das nações

Portugal comprometeu-se em finais de 2009 com novos objetivos para a política energética e estabeleceu como prioridade a eficiência energética, designadamente através da aplicação de programas de redução do consumo de energia na Administração Pública e da promoção de comportamentos e escolhas que minimizem o consumo energético. Neste contexto, o principal objetivo a que se propõe este trabalho é: contribuir para a nova política energética do Governo, através do estudo do impacto das novas tecnologias e novos procedimentos, no aumento da eficiência da Iluminação Pública. Nesta dissertação é efetuada uma análise aos sistemas de Iluminação Pública existentes e, também o estudo das inovações tecnológicas disponíveis no mercado. Feita esta caracterização e com base em critérios económicos e técnicos suportados por normas nacionais e internacionais em vigor, as soluções que maximizem a eficiência energética na sua globalidade são identificadas e propostas para implementação no terreno. Será igualmente analisado o impacto no sistema elétrico existente das alterações propostas. A componente experimental desta dissertação foi realizada no Parque das Nações com a colaboração da Parque Expo – Gestão Urbana do Parque das Nações, S.A., entidade gestora do espaço público do Parque das Nações. O Parque das Nações apresenta-se como um local de inegável interesse para os objetivos desta dissertação porque: dispõe de uma grande diversidade de soluções na Iluminação Pública; encontra-se a curta distância do ISEL e funciona, não raras vezes, como “montra” tecnológica do País.

Correntes harmónicas em lâmpadas compactas: sistema de aquisição e processamento de sinal e impacto nas instalações eléctricas

Dissertação para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica Ramo de Automação e Electrónica Industrial

Ledivalaisimet rautatiealueiden valaistuksessa

Leditekniikan kehitys viime vuosina on mahdollistanut niiden käytön yleisvalaistuksessa. Tässä työssä tehdään katsaus leditekniikan nykytilaan ja tulevaisuuteen, sekä osoitetaan, että ledivalaisimien energiankulutuksessa ja huoltokustannuksissa tehdyillä säästöillä voidaan kattaa suuremmat hankintakustannukset ja päästä yhtä suuriin tai pienempiin elinkaarikustannuksiin verrattuna perinteisiin kaasupurkausvalaisimiin. Valaisimien määrät on laskettu Dialux-valaistuslaskentaohjelmalla siten että rautatieasemien avolaitureiden ja katettujen laitureiden valaistusvaatimukset täyttyvät. Tuloksia voi soveltaa muihin vastaaviin tiloihin kuten asematunneleihin tai kevyen liikenteen väylille.

Sähkön laadun tutkimus hypermarketin pysäköintihallin valaistustekniikkamuutoksessa

Talotekniikan alalla valaistusmuutoksissa LED-valaistus on nykypäivää. Valaistuksen käyttöominaisuudet ja hyödyt tekevät siitä perustellun valinnan myös suurissa kohteissa. Näistä laajemmista valaistuksen muutoksista ja niiden vaikutuksista sähkön laatuun ei ole yleisesti mittaustietoa. Tämä tutkimus perustui sähkön laadun käytännön mittauksiin valaistusmuutoksessa, jossa elohopeahöyrylampuilla toteutettu valaistus vaihdettiin LED-valaistukseen hypermarketin pysäköintihallissa. Valaistusjärjestelmän muutoksen vaikutusta sähkön laatuun tutkittiin vertailemalla mittaustuloksia vanhan ja uuden järjestelmän välillä. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli osoittaa miten LED-valaistukseen siirtyminen vaikuttaa sähkön laatuun valitussa tutkimuskohteessa. Tutkimuksessa tuotettu tieto on hyödynnettävissä vastaavissa kohteissa LED-valaistukseen siirryttäessä sekä valaistuksen käyttöönoton suunnittelussa ja toteuttamisessa. Tutkimuksen tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää myös kustannusten arvioimisessa valaistavan tilan sähkönkulutuksen osalta. Tutkimus toteutettiin käyttämällä triangulaatiomenetelmää eli teemahaastattelulla, kirjallisuuskatsauksella ja käytännön mittauksilla. Näiden menetelmien tulokset tukivat tutkimukselle asetettuja hypoteeseja. Valitulla tutkimusmenetelmällä saatiin selville, että LED-valaistukseen siirtymisellä ei ollut heikentäviä vaikutuksia sähkön laatuun tutkitun kohteen valaistusjärjestelmässä. Toisaalta positiivisina vaikutuksina huomioitiin muun muassa merkittävä energian säästö, virran harmonisten häiriöiden väheneminen sekä kokonaistehokertoimen parantuminen.

