Hematological responses of tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (Serrassalmidae) fed with diets supplemented with essential oil from Mentha piperita (Lamiaceae) and challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila

ABSTRACTIn fish farmings, diseases can be reduced by using immunostimulants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunostimulant potential of Mentha piperita in tambaqui fed with 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of oil per kg of commercial fish feed. The fish were inoculated with Aeromonas hydrophila to challenge them. Hematological and biochemical parameters were determined after 30 days of feeding and seven days after the challenge. There was no mortality and M. piperita oil did not influence fish production parameters. However, blood hemoglobin concentration (Hb) increased in the fish fed with 0.5 and 1.5% of oil per kg of diet; albumin increased in those fed with 1.0%; cholesterol increased in all groups with oil; and triglycerides increased in those fed with 0.5%. After the bacterial challenge, the fish showed decreases in Hb when fed with diet enriched with 1.5% oil per kg of diet, in mean corpuscular volume with 1.0% and in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration with 0 and 1.5%. Protein levels increased in groups with 0 and 1.5% of oil and albumin when fed with 0 and 1.0%; cholesterol levels increased in the control group; and high levels of triglycerides were observed in the groups with 0, 0.5 and 1.5%. Thus, M. piperita essential oil promoted hematological alterations in tambaqui and can be recommended in diets containing up to 1.0% per kg, because of the minimal physiological modifications caused. However, additional studies are necessary to obtain more information regarding to the physiological effects of this immunostimulant.

Floração, produção de néctar e abelhas visitantes de Eriope blanchetii (Lamiaceae) em dunas costeiras, Nordeste do Brasil

As observações sobre a floração, produção de néctar e abelhas visitantes foram realizadas entre outubro de 1999 e outubro de 2000, em uma população natural de Eriope blanchetii (Benth) Harley (Lamiaceae) distribuída em dunas litorâneas, Salvador (12º56'S, 38º21'W), Bahia. Entre as 15 espécies de abelhas registradas, predominaram aquelas de porte corporal médio e grande. Os polinizadores efetivos são Xylocopa cearensis Ducke, 1910 e Colletes petropolitanus Dalla Torre, 1896, considerando seu tamanho, comportamento e freqüência nas flores. A floração contínua da população de E. blanchetii e o grau de sincronia, duração e intensidade da floração entre os indivíduos estimula o movimento interplanta e o transporte de pólen pelos polinizadores com diferentes demandas energéticas e comportamento generalista. A deposição de pólen ocorre na região ventral do corpo do polinizador na região que contata as anteras e o estigma durante o forrageio, mas apenas C. petropolitanus transportou exclusivamente pólen de E. blanchetii. O pólen, removido principalmente durante a fase masculina é, posteriormente, depositado em flores com estigmas receptivos durante a fase feminina. Entre maio e outubro de 2000, o volume de néctar variou de 0,01 a 0,98 ml sendo maior na fase masculina (U=2972,5; P<0,05); a concentração registrada foi de 22% (n=10 flores). A diferença entre o volume de néctar em flores em relação à sua posição na inflorescência (ANOVA=4.478; P>0.05) e entre aquelas ensacadas e não ensacadas (U=3632; P>0.05) não foi significativa. O padrão de floração, a produção e acessibilidade do néctar tornam as flores de E. blanchetii atrativas aos seus polinizadores potenciais.

Calycomyza hyptidis Spencer (Diptera,Agromyzidae): descriptions, redescriptions and first record in Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae) in Brazil

Calycomyza hyptidis Spencer (Diptera, Agromyzidae): descriptions, redescriptions and first record in Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae) in Brazil. All phases of the leafminer Calycomyza hyptidis Spencer are for the first time described, including the larva, puparium and adult female. Illustrations are presented for male and female terminalia, mine, larva and pupa. The species is first recorded in leaves of Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) in Brazil.

Constituintes químicos e atividade antiedematogênica de Peltodon radicans (Lamiaceae)

Most of the snakebite incidents in the Amazon region involve Bothrops atrox, whose venom presents the most potent edematogenic and necrotic activities in the genus. This work describes the studies of isolation of the chemical constituents and antiedematogenic activity of the species Peltodon radicans (Lamiaceae), which is used in the treatment of snakebites and scorpion stings in the region. The extracts presented aliphatic hydrocarbons, 3beta-OH,beta-amirin (1), 3beta-OH,alpha-amirin (2), beta-sitosterol (3), stigmasterol (4), ursolic acid (5), 2alpha,3beta,19alpha-trihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (tormentic acid, 6), methyl 3beta-hydroxy,28-methyl-ursolate (7), sitosterol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (8), and stigmasterol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (9). The flower extracts presented the higher antiedematogenic activity. This is the first report on the study of the flowers, stem, and roots of this plant.

