Vuorovaikutus ääniterapiassa : Keskustelunanalyyttinen tutkimus harjoittelun rakenteesta, terapeutin antamasta palautteesta ja oppimisesta

This conversation analytical study analyses the interactional practices adopted by speech therapists and their clients during their training in voice therapy. This study also describes how learning takes place during the therapy process. In contrast to traditional voice therapy studies, change is examined here by using qualitative research methodology, namely conversation analysis. This study describes the structures of interaction in voice therapy, shows how the shortcomings in the client s performance are evaluated and corrected and finally, how the voice training sequence and the participation changes during therapy. The database consists of 51 videotaped voice therapy sessions from six clients with voice disorders. The analytic focus is on the practices in one voice training exercise of the trilled /r/. All the sequences of this exercise (in total 36) and all adjacency pairs within (N = 627) were transcribed and analysed in detail. This study shows that voice training consists of successive model imitation adjacency pairs. This adjacency pair works as a resource in voice training. Furthermore, the use of this particular adjacency pair is an institutional practice in all therapies in this study. The structure of interaction in voice training sequences resembles the practices found in aphasia therapy and in speech therapy of children, as well as the practices of educational and counselling interaction and physiotherapy. More than half of the adjacency pairs were expanded to three (or more) part structures as client s responses were typically followed by therapist s feedback. With their feedback turns, therapists: 1) maintain training practice, 2) evaluate the problem of client s performance, 3) deliver information, 4) activate the client to observe the performance and 5) assist her in correcting the performance. This study describes the four different ways that therapists help their clients to improve the performance after encountering a problem. The longitudinal data shows that learning in therapy is manifested in the changing participation. As clients learn to identify their voice features, they can participate in evaluating or correcting their performances by themselves. This study describes the recurrent professional practices of voice therapists and shows how the institutional commitments of voice therapy are managed in and through talk and interaction. The study also provides detailed description of the management of help in voice training. By describing the interaction in training sequences, this study expands the conception of voice rehabilitation and how it can be researched. The results demonstrate that the learning process and therapy outcomes can be assessed by analysing interaction in therapy. Moreover, this analysis lays the foundation for a novel understanding of the practices in speech therapy and for the development of speech therapy theory. By revealing the activities of interaction, it also makes it possible to discuss them explicitly with speech therapy students. Key words: voice therapy, conversation analysis, institutional interaction, learning, change in participation, feedback, evaluation, error correction, self-repair

p53 and DNA damage checkpoint responses in the human prostate

Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in men. In 2004, 5237 new cases were diagnosed and altogether 25 664 men suffered from prostate cancer in Finland (Suomen Syöpärekisteri). Although extensively investigated, we still have a very rudimentary understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to the frequent transformation of the prostate epithelium. Prostate cancer is characterized by several unique features including the multifocal origin of tumors and extreme resistance to chemotherapy, and new treatment options are therefore urgently needed. The integrity of genomic DNA is constantly challenged by genotoxic insults. Cellular responses to DNA damage involve elegant checkpoint cascades enforcing cell cycle arrest, thus facilitating damage repair, apoptosis or cellular senescence. Cellular DNA damage triggers the activation of tumor suppressor protein p53 and Wee1 kinase which act as executors of the cellular checkpoint responses. These are essential for genomic integrity, and are activated in early stages of tumorigenesis in order to function as barriers against tumor formation. Our work establishes that the primary human prostatic epithelial cells and prostatic epithelium have unexpectedly indulgent checkpoint surveillance. This is evidenced by the absence of inhibitory Tyr15 phosphorylation on Cdk2, lack of p53 response, radioresistant DNA synthesis, lack of G1/S and G2/M phase arrest, and presence of persistent gammaH2AX damage foci. We ascribe the absence of inhibitory Tyr15 phosphorylation to low levels of Wee1A, a tyrosine kinase and negative regulator of cell cycle progression. Ectopic Wee1A kinase restored Cdk2-Tyr15 phosphorylation and efficiently rescued the ionizing radiation-induced checkpoints in the human prostatic epithelial cells. As variability in the DNA damage responses has been shown to underlie susceptibility to cancer, our results imply that a suboptimal checkpoint arrest may greatly increase the accumulation of genetic lesions in the prostate epithelia. We also show that small molecules can restore p53 function in prostatic epithelial cells and may serve as a paradigm for the development of future therapeutic agents for the treatment of prostate cancer We hypothesize that the prostate has evolved to activate the damage surveillance pathways and molecules involved in these pathways only to certain stresses in extreme circumstances. In doing so, this organ inadvertently made itself vulnerable to genotoxic stress, which may have implications in malignant transformation. Recognition of the limited activity of p53 and Wee1 in the prostate could drive mechanism-based discovery of preventative and therapeutic agents.

