Prospects for the reunification of the Korean Peninsula [microform] : hearing before the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, second session, May 24, 1988.

CIS Microfiche Accession Numbers: CIS 89 H381-69

British Methodist Episcopal Church Tithing Ticket, 1874

A quarterly tithing ticket from the British Methodist Episcopal Church, signed by Walter Hawkins, Minister, issued on August 16, 1874. This ticket was in the possession of the Richard Bell Family of St. Catharines.Minister Walter Hawkins was Superintendent of the Conference for the British Methodist Episcopal Church (Brant Co.) This excerpt from the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online describes his role in reestablishing the BMEC in Canada following a period of reunion with the African Methodist Episcopal Church, an initiative spearheaded by Richard Randolph Disney, a free-born black American Methodist preacher. "By the end of the 1870s the BMEC had 56 congregations with about 3,100 members, the bulk of the latter being in the Danish West Indies and British Guiana. Because mission work outside Canada had overtaxed the church's financial resources, in 1880 Disney began negotiations towards reunion with the AMEC. The reunion was effected that year, and it was overwhelmingly ratified at a BMEC convention held at Hamilton in June 1881. A referendum showed that although a majority in Ontario was opposed, 86 per cent of the membership was in favour. Disney was accepted as an AMEC bishop and was assigned to its Tenth Episcopal District, a region embracing his former territory as well as some of the AMEC churches in Canada which had not joined the BMEC. Reunification appeared to have been a triumph for Disney, but trouble soon occurred. A majority of the Ontario churches and preachers, led by the Reverend Walter Hawkins of Chatham, sought to re-establish the BMEC, fearing the loss of their distinctive identity and perhaps feeling that the Caribbean groups had exercised too much influence on the reunification question. In 1886 this group held an ecclesiastical council at Chatham, at which it was claimed that Disney had defected to the AMEC. At a subsequent general conference that year the BMEC was reconstituted. The conference deposed Disney, agreeing to "erase his name and ignore his authority, and cancel his official relationship as bishop." The conference minutes also refer to a court case instigated by Disney which reached the High Court of Chancery in Britain, but records of this case have not been located. The reconstituted BMEC elected Hawkins as its general superintendent, avoiding the title of bishop for several years." Source: Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. Government of Canada.

Our changing German problems.

Mode of access: Internet.

Australia, Korea and the Korean Question in the United Nations, 1946-1991

One previously unrecognised feature of the history of the political relationship between Australia and Korea is the role played by Australia as a member of the United Nations Organization in respect to the so-called Korea Question. Drawing on source documents from UN Resolutions and Australian Archives this article examines the changing positions of Australia as the Korea Question developed in the UN General Assembly. This spanned a period from the beginnings of the UN Organization until the time when both Koreas were admitted as members in 1991. The article proposes the Australian positions as responses to changing domestic and international political contexts.

Egon Bahr, l'Ostpolitik et la place de l'Allemagne dans un nouvel ordre europ��en, 1945-1975

Cette th��se porte sur les conceptions d���Egon Bahr dans le domaine de la politique �� l���Est (Ostpolitik) de la R��publique f��d��rale d���Allemagne (RFA) entre 1945 et 1975. L���analyse se concentre sur le lien entre l���Ostpolitik et l���id��e que Bahr se fait de la place et du r��le de l���Allemagne en Europe. Plus pr��cis��ment, cette ��tude veut cerner les buts poursuivis par Bahr dans le cadre de la politique orientale. La premi��re partie traite du d��veloppement conceptuel de l���Ostpolitik (1945-1969), tandis que la seconde examine sa mise en application entre l�����lection de Willy Brandt comme chancelier de la RFA et la conclusion des accords d���Helsinki (1969-1975). Les principales sources utilis��es sont les ��crits de Bahr ainsi que des documents in��dits se trouvant dans divers centres d���archives non seulement en Allemagne, mais aussi aux ��tats-Unis, en France et en Grande-Bretagne. Pour Bahr, l���Ostpolitik ne saurait se r��sumer �� l�����limination des obstacles qui g��nent la diplomatie ouest-allemande durant la guerre froide. Bahr poursuit plut��t un projet nationaliste ambitieux dans le contexte des relations avec le bloc sovi��tique : cr��er les conditions d���une red��finition de la place de l���Allemagne en Europe. Pour lui, l���Ostpolitik constitue un instrument id��al pour faire de l���Allemagne la puissance pr��pond��rante dans un nouvel ordre de paix europ��en. Trois ��l��ments compl��mentaires participent �� l���accomplissement de cette vision : 1) la consolidation de la paix et de la s��curit�� continentales; 2) la r��unification allemande et 3) l�����mancipation de la politique ��trang��re (ouest-)allemande. Cette th��se ��claire la pens��e politique de Bahr et contribue �� une meilleure compr��hension de la signification de l���Ostpolitik dans le contexte plus large de la politique ��trang��re de la RFA. Les conceptions de Bahr sont uniques dans l���Allemagne de la guerre froide parce qu���elles sont centr��es sur les notions de puissance, d���int��r��t national et de �� normalit�� ��. En m��me temps, Bahr comprend que la coop��ration doit toujours rester l���instrument diplomatique privil��gi�� des Allemands vu leur position g��ographique centrale. �� travers le prisme des conceptions de son �� architecte ��, l���Ostpolitik appara��t comme un v��ritable effort de r��conciliation entre la paix en Europe et l���affirmation de l���influence allemande sur la sc��ne internationale.

