X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and Raman scattering study of K2BeF4 and comparation to other member of the (beta)-K2SO4 family with ferroelectric -paraelectric transition

Thermal analysis, powder diffraction, and Raman scattering as a function of the temperature were carried out on K2BeF4. Moreover, the crystal structure was determined at 293 K from powder diffraction. The compound shows a transition from Pna21 to Pnam space group at 921 K with a transition enthalpy of 5 kJ/mol. The transition is assumed to be first order because the compound shows metastability. Structurally and spectroscopically the transition is similar to those observed in (NH4)2SO4, which suggests that the low-temperature phase is ferroelectric. In order to confirm it, the spontaneous polarization has been computed using an ionic model.

X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and Raman scattering study of K2BeF4 and comparation to other member of the (beta)-K2SO4 family with ferroelectric -paraelectric transition

Thermal analysis, powder diffraction, and Raman scattering as a function of the temperature were carried out on K2BeF4. Moreover, the crystal structure was determined at 293 K from powder diffraction. The compound shows a transition from Pna21 to Pnam space group at 921 K with a transition enthalpy of 5 kJ/mol. The transition is assumed to be first order because the compound shows metastability. Structurally and spectroscopically the transition is similar to those observed in (NH4)2SO4, which suggests that the low-temperature phase is ferroelectric. In order to confirm it, the spontaneous polarization has been computed using an ionic model.

X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and Raman scattering study of K2BeF4 and comparation to other member of the (beta)-K2SO4 family with ferroelectric -paraelectric transition

Thermal analysis, powder diffraction, and Raman scattering as a function of the temperature were carried out on K2BeF4. Moreover, the crystal structure was determined at 293 K from powder diffraction. The compound shows a transition from Pna21 to Pnam space group at 921 K with a transition enthalpy of 5 kJ/mol. The transition is assumed to be first order because the compound shows metastability. Structurally and spectroscopically the transition is similar to those observed in (NH4)2SO4, which suggests that the low-temperature phase is ferroelectric. In order to confirm it, the spontaneous polarization has been computed using an ionic model.

Lyotropic mixture made of potassium laurate/1-undecanol/K2SO4/water presenting high birefringences and large biaxial nematic phase domain: a laser conoscopy study

The lyotropic liquid crystalline quaternary mixture made of potassium laurate (KL), potassium sulphate, 1-undecanol and water was investigated by experimental optical methods (optical microscopy and laser conoscopy). In a particular temperature and relative concentrations range, the three nematic phases (two uniaxial and one biaxial) were identified. The biaxial domain in the temperature/KL concentration surface is larger when compared to other lyotropic mixtures. Moreover, this new mixture gives nematic phases with higher birefringence than similar systems. The behavior of the symmetric tensor order parameter invariants sigma(3) and sigma(2) calculated from the measured optical birefringences supports that the uniaxial-to-biaxial transitions are of second order, described by a mean-field theory.

Effect of alkyl chain length of alcohols on nematic uniaxial-to-biaxial phase transitions in a potassium laurate/alcohol/K2SO4/water lyotropic mixture

Lyotropic liquid crystalline quaternary mixtures of potassium laurate (KL), potassium sulphate (K2SO4)/alcohol (n-OH)/water, with the alcohols having different numbers of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain (n), from 1-octanol to 1-hexadecanol, were investigated by optical techniques (optical microscopy and laser conoscopy). The biaxial nematic phase domain is present in a window of values of n = n(KL) +/- 2, where n(KL) = 11 is the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain of KL. The biaxial phase domain became smaller and the uniaxial-to-biaxial phase transition temperatures shifted to relatively higher temperatures upon going from 1-nonanol to 1-tridecanol. Moreover, compared with other lyotropic mixtures these new mixtures present high birefringence values, which we expect to be related to the micellar shape anisotropy. Our results are interpreted assuming that alcohol molecules tend to segregate in the micelles in a way that depends on the relative value of n with respect to nKL. The larger the value of n, the more alcohol molecules tend to be located in the curved parts of the micelle, favoring the uniaxial nematic calamitic phase with respect to the biaxial and uniaxial discotic nematic phases.