Enhanced processing of SPOT multispectral satellite imagery for environmental monitoring and modelling

The Taita Hills in southeastern Kenya form the northernmost part of Africa’s Eastern Arc Mountains, which have been identified by Conservation International as one of the top ten biodiversity hotspots on Earth. As with many areas of the developing world, over recent decades the Taita Hills have experienced significant population growth leading to associated major changes in land use and land cover (LULC), as well as escalating land degradation, particularly soil erosion. Multi-temporal medium resolution multispectral optical satellite data, such as imagery from the SPOT HRV, HRVIR, and HRG sensors, provides a valuable source of information for environmental monitoring and modelling at a landscape level at local and regional scales. However, utilization of multi-temporal SPOT data in quantitative remote sensing studies requires the removal of atmospheric effects and the derivation of surface reflectance factor. Furthermore, for areas of rugged terrain, such as the Taita Hills, topographic correction is necessary to derive comparable reflectance throughout a SPOT scene. Reliable monitoring of LULC change over time and modelling of land degradation and human population distribution and abundance are of crucial importance to sustainable development, natural resource management, biodiversity conservation, and understanding and mitigating climate change and its impacts. The main purpose of this thesis was to develop and validate enhanced processing of SPOT satellite imagery for use in environmental monitoring and modelling at a landscape level, in regions of the developing world with limited ancillary data availability. The Taita Hills formed the application study site, whilst the Helsinki metropolitan region was used as a control site for validation and assessment of the applied atmospheric correction techniques, where multiangular reflectance field measurements were taken and where horizontal visibility meteorological data concurrent with image acquisition were available. The proposed historical empirical line method (HELM) for absolute atmospheric correction was found to be the only applied technique that could derive surface reflectance factor within an RMSE of < 0.02 ps in the SPOT visible and near-infrared bands; an accuracy level identified as a benchmark for successful atmospheric correction. A multi-scale segmentation/object relationship modelling (MSS/ORM) approach was applied to map LULC in the Taita Hills from the multi-temporal SPOT imagery. This object-based procedure was shown to derive significant improvements over a uni-scale maximum-likelihood technique. The derived LULC data was used in combination with low cost GIS geospatial layers describing elevation, rainfall and soil type, to model degradation in the Taita Hills in the form of potential soil loss, utilizing the simple universal soil loss equation (USLE). Furthermore, human population distribution and abundance were modelled with satisfactory results using only SPOT and GIS derived data and non-Gaussian predictive modelling techniques. The SPOT derived LULC data was found to be unnecessary as a predictor because the first and second order image texture measurements had greater power to explain variation in dwelling unit occurrence and abundance. The ability of the procedures to be implemented locally in the developing world using low-cost or freely available data and software was considered. The techniques discussed in this thesis are considered equally applicable to other medium- and high-resolution optical satellite imagery, as well the utilized SPOT data.

Functional characterization of MutL homologue mismatch repair proteins and their variants

Mismatch repair (MMR) mechanisms repair DNA damage occurring during replication and recombination. To date, five human MMR genes, MSH2, MHS6, MSH3, MLH1 and PMS2 are known to be involved in the MMR function. Human MMR proteins form 3 different heterodimers: MutSα (MSH2 and MSH6) and MutSβ (MSH2 and MSH3), which are needed for mismatch recognition and binding, and MutLα (MLH1 and PMS2), which is needed for mediating interactions between MutS homologues and other MMR proteins. The other two MutL homologues, MLH3 and PMS1, have been shown to heterodimerize with MLH1. However, the heterodimers MutLγ (MLH1and MLH3) and MutLβ (MLH1 and PMS1) are able to correct mismatches only with low or no efficiency, respectively. A deficient MMR mechanism is associated with the hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome called hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) or Lynch syndrome. HNPCC is the most common hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome and accounts for 2-5% of all colorectal cancer cases. HNPCC-associated mutations have been found in 5 MMR genes: MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2 and MLH3. Most of the mutations have been found in MLH1 and MSH2 (~90%) and are associated with typical HNPCC, while mutations in MSH6, PMS2 and MLH3 are mainly linked to putative HNPCC families lacking the characteristics of the syndrome. More data of MLH3 mutations are needed to assess the significance of its mutations in HNPCC. In this study, were functionally characterized 51 nontruncating mutations in the MLH1, MLH3 and MSH2 genes to address their pathogenic significance and mechanism of pathogenicity. Of the 36 MLH1 mutations, 22 were deficient in more than one assay, 2 variants were impaired only in one assay, and 12 variants behaved like the wild type protein, whereas all seven MLH3 mutants functioned like the wild type protein in the assays. To further clarify the role and relevance of MLH3 in MMR, we analyzed the subcellular localization of the native MutL homologue proteins. Our immunofluorescence analyses indicated that when all the three MutL homologues are natively expressed in human cells, endogenous MLH1 and PMS2 localize in the nucleus, whereas MLH3 stays in the cytoplasm. The coexpression of MLH3 with MLH1 results in its partial nuclear localization. Only one MSH2 mutation was pathogenic in the in vitro MMR assay. Our study on MLH1 mutations could clearly distinguish nontruncating alterations with severe functional defects from those not or only slightly impaired in protein function. However, our study on MLH3 mutations suggest that MLH3 mutations per se are not sufficient to trigger MMR deficiency and the continuous nuclear localization of MLH1 and PMS2 suggest that MutLα has a major activity in MMR in vivo. Together with our functional assays, this confirms that MutLγ is a less efficient MMR complex than MutLα.