Radical Language, Radical Identity: Korean Writers in Japanese Spaces and the Burden to "Represent"

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-06

New approaches to North Korean politics after reunification:the search for a common Korean identity

Whilst most of the literature focusing on the Korean peninsula has concentrated on how to achieve unification through confidence-building measures, dialogues, negotiation and diplomacy, little attention has been paid to how a unified Korean identity, a core component of any potential reunification scheme could develop and be sustained. The paper addresses this gap by: (1) defining what national identity is, and how Korean identities have been formed, (2) outlining how both South and North Korea have understood and used the concept of national identity, (3) suggesting possible grounds on which the two Koreas could build a new, common national identity. �� 2014 The Regents of the University of California.

Englanniksiko maailmanmaineeseen? : Suomalaisen proosakaunokirjallisuuden k����nt��minen englanniksi Isossa-Britanniassa vuosina 1945 2003

This doctoral thesis focuses on the translation of Finnish prose literature into English in the United Kingdom between 1945 and 2003. The subject is approached using translation archaeology, interviews, archival material, detailed text analysis and reception material. The main theoretical framework is Descriptive Translation Studies, and certain sociological theories (Bourdieu s field theory, actor-network theory) are also used. After charting the published translations, two periods of time are selected for closer analysis: an earlier period from 1955 to 1959, involving eight translations, and a later one from 1990 to 2003, with a total of six translations. While these translation numbers may appear low, they are actually rather high in proportion to the total number of 28 one-author literary prose translations published in the UK over the approximately 60 years being studied. The two periods of time, the 1950s and 1990s, are compared in terms of the sociological context of translation activity, the reception of translations and their textual features. The comparisons show that the main changes in translation practice between these two periods are increased completeness (translations in the 1950s group often being shortened by hundreds of pages) and lesser use of indirect translation via an intermediary language (about half of the 1950s translations having been translated via Swedish). Otherwise, translation practices have not changed much: except for large omissions, which are far more frequent in the 1950s, variation within each group is larger than between groups. As to the sociological context, the main changes are an increase in long-term institution-level contacts and an increase in the promotion of foreign translation rights by Finnish publishing houses. This is in contrast to the 1950s when translation rights were mainly sold through personal contacts by individual authors and translators. The reception of translations is difficult to study because of scarce material. However, the 1950s translations were aggressively marketed and therefore obtained far more reviews and reprints than the 1990s translations. Several of the 1950s books, mostly historical novels by Mika Waltari, were mainstream bestsellers at the time, while current translations are frequently made for niche markets. The thesis introduces ample new material on the translation of Finnish prose literature into English in the UK. The results are also relevant to translation from a minority literature into a majority one. As to translation theory, they lead us to question the social nature of translation norms and the assumption of a static target culture. The translations analysed here are located in a very fragmented interculture and gain a stronger position in the Finnish culture than in the British one.

Maaseutuopistoista Yliopistoon : Maatalous- ja mets��tieteiden tutkimus- ja opetustoiminnan akatemisoitumisprosessi Helsingin Yliopistossa vuoteen 1945

