Extração de diversos íons do solo com solução normal de KCl

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo extrair e determinar diversos íons, como o alumínio, hidrogênio, cálcio e magnésio que se acham ligados aos colóides do solo por eletrovalência, em alguns solos do Município de Piracicaba. Além disso, constitui também finalidade dêste trabalho relacionar as diversas características dos solos estudados a fim de esclarecer vários aspectos considerados importantes na química do solo. Trinta e seis amostras de solos, correspondentes aos horizontes superficiais e subsuperficiais de dez séries do citado Município, foram submetidas à extração com solução 1 N de KCl e no extrato foram determinados os cátions já mencionados, além de determinar o pH em suspensão da solução 1 N em KCl. Nas mesmas amostras foram determinados: pH em suspensão aquosa, carbono total, cálcio, magnésio e potássio extraídos com solução 0,05 N de HNO3 e hidrogênio extraído com solução 1 N de acetato de cálcio com pH = 7,0. Os dados obtidos permitem concluir que a carga negativa permanente dos colóides dos solos estudados é muito baixa e que uma fração elevada da mesma é neutralizada pelo alumínio, em muitas das amostras analisadas. Verificou-se, também, que o teor de alumínio trocável correlaciona-se tanto com o pH determinado em suspensão aquosa, como com o determinado em suspensão de solução 1 N de CKl e com o hidrogênio, extraído com solução de acetato de cálcio 1 N com pH = 7,0. A porcentagem de saturação de bases, calculada em função da carga permanente e a calculada em função da extração das bases com solução de HNO3 0,05 N e da extração do hidrogênio com solução de acetato de cálcio 1N, pH = 7,0, correlacionam-se com o pH do solo. Finalmente, constatou-se que o teor de cálcio mais magnésio extraído com solução 1 N de KCl é equivalente ao extraído com solução 0,05 N de HNO3, indicando que, provàvelmente, os solos estudados não apresentam minerais silicatados ou carbonatados dos mencionados cátions.

Relação entre o alumínio extraível com KCl e oxalato de amônio e a mineralogia da fração argila, em solos ácidos brasileiros

Em solos ácidos de ambiente mais tropical com esmectitas, assim como em solos altamente tamponados de ambiente subtropical, contendo esmectita com hidroxi-Al entrecamadas (EHE) e, ou, vermiculita com hidroxi-Al entrecamadas (VHE), os teores de Al-KCl podem ser excepcionalmente altos; entretanto, em alguns casos não se manifestam efeitos fitotóxicos do elemento nas culturas. O Al "trocável" é tradicionalmente quantificado no extrato da solução de KCl 1 mol L-1 (Al-KCl), mas nem sempre esse elemento provém unicamente de formas trocáveis. Este trabalho objetivou investigar relações entre o Al extraído com solução de KCl e de oxalato de amônio com a mineralogia da fração argila. A quantificação do Al nos extratos de KCl e oxalato de amônio foi feita, respectivamente, por titulação com NaOH 0,02 mol L-1 padronizado e por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. Foram utilizadas amostras de dois horizontes (A e B) de 12 perfis de solo de cinco estados brasileiros (AC, PE, BA, RS e SC), com diferentes características mineralógicas, todos com teores de Al-KCl superior a 4 cmol c kg-1 no horizonte B. Dois perfis de SC (Rancho Queimado e Curitibanos), com níveis mais baixos de Al-KCl, foram incluídos para comparação. Os altos teores de Al-KCl evidenciaram-se relacionados com a mineralogia dos solos estudados. Nos solos ácidos com mais esmectitas, drenagem moderada ou imperfeita e oscilação do lençol freático houve evidências morfológicas, confirmadas pelas análises mineralógicas, de que no clima atual ocorre um processo de destruição de argilas, liberando Al que precipita como compostos amorfos. A alta concentração salina da solução de KCl dissolve parcialmente tais compostos, superestimando as formas trocáveis desse elemento, principalmente nos horizontes subsuperficiais. Nos solos ácidos do ambiente subtropical, os teores de Al-KCl também foram altos, embora com valores mais baixos do que nos com predomínio de esmectitas. Parte do Al-KCl nesses solos parece provir da dissolução de compostos orgânicos e de Al presente em entrecamadas de argilominerais 2:1. Os resultados demonstraram que o KCl 1 mol L-1 não foi adequado para estimar o Al "trocável" na maioria dos solos estudados.

