Autoteollisuus Itä-Euroopassa

Työssä tarkastellaan Itä-Euroopan autoteollisuutta ja pyritään selvittämään, miksi autoteollisuus on siirtänyt valmistustaan Itä-Eurooppaan. Lisäksi arvioidaan, miten autoteollisuus on onnistunut investoinneissaan ja pohditaan, miten autoteollisuuden investoinnit ovat vaikuttaneet sekä kohdemaihin että autoyhtiöihin. Työ on rajattu käsittelemään pääasiallisesti henkilöautojen valmistusta Unkarissa, Puolassa, Romaniassa, Slovakiassa ja Tshekissä. Autoteollisuuden siirtyminen Itä-Eurooppaan tapahtui kahdessa aallossa. Ensimmäiset yritykset perustivat tehtaan epävakaaseen liiketoimintaympäristöön jo heti kommunismin romahdettua. Tällöin houkuttimena oli erityisesti edullinen työvoima. Toisessa aallossa saapuivat aasialaiset autotehtaat 2000-luvulla. Nykyisin autoyhtiöt perustelevat sijoituksiaan alueen kasvavalla kysynnällä. Kuitenkin nyt vaikuttaa siltä, että suuntaus olisi muuttumassa ja uudet tehdasinvestoinnit kohdistuisivat Aasian kasvaville markkinoille.

Interdependence of Emerging Eastern European stock markets

One of the main developments in the global economy during the past decades has been the growth of emerging economies. Projections for their long-term growth, changes in the investment climate, corporate transparency and demography point to an increasing role for these emerging economies in the global economy. Today, emerging economies are usually considered as financial markets offering opportunities for high returns, good risk diversification and improved return-to-risk ratios. However, researchers have noted that these advantages may be in decline because of the increasing market integration. Nevertheless, it is likely that certain financial markets and specific sectors will remain partially segmented and somewhat insulated from the global economy for the year to come. This doctoral dissertation investigates several stock markets in Emerging Eastern Europe (EEE), including the ones in Russia, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Bulgaria and Slovenia. The objective is to analyze the returns and financial risks in these emerging markets from international investor’s point of view. This study also examines the segmentation/integration of these financial markets and the possibilities to diversify and hedge financial risk. The dissertation is divided into two parts. The first includes a review of the theoretical background for the articles and a review of the literature on EEE stock markets. It includes an overview of the methodology and research design applied in the analysis and a summary of articles from the second part of this dissertation and their main findings. The second part consists of four research publications. This work contributes to studies on emerging stock markets in four ways. First, it adds to the body of research on the pricing of risk, providing new empirical evidence about partial stock market segmentation in EEE. The results suggest that the aggregate emerging market risk is a relevant driver for stock market returns and that this market risk can be used to price financial instruments and forecast their performance. Second, it contributes to the empirical research on the integration of stock markets, asset prices and exchange rates by identifying the relationships between these markets through volatility and asset pricing. The results show that certain sectors of stock markets in EEE are not as integrated as others. For example, the Polish consumer goods sector, the Hungarian telecommunications sector, and the Czech financial sector are somewhat isolated from their counterparts elsewhere in Europe. Nevertheless, an analysis of the impact of EU accession in 2004 on stock markets suggests that most of the EEE markets are becoming increasingly integrated with the global markets. Third, this thesis complements the scientific literature in the field of shock and volatility spillovers by examining the mechanism of spillover distribution among the EU and EEE countries. The results illustrate that spillovers in emerging markets are mostly from a foreign exchange to the stock markets. Moreover, the results show that the effects of external shocks on stock markets have increased after the enlargement of the EU in 2004. Finally, this study is unique because it analyzes the effects of foreign macroeconomic news on geographically closely related countries. The results suggest that the effects of macroeconomic announcements on volatility are significant and have effect that varies across markets and their sectors. Moreover, the results show that the foreign macroeconomic news releases, somewhat surprisingly, have a greater effect on the EEE markets than the local macroeconomic news. This dissertation has a number of implications for the industry and for practitioners. It analyses financial risk associated with investing in Emerging Eastern Europe. Investors may use this information to construct and optimize investment portfolios. Moreover, this dissertation provides insights for investors and portfolio managers considering asset allocation to protect value or obtain higher returns. The results have also implications for asset pricing and portfolio selection in light of macroeconomic news releases.

EKP:n rahapolitiikan päätöksenteko ja EU:n itälaajeneminen

Abstract: Monetary policy decision making in the ECB and the EU's Eastern enlargement