Recovery of Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae after Thermal Insult

All organisms have evolved mechanisms to acquire thermotolerance. A moderately high temperature activates heat shock genes and triggers thermotolerance towards otherwise lethal high temperature. The focus of this work is the recovery mechanisms ensuring survival of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells after thermal insult. Yeast cells, first preconditioned at 37˚C, can survive a short thermal insult at 48-50˚C and are able to refold heat-denatured proteins when allowed to recover at physiological temperature 24˚C. The cytoplasmic chaperone Hsp104 is required for the acquisition of thermotolerance and dissolving protein aggregates in the cytosol with the assistance of disaccharide trehalose. In the present study, Hsp104 and trehalose were shown to be required for conformational repair of heat-denatured secretory proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. A reporter protein was first accumulated in the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum and heat-denatured by thermal insult, and then failed to be repaired to enzymatically active and secretion-competent conformation in the absence of Hsp104 or trehalose. The efficient transport of a glycoprotein CPY, accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum, to the vacuole after thermal insult also needed the presence of Hsp104 and trehalose. However, proteins synthesized after thermal insult at physiological temperature were secreted with similar kinetics both in the absence and in the presence of Hsp104 or trehalose, demonstrating that the secretion machinery itself was functional. As both Hsp104 and trehalose are cytosolic, a cross-talk between cytosolic and luminal chaperone machineries across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane appears to take place. Global expression profiles, obtained with the DNA microarray technique, revealed that the gene expression was shut down during thermal insult and the majority of transcripts were destroyed. However, the transcripts of small cytosolic chaperones Hsp12 and Hsp26 survived. The first genes induced during recovery were related to refolding of denatured proteins and resumption of de novo protein synthesis. Transcription factors Spt3p and Med3p appeared to be essential for acquisition of full thermotolerance. The transcription factor Hac1p was found to be subject to delayed up-regulation at mRNA level and this up-regulation was diminished or delayed in the absence of Spt3p or Med3p. Consequently, production of the chaperone BiP/Kar2p, a target gene of Hac1p, was diminished and delayed in Δspt3 and Δmed3 deletion strains. The refolding of heat-denatured secretory protein CPY to a transport-competent conformation was retarded, and a heat-denatured reporter enzyme failed to be effectively reactivated in the cytoplasm of the deletion strains.