Neutral atoms in ionic lattices: Excited states of KCl:Ag(0)

The optical-absorption spectrum of a cationic Ag0 atom in a KCl crystal has been studied theoretically by means of a series of cluster models of increasing size. Excitation energies have been determined by means of a multiconfigurational self-consistent field procedure followed by a second-order perturbation correlation treatment. Moreover results obtained within the density-functional framework are also reported. The calculations confirm the assignment of bands I and IV to transitions of the Ag-5s electron into delocalized states with mainly K-4s,4p character. Bands II and III have been assigned to internal transitions on the Ag atom, which correspond to the atomic Ag-4d to Ag-5s transition. We also determine the lowest charge transfer (CT) excitation energy and confirm the assignment of band VI to such a transition. The study of the variation of the CT excitation energy with the Ag-Cl distance R gives additional support to a large displacement of the Cl ions due to the presence of the Ag0 impurity. Moreover, from the present results, it is predicted that on passing to NaCl:Ag0 the CT onset would be out of the optical range while the 5s-5p transition would undergo a redshift of 0.3 eV. These conclusions, which underline the different character of involved orbitals, are consistent with experimental findings. The existence of a CT transition in the optical range for an atom inside an ionic host is explained by a simple model, which also accounts for the differences with the more common 3d systems. The present study sheds also some light on the R dependence of the s2-sp transitions due to s2 ions like Tl+.

Solubilidade do SrO em NaCl-Kcl fundido a 727ºC

The solubility product value of SrO has been found to be equal to 10-4,2 (molality scale) in molten equimolar mixture of NaCl and KCl at 727ºC, using a potentiometric method involving a calcia stabilized zirconia membrane electrode. This value, which is in a logical agreement with other alkaline-earth oxide determined solubilities, is compared to those of 10-5,8, 10-3,0 and 10-3,08 (molality scale) found in the litterature 33, 22 and 5 years ago, respectively. Such discrepencies have called the attention of the authors, their possible reasons (methodology, titrating agent) are analyzed and a theoretical discussion, for considering the authors' value as more reliable, is given in this paper.

Aumento da resolução de espectros de RMN 13C de ácidos húmicos em solução através do tratamento prévio com KCl 0,03 mol L-1

High levels of Fe and Mn present in some soils and compost organic matter decrease the resolution of 13C NMR spectra of humic substances. Addition of KCl up to a concentration of 0,03 mol L-1 to humic substances extracts followed by centrifugation is an efficient method of eliminating clays and minerals containing high levels of paramagnetic metals such as Fe and Mn thus increasing the resolution of 13C NMR spectra.

High concentrations of KCl release noradrenaline from noradrenergic neurons in the rat anococcygeus muscle

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of high concentrations of KCl in releasing noradrenaline from sympathetic nerves and its actions on postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors. We measured the isotonic contractions induced by KCl in the isolated rat anococcygeus muscle under different experimental conditions. The contractile responses induced by KCl were inhibited by alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists in 2.5 mM Ca2+ solution. Prazosin reduced the maximum effect from 100 to 53.9 ± 10.2% (P<0.05) while the pD2 values were not changed. The contractile responses induced by KCl were abolished by prazosin in Ca2+-free solution (P<0.05). Treatment of the rats with reserpine reduced the maximum effect induced by KCl as compared to the contractile responses induced by acetylcholine from 339.5 ± 157.8 to 167.3 ± 65.5% (P<0.05), and increased the pD2 from 1.57 ± 0.01 to 1.65 ± 0.006 (P<0.05), but abolished the inhibitory effect of prazosin (P<0.05). In contrast, L-NAME increased the contractile responses induced by 120 mM KCl by 6.2 ± 2.3% (P<0.05), indicating that KCl could stimulate the neurons that release nitric oxide, an inhibitory component of the contractile response induced by KCl. Our results indicate that high concentrations of KCl induce the release of noradrenaline from noradrenergic neurons, which interacts with alpha1-adrenoceptors in smooth muscle cells, producing a contractile response in 2.5 mM Ca2+ (100%) and in Ca2+-free solution, part of which is due to a direct effect of KCl on the rat anococcygeus muscle.