Constituintes químicos de Hyptidendron canum (Pohl ex Benth.) R. Harley (Lamiaceae)

Chemical investigation of Hyptidendron canum stems resulted in the isolation of betulinic, ursolic and euscaphic acids. From the leaves were isolated 3β-O-β-galactopiranosilsitosterol, ursolic aldehyde, and mixtures of maslinic acid and 2α-hydroxyursolic acid, α and β-amyrin, uvaol and erythrodiol, sitosterol and stigmasterol, spathulenol and globulol. Hexane and chloroform leave fractions as well as ursolic and betulinic acids showed antifungal activities against the yeast form of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.

Anti-trypanosomal activity of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β -D-glucose isolated from Plectranthus barbatus Andrews (Lamiaceae)

MeOH extract from the leaves of Plectranthus barbatus Andrews (Lamiaceae), showed in vitro anti-trypanosomal activity. The bioassay-guided fractionation resulted in the isolation of a gallic acid derivative, identified as 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (PGG), after thorough NMR and MS spectral analysis. Finally, this compound was tested against trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi and displayed an EC50 value of 67 µM, at least 6.6-fold more effective than the standard drug benznidazole. This is the first occurrence of PGG in the Plectranthus genus and the first anti-parasitic activity described for PGG in the literature.

Induction of plant defense responses by Ocimum gratissimum L. (Lamiaceae) leaf extracts

Aqueous extracts of the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum at 10, 25, 40 and 50% (w/v) concentrations induced the production of phytoalexins in soybean cotyledons and sorghum mesocotyls. The aqueous extracts also induced systemic resistance in cucumber to Colletotrichum lagenarium, reflected by reduction in disease incidence and an increase in chitinase production. Modes of action and the existence of possible elicitors of defense response in O. gratissimum leaf extracts are discussed.

Produção de óleos essenciais em plantas de Mentha x piperita L. var. piperita (Lamiaceae) submetidas a diferentes níveis de luz e nutrição do substrato

Mentha x piperita L. var. piperita (hortelã-pimenta) é bastante utilizada devido à presença de óleos essenciais, principalmente pelo componente mentol, produzidos nos tricomas glandulares. Foi avaliada a influência da intensidade de luz e da adubação do substrato na quantidade e qualidade do óleo essencial. As intensidades de luz utilizadas foram 100%, 70% e 50% da luz solar total e dois níveis de nutrição do substrato aplicados, solo de mata e solo de mata com adição de adubo orgânico. A alta intensidade de luz e a adubação favoreceram o crescimento em biomassa, influenciando no rendimento do óleo essencial por planta. A intensidade de luz e a adubação influenciaram na qualidade do óleo essencial, apresentando as plantas sob luz solar plena e adubadas apresentaram maior concentração relativa de mentol que plantas sombreadas ou sem adubo. O mentol foi o componente majoritário encontrado no óleo essencial.

Interference of heating on the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae) essential oil

Origanum vulgare L. (oregano), Lamiaceae, essential oil has a variety of biological properties and its antimicrobial activity has received a renewed interest for use in food conservation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interference of heating on the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of O. vulgare essential oil. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil kept at room temperature and exposed to different heating temperatures (60, 80, 100 and 120 °C during 1 hour) was evaluated by observing antimicrobial effectiveness at absolute concentration and determining MIC values by the solid medium diffusion procedure. The essential oil chemical composition analysis was performed by GC-MS. O. vulgare essential oil showed interesting antimicrobial activity on all assayed microbial strains (Candida albicans, C.krusei, C. tropicalis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella enterica, Serratia marcencens), noted by large growth inhibition zones (30-42 mm). Heating treatment showed no significant interference (p < 0.05) on the essential oil antimicrobial activity, noted by the development of microbial growth inhibition zones with similar or close diameters when evaluating the essential oil kept at room temperature and after exposure to different thermal treatments. MIC values oscillated between 10and 40 µL.mL-1 (20µL.mL-1 for most strains). However, no significant difference (p < 0.05) was noted among the MIC values found for the essential oil aliquots exposed to different temperatures. Moreover, heating did not significantly (p < 0.05) affect the chemical composition of O. vulgare essential oil. Monoterpenes, terpenic compounds and sesquiterpenes were found in the essential oil, with carvacrol (68.06-70.27%) and p-cymene (12.85-15.81%) being the compounds found in the highest amounts. These results showed the thermal stability and intense antimicrobial properties of O. vulgare essential oil and support its possible concomitant use with heating temperatures in order to reach microbial safety in foods.

Inativação bacteriana e sensorialidade em bebidas formuladas a partir de extrato reconstituído de Ocimum gratissimum L. (Alfavaca) - Labiatae - (Lamiaceae)

A partir da formulação de quatro bebidas, duas alcoólicas e duas não alcoólicas, com e sem açúcar, respectivamente, e do extrato reconstituído (alcoolatura/planta verde) de Ocimum gratisimum L. ("alfavacão", "alfavaca", "alfavaca-cravo") - Labiatae - (Lamiaceae) em diferentes concentrações (5, 15 e 30%), foi determinada, através de testes de suspensão em sistema de tubos múltiplos, a intensidade de atividade de inativação bacteriana (IINAB/bactericidia), sobre Salmonella Enteritidis (ATCC 11076), bem como a aceitabilidade/preferência sensorial por escala hedônica destes quatro produtos. Todas as formulações apresentaram atividade bactericida para Salmonella Enteritidis, diretamente proporcional às concentrações do extrato e ao tempo de exposição da bactéria às bebidas, destacando-se, neste sentido, a formulação não alcoólica com açúcar. Na análise sensorial, a preferência aumentou com o decréscimo da concentração de extrato de Ocimum gratissimum na formulação. A bebida não alcoólica com açúcar, na concentração de 5% de extrato, destacou-se na preferência/aceitabilidade.