Synthesis and Photoluminescence Properties of Novel Red Phosphors for White Light Emitting Diode Applications

Several series of Eu3+ based red emitting phosphor materials were synthesized using solid state reaction route and their properties were characterized. The present studies primarily investigated the photoluminescence properties of Eu3+ in a family of closely related host structure with a general formula Ln3MO7. The results presented in the previous chapters throws light to a basic understanding of the structure, phase formation and the photoluminescence properties of these compounds and their co-relations. The variation in the Eu3+ luminescence properties with different M cations was studied in Gd3-xMO7 (M = Nb, Sb, Ta) system.More ordering in the host lattice and more uniform distribution of Eu3+ ions resulting in the increased emission properties were observed in tantalate system.Influence of various lanthanide ion (Lu, Y, Gd, La) substitutions on the Eu3+ photoluminescence properties in Ln3MO7 host structures was also studied. The difference in emission profiles with different Ln ions demonstrated the influence of long range ordering, coordination of cations and ligand polarizability in the emission probabilities, intensity and quantum efficiency of these phosphor materials. Better luminescence of almost equally competing intensities from all the 4f transitions of Eu3+ was noticed for La3TaO7 system. Photoluminescence properties were further improved in La3TaO7 : Eu3+ phosphors by the incorporation of Ba2+ ions in La3+ site. New red phosphor materials Gd2-xGaTaO7 : xEu3+ exhibiting intense red emissions under UV excitation were prepared. Optimum doping level of Eu3+ in these different host lattices were experimentally determined. Some of the prepared samples exhibited higher emission intensities than the standard Y2O3 : Eu3+ red phosphors. In the present studies, Eu3+ acts as a structural probe determining the coordination and symmetry of the atoms in the host lattice. Results from the photoluminescence studies combined with the powder XRD and Raman spectroscopy investigations helped in the determination of the correct crystal structures and phase formation of the prepared compounds. Thus the controversy regarding the space groups of these compounds could be solved to a great extent. The variation in the space groups with different cation substitutions were discussed. There was only limited understanding regarding the various influential parameters of the photoluminescence properties of phosphor materials. From the given studies, the dependence of photoluminescence properties on the crystal structure and ordering of the host lattice, site symmetries, polarizability of the ions, distortions around the activator ion, uniformity in the activator distribution, concentration of the activator ion etc. were explained. Although the presented work does not directly evidence any application, the materials developed in the studies can be used for lighting applications together with other components for LED lighting. All the prepared samples were well excitable under near UV radiation. La3TaO7 : 0.15Eu3+ phosphor with high efficiency and intense orange red emissions can be used as a potential red component for the realization of white light with better color rendering properties. Gd2GaTaO7 : Eu3+, Bi2+ red phosphors give good color purity matching to NTSC standards of red. Some of these compounds exhibited higher emission intensities than the standard Y2O3 : Eu3+ red phosphors. However thermal stability and electrical output using these compounds should be studied further before applications. Based on the studies in the closely related Ln3MO7 structures, some ideas on selecting better host lattice for improved luminescence properties could be drawn. Analyzing the CTB position and the number of emission splits, a general understanding on the doping sites can be obtained. These results could be helpful for phosphor designs in other host systems also, for enhanced emission intensity and efficiency.