Corneal recovery after uncomplicated and complicated PRK and LASIK

Refractive errors, especially myopia, seem to increase worldwide. Concurrently, the number of surgical refractive corrections has increased rapidly, with several million procedures performed annually. However, excimer laser surgery was introduced after a limited number of studies done with animals and to date there still are only few long-term follow-up studies of the results. The present thesis aims to evaluate the safety and functional outcome of, as well as to quantify the cellular changes and remodelling in the human cornea after, photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). These procedures are the two most common laser surgical refractive methods. In Study I, myopic ophthalmic residents at Helsinki University Eye Hospital underwent a refractive correction by PRK. Five patients were followed up for 6 months to assess their subjective experience in hospital work and their performance in car driving simulator and in other visuomotor functions. Corneal morphological changes were assessed by in vivo confocal microscopy (ivCM). Study II comprised 14 patients who had undergone a PRK operation in 1993-1994. Visual acuity was examined and ivCM examinations performed 5 years postoperatively. In Study III 15 patients received LASIK refractive correction for moderate to high myopia (-6 - -12 D). Their corneal recovery was followed by ivCM for 2 years. Diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) is a common but variable complication of LASIK. Yet, its aetiology remains unknown. In Study IV we examined six patients who had developed DLK as a consequence of formation of an intraoperative or post-LASIK epithelial defect, to assess the corneal and conjunctival inflammatory reaction. In the whole series, the mean refractive correction was -6.46 diopters. The best spectacle corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) improved in 30 % of patients, whereas in four patients BSCVA decreased slightly. The mean achieved refraction was 0.35 D undercorrected. After PRK, the stromal scar formation was highest at 2 to 3 months postoperatively and subsequently decreased. At 5 years increased reflectivity in the subepithelial stroma was observed in all patients. Interestingly, no Bowman s layer was detected in any patient. Subbasal nerve fiber bundle(snfb) regeneration could be observed already at 2 months in 2 patients after PRK. After 5 years, all corneas presented with snfb, the density of which, however, was still lower than in control corneas. LASIK induced a hypocellular area on both sides of the flap interface. A decrease of the most anterior keratocyte density was also observed. In the corneas that developed DLK, inflammatory cell-type objects were present in the flap interface in half of the patients. The other patients presented only with keratocyte activation and highly reflective extracellular matrix. These changes resolved completely with medication and time. Snfb regeneration was first detected at one month post-LASIK, but still after two years the density of snfb, however, was only 64 % of the preoperative values. The performance of ophthalmological examinations and microsurgery without spectacles was easier postoperatively, which was appreciated by the residents. Both PRK and LASIK showed moderate to good accuracy and high safety. In terms of visual perception and subjective evaluation, few patients stated any complaints in the whole series of studies. Instead, the majority of patients experienced a marked improvement in everyday life and work performance. PRK and LASIK have shown similar results, with good long term morphological healing. It seems evident that, even without the benefit of over-20-year follow-up results, these procedures are sufficiently safe and accurate for refractive corrections and corneal reshaping.

Juvenile rheumatoid knee : Management of knee growth disturbances in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is associated with growth disturbances, especially leg length discrepancy (LLD) and knee valgus deformity (KVD). Studies have demonstrated growth plate stimulation with chronic arthritis. In the context of surgical treatment of LLD or KVD of a growing knee, the less invasive procedures, which allow immediate mobilisation, are preferred. Establishment of the skeletal age and the correction potential in the knees of rheumatic children is difficult due to rheumatic changes. In this present work, an analysis of the efficacy, safety and long-term results of temporary epiphyseal arrests performed in Rheumatism Foundation Hospital (Heinola, Finland). The distribution of diagnoses among children (n=71) with JIA and LLD (68 knees) was consistent with the normal oligoarthritis-predominated population of children with JIA. A higher male:female ratio (1:1.7 vs. 1:2.4 in population-based studies (PBS)) and earlier mean onset age (4 vs. 7 years in PBSs) were, however, distinct features in the study population. In most cases the correction was reliable and temporary arrest produced a mean correction of 1mm per month. The time of arrest required, however, varied significantly, probably due to the effect of underlying diseases and medication, and the age of the child. All complications encountered (10%) were minor. The correction achieved persisted in long-term follow-up. KVD (n=112, 177 knees) was associated with a high proportion of polyarthritic disease subtype (45% vs. 12-31% in PBSs), and the male:female distribution was grossly female-dominated (1:4.9 vs. 1:2.4 in PBSs). The early mean onset age (3 vs. 7 years in PBSs) was also notable in this cohort. Successful correction was achieved in 2/3 cases and the mean angular correction was 0.7 degrees per month. The required time of arrest, however, varied considerably. In 13% of knees the paucity of follow-up visits resulted in over-correction to varus. The complication rate (3%) in the knees operated for KVD was considerably lower compared to ten per cent in the management of LLD. Most of the complications related to epiphyseal stapling were reversible. However, the risk of premature closure of growth plates does exist. The number of over-corrections was notably high, with 13% knees turning to varus. The correction achieved persisted in long-term follow-up.