Produção da bananeira 'Prata anã'(AAB) em função de diferentes doses e fontes de potássio

Dentre os nutrientes exigidos pela bananeira, o K é o que mais influencia na produção desta cultura. Este trabalho teve por objetivos comparar os efeitos de duas fontes de K (cloreto de potássio e sulfato de potássio) sobre a produção, bem como estimar as doses de K para obter a máxima eficiência física (MEF) e econômica (MEE) e determinar o nível crítico de K na folha da bananeira 'Prata anã' (AAB) irrigada, cultivada na região semiárida do norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil. O experimento foi realizado em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LVA), textura média. Os tratamentos foram originados do fatorial (4 x 2), sendo quatro doses de K (0, 400, 800 e 1200 kg /ha ano de K2O) e duas fontes de K (KCl e K2SO4), gerando oito tratamentos, que foram distribuídos em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Não houve diferenças entre os efeitos do KCl e K2SO4 sobre a produção da bananeira. A análise econômica demonstrou que o KCl apresentou maior viabilidade para ser utilizado como fonte de K. As doses estimadas para a MEF nos 2º e 3º ciclos de produção, utilizando-se o KCl, foram de 827 e 835 kg ha-1 ano-1 de K2O, respectivamente. Já para a MEE, as doses foram de 157 e 670 kg/ha ano de K2O, respectivamente. Os níveis críticos foliares de K, obtidos nos 2º e 3º ciclos de produção, foram de 2,85 dag kg-1 para a MEF e, para a MEE, de 2,41 e 2,80 dag kg-1, respectivamente.

Nitrogen fractions in the microbial biomass in soils of southern Brazil

The reaction of nitrogen compounds with ninhydrin can be used as an indicator of cytoplasmic materials released from microbial cells killed by fumigation. Total-N, ninhydrin-reactive-N (NR-N), ammonium-N (A-N), and α-amino-N in the microbial biomass of soils from the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were determined, in 1996, in 0.5 mol L-1 K2SO4 extracts of fumigated and non-fumigated soils. Total-N varied from 20.3 to 104.4 mg kg-1 and the ninhydrin-reactive-N corresponded, in average, to 27% of this. The ninhydrin-reactive-N was made up of 67% ammonium-N and 33% aminoacids with the amino group at the α-carbon position. It was concluded that colorimetric analysis of NR-N and A-N may be used as a direct measure of microbial N in soil. This simple and rapid procedure is adequate for routine analyses.

Lixiviação de metais pesados em solos tratados com lodo de esgoto

Foi realizado um experimento em tubos de percolação, utilizando-se três solos, classificados como Areia Quartzosa (AQ), Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LV) e Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro (LE), aos quais foram incorporadas sucessivas quantidades de lodo de esgoto, totalizando uma dose correspondente a 156,0 t ha-1 (base seca), num período de incubação de 310 dias. Após este período, os solos foram tratados com água ou com soluções de sais (KCl 0,9 mol L-1; KNO3 0,9 mol L-1; K2SO4 0,3 mol L-1 e Ca(NO3)2 0,3 mol L-1), adicionadas em quantidade correspondente a quatro vezes a capacidade de retenção de água dos solos. No líquido percolado pela passagem das soluções salinas, foram determinadas as quantidades de Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni e Zn presentes e, no percolado obtido com a passagem de água, além dos metais anteriormente citados, foram determinadas também as quantidades de Ca2+ e Mg2+. Os resultados permitiram observar que a adição de KCl provocou o arraste de 5% do Cd adicionado via lodo aos solos LV e LE; para os outros sais utilizados e para a água, esse arraste nunca foi superior a 2% do metal pesado adicionado via lodo. A retenção de Cd, Cu, Cr e Ni aumentou com a elevação dos teores de óxidos de Fe e Al presentes nos solos. Os elevados valores de pH e o aumento no teor de matéria orgânica proporcionado pela adição de lodo refletiram também na menor mobilidade dos metais. Os sais KCl e K2SO4 aumentaram a mobilidade de alguns dos metais estudados.