From Provincial Institutes to the University. The Academisation Process of the Research and Teaching of Agricultural and Forest Sciences at the University of Helsinki before 1945. This study focuses on the teaching and research conducted in the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry at the University of Helsinki, as well as in its predecessor, the Section of Agriculture and Economics before 1945. The study falls into the field of university history. Its key research question is the academisation process, an example of which is the academisation process of the teaching and research of agricultural and forest sciences in Finland. From a perspective of university history, the study looks at academisation as the beginning of university-level teaching and research in these fields, or their relocation to a university or another institute of university standing. In addition to the above, the academisation process also includes the establishment of the position of the subjects and their acceptance as part of university activity. Academic closure, on the other hand, prevents the academisation of new subjects. In Finland, the preliminary stage of the academisation of the research and teaching of the agriculture and forestry was the Age of Utility, when questions concerning the subjects became part of clerical and civil service training at the Royal Academy of Turku in the mid-18th century. In the mid-19th century, as a result of social and economic development, agricultural and forestry professionals needed more theoretical professional training. At that time, the Imperial Alexander University was focused on traditional professional training and theoretical education, so, because of this academic closure, practical training for agronomists and foresters was organised at first outside the University at the Mustiala Agricultural Institute and the Evo Forest Institute. In the late 19th century, discussion began on the reform of higher agricultural and forestry education. This led, from the 1890s, to the academisation of higher agricultural and forestry education and research at the Alexander University. Academisation was followed by a transitional stage, during which the work of the Section of Agriculture and Economics, which had begun in 1902, became more established in about 1910. The position of the agricultural and forest sciences was, however, largely temporary, because of the planned Agricultural University. A sign of this establishment and of the rise in scientific status of the subjects was the commencement of operations of the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry in 1924. Furthermore, as a consequence of the development of the subjects and the collapse of the Agricultural University project, agricultural and forest sciences gradually began to be accepted at the University of Helsinki from the end of the 1920s. This led to the allocation of sites for the faculty buildings and research farms, and to the building of ���Mets��talo��� before the Second World War. Key words: academisation, academisation process, academic closure, university history, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, agricultural sciences, forest sciences, agronomy training, forestry training

Small State Cultures of Consensus : State Traditions and Consensus-Seeking in the Neo-Corporatist and Neutrality Policies in Post-1945 Austria and Finland

Austria and Finland are persistently referred to as the ���success stories��� of post-1945 European history. Notwithstanding their different points of departure, in the course of the Cold War both countries portrayed themselves as small and neutral border-states in the world dictated by superpower politics. By the 1970s, both countries frequently ranked at the top end in various international classifications regarding economic development and well-being in society. This trend continues today. The study takes under scrutiny the concept of consensus which figures centrally in the two national narratives of post-1945 success. Given that the two domestic contexts as such only share few direct links with one another and are more obviously different than similar in terms of their geographical location, historical experiences and politico-cultural traditions, the analogies and variations in the anatomies of the post-1945 ���cultures of consensus��� provide an interesting topic for a historical comparative and cross-national examination. The main research question concerns the identification and analysis of the conceptual and procedural convergence points of the concepts of the state and consensus. The thesis is divided into six main chapters. After the introduction, the second chapter presents the theoretical framework in more detail by focusing on the key concepts of the study ��� the state and consensus. Chapter two also introduces the comparative historical and cross-national research angles. Chapter three grounds the key concepts of the state and consensus in the historical contexts of Austria and Finland by discussing the state, the nation and democracy in a longer term comparative perspective. The fourth and fifth chapter present case studies on the two policy fields, the ���pillars���, upon which the post-1945 Austrian and Finnish cultures of consensus are argued to have rested. Chapter four deals with neo-corporatist features in the economic policy making and chapter five discusses the building up of domestic consensus regarding the key concepts of neutrality policies in the 1950s and 1960s. The study concludes that it was not consensus as such but the strikingly intense preoccupation with the theme of domestic consensus that cross-cut, in a curiously analogous manner, the policy-making processes studied. The main challenge for the post-1945 architects of Austrian and Finnish cultures of consensus was to find strategies and concepts for consensus-building which would be compatible with the principles of democracy. Discussed at the level of procedures, the most important finding of the study concerns the triangular mechanism of coordination, consultation and cooperation that set into motion and facilitated a new type of search for consensus in both post-war societies. In this triangle, the agency of the state was central, though in varying ways. The new conceptions concerning a small state���s position in the Cold War world also prompted cross-nationally perceivable willingness to reconsider inherited concepts and procedures of the state and the nation. At the same time, the ways of understanding the role of the state and its relation to society remained profoundly different in Austria and Finland and this basic difference was in many ways reflected in the concepts and procedures deployed in the search for consensus and management of domestic conflicts. For more detailed information, please consult the author.