Alikasvoksen mittaus ja kartoitus laserkeilauksella

Tasaikäisen metsän alle muodostuvilla alikasvoksilla on merkitystä puunkorjuun, metsänuudistamisen, näkemä-ja maisema-analyysien sekä biodiversiteetin ja hiilitaseen arvioinnin kannalta. Ilma-aluksista tehtävä laserkeilaus on osoittautunut tehokkaaksi kaukokartoitusmenetelmäksi varttuneiden puustojen mittauksessa. Laserkeilauksen käyttöönotto operatiivisessa metsäsuunnittelussa mahdollistaa aiempaa tarkemman tiedon tuottamisen alikasvoksista, mikäli alikasvoksen ominaisuuksia voidaan tulkita laseraineistoista. Tässä työssä käytettiin tarkasti mitattuja maastokoealoja ja kaikulaserkeilausaineistoja (discrete return LiDAR) usealta vuodelta (1–2 km lentokorkeus, 0,9–9,7 pulssia m-2). Laserkeilausaineistot oli hankittu Optech ALTM3100 ja Leica ALS50-II sensoreilla. Koealat edustavat suomalaisia tasaikäisiä männiköitä eri kehitysvaiheissa. Tutkimuskysymykset olivat: 1) Minkälainen on alikasvoksesta saatu lasersignaali yksittäisen pulssin tasolla ja mitkä tekijät signaaliin vaikuttavat? 2) Mikä on käytännön sovelluksissa hyödynnettävien aluepohjaisten laserpiirteiden selitysvoima alikasvospuuston ominaisuuksien ennustamisessa? Erityisesti haluttiin selvittää, miten laserpulssin energiahäviöt ylempiin latvuskerroksiin vaikuttavat saatuun signaaliin, ja voidaanko laserkaikujen intensiteetille tehdä energiahäviöiden korjaus. Puulajien väliset erot laserkaiun intensiteetissä olivat pieniä ja vaihtelivat keilauksesta toiseen. Intensiteetin käyttömahdollisuudet alikasvoksen puulajin tulkinnassa ovat siten hyvin rajoittuneet. Energiahäviöt ylempiin latvuskerroksiin aiheuttivat alikasvoksesta saatuun lasersignaaliin kohinaa. Energiahäviöiden korjaus tehtiin alikasvoksesta saaduille laserpulssin 2. ja 3. kaiuille. Korjauksen avulla pystyttiin pienentämään kohteen sisäistä intensiteetin hajontaa ja parantamaan kohteiden luokittelutarkkuutta alikasvoskerroksessa. Käytettäessä 2. kaikuja oikeinluokitusprosentti luokituksessa maan ja yleisimmän puulajin välillä oli ennen korjausta 49,2–54,9 % ja korjauksen jälkeen 57,3–62,0 %. Vastaavat kappa-arvot olivat 0,03–0,13 ja 0,10–0,22. Tärkein energiahäviöitä selittävä tekijä oli pulssista saatujen aikaisempien kaikujen intensiteetti, mutta hieman merkitystä oli myös pulssin leikkausgeometrialla ylemmän latvuskerroksen puiden kanssa. Myös 3. kaiuilla luokitustarkkuus parani. Puulajien välillä havaittiin eroja siinä, kuinka herkästi ne tuottavat kaiun laserpulssin osuessa puuhun. Kuusi tuotti kaiun suuremmalla todennäköisyydellä kuin lehtipuut. Erityisen selvä tämä ero oli pulsseilla, joissa oli energiahäviöitä. Laserkaikujen korkeusjakaumapiirteet voivat siten olla riippuvaisia puulajista. Sensorien välillä havaittiin selviä eroja intensiteettijakaumissa, mikä vaikeuttaa eri sensoreilla hankittujen aineistojen yhdistämistä. Myös kaiun todennäköisyydet erosivat jonkin verran sensorien välillä, mikä aiheutti pieniä eroavaisuuksia kaikujen korkeusjakaumiin. Aluepohjaisista laserpiirteistä löydettiin alikasvoksen runkolukua ja keskipituutta hyvin selittäviä piirteitä, kun rajoitettiin tarkastelu yli 1 m pituisiin puihin. Piirteiden selitysvoima oli parempi runkoluvulle kuin keskipituudelle. Selitysvoima ei merkittävästi alentunut pulssitiheyden pienentyessä, mikä on hyvä asia käytännön sovelluksia ajatellen. Lehtipuun osuutta ei pystytty selittämään. Tulosten perusteella kaikulaserkeilausta voi olla mahdollista hyödyntää esimerkiksi ennakkoraivaustarpeen arvioinnissa. Sen sijaan alikasvoksen tarkempi luokittelu (esim. puulajitulkinta) voi olla vaikeaa. Kaikkein pienimpiä alikasvospuita ei pystytä havaitsemaan. Lisää tutkimuksia tarvitaan tulosten yleistämiseksi erilaisiin metsiköihin.