Uso do DRIS na avaliação do estado nutricional do cafeeiro em resposta à adubação potássica

Foram realizados dois experimentos de campo nas Fazendas Experimentais da EPAMIG (MG) em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico (LVdf) de São Sebastião do Paraíso e Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico (LVAd) de Patrocínio, com o objetivo de avaliar o estado nutricional do cafeeiro por meio do índice de balanço nutricional fornecido pelo DRIS, em resposta à adubação potássica. Os experimentos foram instalados, utilizando-se delineamento de blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas, empregando-se nas parcelas três fontes de K: cloreto de potássio (KCl), sulfato de potássio (K2SO4) e nitrato de potássio (KNO3) e, nas subparcelas, quatro doses de K (0, 100, 200 e 400 kg ha-1), com quatro repetições. Obtiveram-se as produções e os teores foliares dos nutrientes, durante o período de 1995 a 1998, para o cálculo do DRIS, com vistas em efetuar o diagnóstico nutricional do cafeeiro e a qualidade dos grãos (medida pela atividade enzimática da polifenoloxidase). Pelo DRIS, o diagnóstico do estado nutricional do cafeeiro foi consistente em avaliar a resposta à adubação potássica, em que o excesso dos nutrientes das fontes aplicadas influenciou mais intensamente a produção de grãos do que a qualidade da bebida do café.

Effect of potassium sources on the antioxidant activity of eggplant¹

Potassium participates in the essential processes in plant physiology, however, the effects of K sources on plant metabolism have been little studied. Also, in certain cases, K sources and concentrations may cause undesirable effects, e.g., soil salinization. The objective was to evaluate the effect of K sources and levels on the enzyme activity of the antioxidant system and protein content in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) leaves and to determine the most suitable K sources for these physiological characteristics. The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks, in a 2 × 4 factorial design, consisting of two K sources (KCl and K2SO4) and rates (250, 500, 750, and 1000 kg ha-1 K2O), with four replications. The following variables were evaluated: plant height, number of leaves per plant, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and leaf protein content. There was an increase in CAT activity with increasing K levels until 30 days after transplanting (DAT), when K2SO4 was applied and until 60 DAT, when KCl was used; after this period, the enzyme activity decreased under both sources. The activity of SOD increased in the presence of KCl, but was reduced with the application of K2SO4. For both K sources, increasing rates reduced the protein content and number of leaves per plant, and this reduction was greater under KCl application. Thus it was concluded that KCl tends more strongly to salinize the soil than K2SO4. Both for KCl and for K2SO4, the increasing rates adversely affected the activities of CAT and SOD and the levels of leaf protein in eggplant. The potential of KCl to reduce the enzyme activity of SOD and CAT, leaf protein content and plant growth of eggplant was stronger than that of K2SO4.

Fontes e doses de potássio na produção e qualidade do grão de café beneficiado

Um experimento de campo foi instalado num Latossolo Roxo distrófico, localizado na Fazenda Experimental da EPAMIG, São Sebastião do Paraíso, MG, em fevereiro de 1993, utilizando-se a espécie Coffea arabica L., cultivar Catuaí Vermelho, linhagem LCH 2077-2-5-44, para estudar o efeito de fontes e doses de K na produção e qualidade do grão de café beneficiado. Foi utilizado delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, utilizando-se três fontes de K nas parcelas (KCl, K2SO4 e K2SO4.2MgSO4) e quatro doses nas subparcelas (0, 100, 200 e 400 g cova-1 de K). Foi conduzido até outubro de 1994, tendo sido avaliados em 1993 e 1994, a produção, as variáveis qualitativas dos grãos beneficiados e os teores de K, Mg, S e Cl nas folhas e grãos. Não existe resposta de produção, em dois anos, às fontes e doses de K. Nas variáveis qualitativas dos grãos verificou-se maior atividade da polifenoloxidase e menor acidez titulável total, em 1993, com o K2SO4. Em 1994, houve a mesma tendência quanto à atividade da polifenoloxidase e acidez titulável total, apresentando maior índice de coloração e resposta favorável ao incremento dos teores de açúcar total. O K2SO4 promove melhor qualidade do grão de café beneficiado.