Análise de desempenho de lâmpadas LEDs e LFCs como alternativas em iluminação residencial em função da implementação da portaria ministerial n° 1007 que limita o uso de lâmpadas incandescentes no Brasil

With the imposition of the suspension of production and subsequent banning of incandescent light bulbs will be necessary to replace it by other more energy-efficient. Although the main alternative is the compact fluorescent lamp, the environmental impact caused by it due to incorrect disposal and the amount of harmonics included in the network resulting in losses related to the quality of electric power system makes them sought new alternatives for lighting systems that are efficient and have low environmental impact. In this context, the LED (Lighting Emitting Diode), based on solid-state components, is presented as an option for new projects and replacement of existing lighting. In this work we studied aspects of energy, environmental and economic impacts of a possible replacement of conventional lighting systems for new technology. From laboratory tests and surveys of the costs of different types of lamps used for residential lighting, we performed a comparative analysis considering energy and economic aspects which showed that the LED technology, but has a high initial investment, it is best when power quality and environmental preservation are relevant factors in decision making for the choice of technology to be used in the lighting system

Caracterización de LEDs mediante el uso y programación de espectrómetro

En la búsqueda de dispositivos cada vez más eficientes, de larga duración y bajo coste de mantenimiento en el mundo de la iluminación, aparecen los LEDs. Estos pequeños dispositivos van poco a poco sustituyendo a las bombillas tradicionales de incandescencia, tomando un papel cada vez más importante entre las fuentes de iluminación. Las primeras funciones prácticas que tuvieron estos LEDs fueron como indicadores, y sus primeros usos fueron en pantallas de calculadoras, electrodomésticos, etcétera, y más adelante, con el desarrollo de nuevos materiales, se empezaron a utilizar como dispositivos de iluminación. Ha sido en estos últimos años cuando se ha producido un salto cuantitativo gracias a la aparición de los POWER LED (LEDs de potencia) o de alto brillo, que son los que han permitido ampliar el uso de estos dispositivos como fuentes de iluminación en, por ejemplo, hogares, alumbrado público, e incluso llegando a sustituir los faros halógenos de vehículos por iluminación LED en algunos modelos. Es por ello que mientras su potencia lumínica va aumentado, su rango de utilización también lo hace. Para caracterizar estas fuentes lumínicas y otras a las que se les pueden dar diferentes usos, se desarrolla este proyecto mediante el análisis de su espectro. Para ello, además, se hará un análisis del resto de instrumentación necesaria que forma parte del proyecto. Este análisis abarca el estudio del propio espectrómetro tanto a nivel de hardware como de software, que modificaremos según los intereses del proyecto. También se estudiará la fibra óptica y el driver para controlar los dispositivos LEDs de potencia, así como los propios LEDs. Para ello se medirán las características de estos LEDs y se compararán con las facilitadas por el fabricante. ABSTRACT. Searching for more efficient, long lasting an low-maintenance devices in lighting world, LEDs appear. These small devices are gradually replacing traditional incandescent bulbs. LEDs are taking an increasingly important role between the light sources. At the begining they were only used as indicators and their first use were in screens calculators, appliances, etc., and later, with the development of new materials, were progressively used as lighting devices. Nowadays a great development has happened in LED lighting with the apparition of the POWER LED or high bright. Power LEDs are allowed to extend the use of these devices as lighting sources for example for homes, street lighting, and even coming to replace halogen headlights LED lighting in vehicles of some models. That's the reason the more their lighting power increases the more their use increases too. The aim of this project is to characterize these light sources and others that can be given different uses by analyzing its spectrum. Moreover, necessary instruments will also be analysed. This study involves both hardware and software spectrometer analysis itself by modifying its software according to the interests of the project. Furthermore, optical fiber and the driver to control LED power devices will be studied by measuring LEDs characteristics and comparing with those provided by the manufacturer.