A constru����o ideogr��fica nas rela����es internacionais portuguesas 1945-1960

Tese apresentada �� Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obten����o do grau de Doutor em Ci��ncias Sociais, especialidade em Rela����es Internacionais

Das Arbeitserziehungslager Breitenau (1940-1945). Ein Beitrag zum nationalsozialistischen Lagersystem

Die Dissertation befasst sich mit der Geschichte des Arbeitserziehungslagers (AEL) Breitenau, das 1940 von der Gestapostelle Kassel auf dem Gel��nde der Landesarbeitsanstalt Breitenau in Guxhagen gegr��ndet wurde und bis zum Kriegsende bestand. Dar��ber hinaus wird auch der Frage nachgegangen, wie nach der NS-Zeit mit der Geschichte des Lagers, den Opfern und den T��tern umgegangen wurde. Die Dissertation ist in drei Teile gegliedert. Der erste Teil gibt einen ��berblick ��ber die Geschichte der Geheimen Staatspolizeistelle Kassel, der das Lager unterstand und die als zentrale Verfolgungsbeh��rde f��r den Regierungsbezirk Kassel zust��ndig war. Dabei wird vor allem aufgezeigt, wie die Gestapostelle Kassel entstanden ist, wie sie aufgebaut war und wer die Leiter und Mitarbeiter w��hrend des Zweiten Weltkrieges waren, die die Verfolgungsma��nahmen organisierten und durchf��hrten. Der zweite Teil der Dissertation befasst sich mit der eigentlichen Lagergeschichte. Breitenau war eines der ersten Arbeitserziehungslager ��berhaupt. Die Hauptfunktion bestand darin, ausl��ndische Zwangsarbeiter und Zwangsarbeiterinnen, die sich dem Arbeitseinsatz widersetzt hatten, durch harte Bestrafung gef��gig zu machen. Gleichzeitig wurden in das AEL aber auch deutsche und ausl��ndische Gefangene eingewiesen, die aus politischen, rassischen, religi��sen oder weltanschaulichen Gr��nden verhaftet worden waren. Das Lager unterstand zwar der Geheimen Staatspolizei Kassel, wurde aber von den Bediensteten der Landesarbeitsanstalt mit geleitet. Im Verlaufe des Zweiten Weltkrieges waren im AEL Breitenau etwa 8.300 ��berwiegend ausl��ndische Schutzhaftgefangene inhaftiert, unter denen sich ca. 1.900 Frauen und 6.400 M��nner befanden. Bei den Einweisungen wirkten neben der Gestapostelle Kassel und der Gestapostelle Weimar zahlreiche Orts- und Kreispolizeibeh��rden mit, wodurch ein fl��chendeckender Verfolgungsapparat entstand. Insgesamt lassen sich ��ber 1.000 letzte Wohnorte von Gefangenen ermitteln. Die Haft- und Lebensbedingungen im Lager waren vor allem f��r die ausl��ndischen Gefangenen besonders unmenschlich, und es gab mehrere Todesf��lle. Nachweislich wurden mehr als 750 Gefangene in Konzentrationslager deportiert, was f��r viele den Tod bedeutete. Au��erdem wurden mindestens 18 polnische Gefangene von Angeh��rigen der Gestapo Kassel erh��ngt und noch unmittelbar vor Kriegsende ein Massenmord an 28 Gefangenen ver��bt. Erst mit dem Einmarsch der amerikanischen Soldaten am Ostersamstag 1945 wurde das Arbeitserziehungslager Breitenau endg��ltig aufgel��st. Im dritten Teil der Dissertation wird der Frage des Umgangs mit dem damaligen Geschehen nachgegangen. Dabei l��sst sich feststellen, dass die T��ter und Mitt��ter von deutschen Spruchkammern und Gerichten gar nicht oder kaum bestraft wurden. Gleichzeitig wurden ihnen verschiedene M��glichkeiten geboten, sich in die Gesellschaft zu integrieren. Die ehemaligen Gefangenen hatten dagegen keinen Anspruch auf Entsch��digung, und auch eine gesellschaftliche W��rdigung wurde ihnen versagt. Erst seit den 90er Jahren trat hier eine Ver��nderung ein, die allerdings f��r viele Verfolgte zu sp��t kam. Die Geschichte des Arbeitserziehungslagers Breitenau war viele Jahre verdr��ngt worden. Das Gel��nde diente bis 1949 als Landesarbeitsanstalt, dann als geschlossenes Erziehungsheim, und seit 1974 besteht dort eine psychiatrische Einrichtung. Erst 1979 wurde durch ein Forschungsprojekt an der Gesamthochschule Kassel die NS-Geschichte ���wiederentdeckt��� und 1984 die Gedenkst��tte Breitenau eingerichtet, die als Gedenk- und Bildungsort an das damalige Geschehen erinnert.

An��lisis de la influencia de los Pactos de Letr��n de 1929 sobre las relaciones bilaterales entre El Vaticano e Italia, entre 1929 y 1945

Los Pactos de Letr��n implicaron como consecuencia el restablecimiento de relaciones bilaterales oficiales entre El Vaticano e Italia, llevando a que ��stas se dieran bajo condiciones de cooperaci��n, reflejadas en los cambios en los resultados obtenidos y la obtenci��n de ganancias razonables.