Seed priming and sulfur effects on soybean cell membrane stability and yield in saline soil

The objective of this work was to determine the effects of seed priming and sulfur application on cell membrane characteristics, seedling emergence, chlorophyll content and grain yield of soybean (Glycine max) in saline soil. A complete-block design in 4x3 factorial arrangement with three replicates was used to test four types of seed priming (water, auxin, gibberellin and non-priming) and three levels of sulfate availability (0, 70 and 140 kg ha-1 K2SO4). The soil had a silty loam texture with an electrical conductivity of 3.61 ds m-1, a pH of 8.2 and a saturation percentage of about 46%. Seed priming had significant effects on mean emergence rate (MER), emergence percentage, relative water content (RWC) of leaves, relative chlorophyll content, time of maturity, shoot length and grain yield. The highest values for these variables were observed in the priming treatments, except for the time of maturity. Sulfur application had significant effects on MER, shoot length, RWC, membrane injury index and grain yield. Priming treatments provide greater emergence rates and grain yields and interact sinergicaly with sulfur rates.

Carbono da biomassa microbiana em Latossolos determinado por oxidação úmida e combustão a temperatura elevada

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as relações entre os métodos de oxidação úmida e combustão a alta temperatura, utilizados em determinações do carbono da biomassa microbiana, e verificar a necessidade do uso de fatores de correção entre os dois métodos. Foram utilizadas 96 amostras de solo, coletadas à profundidade de 0-10 cm em Latossolos Vermelhos argilosos de Cerrado, sob cultivos anuais, pastagens, eucalipto e vegetação nativa. O carbono da biomassa microbiana foi determinado a partir de extratos de K2SO4, pelo método de fumigação-extração, por meio de oxidação úmida com dicromato de potássio com aquecimento externo, e por combustão a alta temperatura em analisador de C orgânico total. Observou-se relação linear positiva e significativa entre os teores de C orgânico determinados pelos dois métodos. O método de combustão a alta temperatura detecta, em média, 6,3% mais C orgânico do que o método por oxidação úmida.

Potassium fertilization for pineapple: effects on plant growth and fruit yield

A field experiment with pineapple (Smooth Cayenne) was carried out on an Ultisol located in the city of Agudos (22º30'S; 49º03'W), in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, with the objective of investigating the effects of rates and sources of potassium fertilizer on plant growth and fruit yield. The experiment was a complete factorial design (4x3) with four rates (0, 175, 350, and 700 kg ha-1 of K2O) and three combinations of K sources (100% KCl, 100% K2SO4, and 40% K2SO4 + 60% KCl). Plant growth and fruit yield were evaluated. Biomass accumulation of pineapple plants was impaired by chlorine added with potassium chloride. Fruit yield increased with potassium fertilization. At high rates of K application, fertilization with K2SO4 showed better results than with KCl. Detrimental effects of KCl were associated with excess of chlorine.

Potassium fertilization for pineapple: effects on soil chemical properties and plant nutrition

A field experiment was carried out on an Ultisol located at the city of Agudos (22º30'S; 49º03'W), in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, in order to determine the effects of rates and sources of potassium fertilizer on nutritional status of 'Smooth Cayenne' pineapple and on some soil chemical properties. The experiment was a complete factorial design with four rates (0, 175, 350, and 700 kg ha-1 of K2O) and three combinations of K sources (100% KCl, 100% K2SO4 and 40% K2SO4 + 60% KCl). Soil samples were taken from the depths 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm at planting and 14 months after. Nutritional status of pineapple plants was assessed by means of tissue analysis. Soil K availability increased with application of K fertilizer, regardless of K sources. Soil chlorine and Cl concentration in pineapple leaves increased with application of KCl or K2SO4+KCl. Plant uptake of potassium was shaped by soil K availability and by the application rates of K fertilizer, independently of K sources.