Neutral atoms in ionic lattices: Excited states of KCl:Ag(0)

The optical-absorption spectrum of a cationic Ag0 atom in a KCl crystal has been studied theoretically by means of a series of cluster models of increasing size. Excitation energies have been determined by means of a multiconfigurational self-consistent field procedure followed by a second-order perturbation correlation treatment. Moreover results obtained within the density-functional framework are also reported. The calculations confirm the assignment of bands I and IV to transitions of the Ag-5s electron into delocalized states with mainly K-4s,4p character. Bands II and III have been assigned to internal transitions on the Ag atom, which correspond to the atomic Ag-4d to Ag-5s transition. We also determine the lowest charge transfer (CT) excitation energy and confirm the assignment of band VI to such a transition. The study of the variation of the CT excitation energy with the Ag-Cl distance R gives additional support to a large displacement of the Cl ions due to the presence of the Ag0 impurity. Moreover, from the present results, it is predicted that on passing to NaCl:Ag0 the CT onset would be out of the optical range while the 5s-5p transition would undergo a redshift of 0.3 eV. These conclusions, which underline the different character of involved orbitals, are consistent with experimental findings. The existence of a CT transition in the optical range for an atom inside an ionic host is explained by a simple model, which also accounts for the differences with the more common 3d systems. The present study sheds also some light on the R dependence of the s2-sp transitions due to s2 ions like Tl+.

Influência da adição do NaCl e KCl em sistemas de pastas contendo sílica para poços de petróleo em zonas evaporíticas e carbonáticas

One of the major challenges faced nowadays by oil companies is the exploration of pre-salt basins. Thick salt layers were formed in remote ages as a consequence of the evaporation of sea water containing high concentrations of NaCl and KCl. Deep reservoirs can be found below salt formations that prevent the outflow of oil, thus improving the success in oil prospection. The slurries used in the cement operations of salt layers must be adequate to the properties of those specific formations. At the same time, their resulting properties are highly affected by the contamination of salt in the fresh state. It is t herefore important to address the effects of the presence of salt in the cement slurries in order to assure that the well sheath is able to fulfill its main role to provide zonal isolation and mechanical stability. In this scenario, the objective of the present thesis work was to evaluate the effect of the presence of NaCl and KCl premixed with cement and 40% silica flour on the behavior of cement slurries. Their effect in the presence of CO2 was also investigated. The rheological behavior of slurries containing NaCl and KCl was evaluated along with their mechanical strength. Thermal and microstructural tests were also carried out. The results revealed that the presence of NaCl and KCl affected the pozzolanic activity of silica flour, reducing the strength of the hardened slurries containing salt. Friedel´s salt was formed as a result of the bonding between free Cl- and tricalcium aluminate. The presence of CO2 also contributed to the degradation of the slurries as a result of a process of carbonation/bicarbonataion

MAGNETOOPTICAL PROPERTIES OF F-2(+) CENTER IN KCL-SH-

The magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) of F2+ centers in KCl:SH- has been measured in absorption in the 1ssigma(g) --> 2p(y)pi(u) transitions at 493 and 509 nm, with fields up to 5 T and in the temperature range 1.5 K < T < 77 K. Within the limit of detection, no MCD is observed in the near infrared transition 1ssigma(g) --> 2psigma(u) as well as in both emissions 2ppi(u) --> 1ssigma(g) and 2psigma(u) --> 1ssigma(g). The optical detection of EPR in the F2+ ground state presents an isotropic single band with g = 1.965 +/- 0.007. The spin-lattice relaxation measured at H = 0.32 T is typical of a direct process T-1 = 4.3 x 10(-2_ coth (gmu(B)H/2k(B)T). The spectral variation of the MCD is calculated using perturbation theory to first order. The Hamiltonian includes the spin-orbit interaction in the 2ppi(u) excited state and the orbital molecular wave functions are obtained by a linear combination of 1s and 2p atomic orbitals. The calculated MCD is in good agreement with the observed one, for the spin-orbit interaction strength Pound(z) = 3.6 meV.