Germinação e morfologia de sementes e de plântulas de hortelã-do-campo Hyptis cana Pohl. (Lamiaceae)

Estudos de morfologia de sementes e de plântulas de espécies nativas do cerrado durante a germinação fornecem informações fundamentais para sua identificação, para interpretação dos testes de germinação em laboratório e para estudos sobre seu ciclo biológico e regeneração natural. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever características externas e internas da semente, além de detalhar e ilustrar o processo germinativo e a morfologia das plântulas de hortelã-do-campo. O teste de germinação foi conduzido com duas subamostras de 50 sementes colocadas em substrato de papel mata-borrão (sobre papel), acondicionadas em caixas de plástico transparente, mantidas em câmara de germinação regulada a 30ºC e fotoperíodo de oito horas. As avaliações foram realizadas semanalmente, durante 30 dias. O fruto é um carcerulídio e a semente possui tegumento castanho-escuro, opaco, rugoso e hilo basal e esbranquiçado. A semente é exalbuminosa, o embrião é invaginado, com ponta da radícula excedendo a margem inferior dos cotilédones. A germinação é fanerocotiledonar e a emergência é epígea, que se inicia cerca de dois dias após a instalação do teste e se caracteriza pela protrusão da raiz primária, sendo que os cotilédones só rompem o tegumento no quarto dia. O hipocótilo é esverdeado, cilíndrico e piloso. Aos 21 dias, as plântulas estão completamente desenvolvidas, com epicótilo e as primeiras folhas abertas (filotaxia oposta).

Electrophysiological and behavioural responses of the pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus, to volatiles from a non-host plant, lavender, Lavandula angustifolia (Lamiaceae)

A semiochemical based push-pull strategy for control of oilseed rape pests is being developed at Rothamsted Research. This strategy uses insect and plant derived semiochemicals to manipulate pests and their natural enemies. An important element within this strategy is an understanding of the importance of non-host plant cues for pest insects and how such signals could be used to manipulate their behaviour. Previous studies using a range of non-host plants have shown that, for the pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), the essential oil of lavender, Lavandula angustifolia (Lamiaceae), was the most repellent. The aim of this study was to identify the active components in L. angustifolia oil, and to investigate the behaviour of M. aeneus to these chemicals, to establish the most effective use of repellent stimuli to disrupt colonisation of oilseed rape crops. Coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography (GC-EAG) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) resulted in the identification of seven active compounds which were tested for behavioural activity using a 4-way olfactometer. Repellent responses were observed with (±)-linalool and (±)-linalyl acetate. The use of these chemicals within a push-pull pest control strategy is discussed.

Influence of Viral Infection on Essential Oil Composition of Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae)

Ocimum basilicum L., popularly known as sweet basil, is a Lamiaceae species whose essential oil is mainly composed of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and phenylpropanoids. The contents of these compounds can be affected by abiotic and biotic factors such as infections caused by viruses. The main goal of this research was an investigation of the effects of viral infection on the essential oil profile of common basil. Seeds of O. basilicum L. cv. Genovese were sowed and kept in a greenhouse. Plants presenting two pairs of leaves above the cotyledons were inoculated with an unidentified virus isolated from a field plant showing chlorotic yellow spots and foliar deformation. Essential oils of healthy and infected plants were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GCMS. Changes in essential oil composition due to viral infection were observed. Methyleugenol and p-cresol,2,6-di-tert-butyl were the main constituents. However, methyleugenol contents were significantly decreased in infected plants.

Influence of Viral Infection on Essential Oil Composition of Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae)

Ocimum basilicum L., popularly known as sweet basil, is a Lamiaceae species whose essential oil is mainly composed of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and phenylpropanoids. The contents of these compounds can be affected by abiotic and biotic factors such as infections caused by viruses. The main goal of this research was an investigation of the effects of viral infection on the essential oil profile of common basil. Seeds of O. basilicum L. cv. Genovese were sowed and kept in a greenhouse. Plants presenting two pairs of leaves above the cotyledons were inoculated with an unidentified virus isolated from a field plant showing chlorotic yellow spots and foliar deformation. Essential oils of healthy and infected plants were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GCMS. Changes in essential oil composition due to viral infection were observed. Methyleugenol and p-cresol,2,6-di-tert-butyl were the main constituents. However, methyleugenol contents were significantly decreased in infected plants.

Gastroprotective and ulcer healing effects of essential oil from Hyptis spicigera Lam. (Lamiaceae)

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