Itsekorjaus huumorin keinona verkkokeskustelussa

Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan itsekorjausta huumorin ja vitsailun keinona kahdenkeskisessä verkkokeskustelussa. Keskustelut käydään Messenger-pikaviestinohjelmassa, jossa keskustelijat voivat lähettää toisilleen kirjoitettuja viestejä ja olla reaaliaikaisesti vuorovaikutuksessa keskenään. Aineisto on vuosilta 2004 - 2010; kooltaan se on 25088 kilotavua (noin 2531,5 sivua tekstinkäsittelyohjelmalla kirjoitettua tekstiä). Informantteja on viisi, ja he ovat ystäviä keskenään, jolloin keskustelu on hyvin reaaliaikaista, spontaania ja vitsailevaa. Aineisto sisältää 71 tapausta, joissa itsekorjausta käytetään huumorin keinona. Tutkimusaihetta lähestytään keskustelunanalyyttisen metodin avulla. Vaikka se on puhutun kielen tutkimukseen kehitetty analyysiväline, sitä voidaan soveltaa myös verkkokeskustelun tarkastelemiseen. Keskustelunanalyyttisin keinoin pystytään selvittämään, millä keinoin keskustelijat korjaavat tahattomia kirjoitusvirheitä ja tarkoituksella väärin kirjoitettuja muotoja tai vuoroja, kun ne osallistuvat huumorin luomiseen. Tutkimus osoittaa, kuinka jo tahattoman kirjoitusvirheen tekeminen huvittaa keskustelijoita etenkin silloin, kun sanasta tulee suomen kielessä tuntematon, jolloin sen humoristisuus ei voi perustua sen merkitykseen. Lyöntivirheen seurauksena syntynyt sana voi myös olla kontekstiinsa sopimaton, minkä vuoksi se huvittaa keskustelijoita. Kirjoitusvirheellistä muotoa saatetaan käyttää lisäksi tarkoituksella myöhemmin keskustelussa huumorin keinona. Sormen lipsahdukset korjataan usein lähettämällä korvaava muoto keskusteluun ilman puhutussa keskustelussa korjausta ennakoivaa ainesta (esim. sanan katkaisu, tauko tai partikkeli eiku, tai ja siis), minkä mahdollistaa verkkokeskustelun kirjoitettu muoto: korjauksen kohde voidaan havaita aikaisemmasta näkyvissä olevasta keskustelusta. Mahdollinen korjausta implikoiva partikkeli sijoittuu esiintyessään usein vasta korjaavan aineksen jälkeen. Toisin kuin tahattomia virheitä korjattaessa, tarkoituksella väärin kirjoitettujen vitsailevien muotojen korjaus voidaan ennakoida partikkeleilla eiku tai tai, jotka osoittavat korjattavan sanan tai rakenteen sopimattomuuden kontekstiin. Humoristisuus perustuu väärän ja korjaavan muodon rinnastamiseen, ja usein ne ovatkin esimerkiksi samassa sijamuodossa tai saman verbin eri persoonamuotoja, ja niillä voidaan viitata leikkisästi samaan tarkoitteeseen. Tahallisella väärinkirjoituksella saatetaan vitsailla niin keskustelun alussa kuin missä kohtaa keskustelua ja minkälaisessa toiminnassa tahansa (esim. ehdotuksessa, kannanotossa ja ymmärrysehdokkaassa) lukuun ottamatta keskustelun lopetuksia. Keskustelija voi kumota ja osoittaa edeltävän vuoronsa olleen vitsi myös kiteytyneellä ilmauksella noei, joka on aineistossa eniten käytetty korjauskeino: se esiintyy 39 kertaa kaikista 71 tapauksesta. Ilmaus näyttää olevan erityisen käyttökelpoinen korjaustapa lyhyen muotonsa vuoksi, sillä se on nopea kirjoittaa humoristiseksi tarkoitetun viestin jälkeen vaikkakin keskustelija haluaa ensin tarkoituksella esittää olevansa jossain määrin vakavissaan korjattavassa viestissään. Noei tekee korjauksen yksin eikä tarvitse seurakseen korjaavaa ainesta, mutta toisen lausuman kanssa esiintyessään ilmaus voi kumota laajemmankin jakson edeltävästä keskustelusta. Noei:llä tehty korjaus voi kohdistua myös keskustelun moodiin, jonka ilmaus saattaa siirtää humoristiseksi tai vakavaksi.