Study of KCl + x% in and KCl + y% TlCl thin films

The present work reports the study of KCl thin films doped with In+ or Tl+. Both systems show optical absorption bands similar to single crystals. As the impurity concentration increases, so does the absorption as also the half band width, unlike in KCl: Cu+ films. Further experimental techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron micrographs and energy dispersive X-ray observations were used and comparative analysis with KCl : Cu+ films reveals new conditions for better crystallinity of the samples.

Uniformidade de distribuição temporal e espacial do KCL na fertirrigação, em um sistema de irrigação por gotejamento

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Adubação com KCl revestido na cultura do milho no Cerrado

The use of coated potassium chloride can provide greater absorption of potassium resulting in the alteration of leaf contents, production components and grain yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of potassium doses using potassium chloride conventional or coated by polymer, in the corn crop under conditions of brazilian Savanna with low altitude. The experiment was conducted in Selviria, MS, Brazil, in a clayey Oxisol. The treatments consisted of four doses of K2O (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha(-1)), applied at sowing, and two sources: potassium chloride and potassium chloride coated by polymers. A randomized block design with eight treatments and four replications was used. The coated KCl is not efficient under the soil and climatic conditions studied, because it provided results similar to the conventional KCl for the K foliar content, crop components and grain yield of irrigated corn. The increment of K2O doses influenced positively the K and chlorophyll leaf contents, plant and spike insertion height and the number of rows and grains per spike. The maximum mean yield obtained was with 83.5 kg ha(-1) of K2O.

Fonte alternativa de K obtida da produção de KCl a partir da rocha silicática potássica (verdete) na cultura de milho

Para produzir o termopotássio e, até mesmo, o KCl, a rocha silicática potássica (verdete) passa pelo processo de calcinação. Neste processo é gerado um resíduo denominado coproduto que contém em sua composição química 3% a 4% de K2O, Ca, Mg e Si e apresenta baixa solubilidade em água. O presente trabalho objetivou testar a hipótese de que doses de K2O na forma de coproduto fornecem potássio para as plantas de milho em menor quantidade do que as mesmas doses na forma de KCl, inclusive no estudo do efeito residual, e que o potássio extraído do solo pela resina trocadora de íons tem maior correlação com as quantidades de potássio absorvida pela planta de milho do que com o potássio extraído pela solução extratora de Mehlich-1. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, onde foram realizados dois cultivos consecutivos de milho em amostras de Neossolo Quartizarênico órtico. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados com duas fontes de K (KCl e coproduto), três doses de K2O (0, 200 e 400 kg ha-1) e quatro repetições, totalizando 24 unidades experimentais. Foram determinados os teores de potássio extraído da amostra de solo pela solução extratora de Mehlich-1 e resina trocadora de íons, a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea das plantas de milho, os teores e o acumulo de potássio nas plantas após o primeiro e o segundo cultivo. Em dois cultivos consecutivos das plantas de milho, a aplicação de 200 e 400 kg ha-1 de K2O na forma de KCl proporcionou o acumulo de potássio na parte aérea das plantas de 77 e 84% maior do que aplicação dessas mesmas doses de K2O na forma de coproduto, respectivamente. A aplicação de 200 e 400 kg ha-1 de K2O na forma de coproduto proporcionou aumentos no acumulo de potássio da parte aérea das plantas de milho de 66 e 75% em relação ao controle (sem K2O), respectivamente. A recuperação de potássio pelas plantas de milho tratadas com KCl foi de 92% e as plantas...