Colisões periféricas de íons pesados

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efeitos de alta densidade em processos Drell-Yan de altas energias

Um dos problemas teóricos mais importantes da Física de Partículas de Altas Energias é a investigação de efeitos de alta densidade na Cromodinâmica Quântica (QCD), que é a teoria que descreve as interações fortes. Tais efeitos são importantes pois determinam os observáveis em colisõesde altas energias. Em processos hadrônicos de energia suficientemente alta, espera-se a formação de sistemas densos o suficiente para que efeitos não lineares de QCD passem a ser significativos na descrição e na unitarização da seção de choque. Na descrição de processos de espalhamento de altas energias, evidências experimentais indicam que os hádrons são constituídos por partículas puntuais, as quais chamamos de pártons. Os pártons carregam uma fração x do momentum total do hádron, e são de dois tipos, quarks e glúons. Na interação entre as partículas ocorre a troca de momentum, definida como Q2. A descrição perturbativa padrão para a evolução dinâmica das distribuições de quarks q(x, Q2) e glúons g(x, Q2), pode ser dada pelas equações de evolução DGLAP, e tem obtido sucesso na descrição dos resultados experimentais para as presentes energias. Na evolução DGLAP, são considerados apenas processos de emissão, como a emissão de um glúon por um quark, o decaimento de um glúon em um par de quarks ou em um par de glúons Estes processos de emissão tendem a aumentar a densidade de pártons na região de pequeno momentum, levando a um crescimento ilimitado das distribuições partônicas para x -+ O. Assim, é esperado que o crescimento da densidade de pártons leve a interação e recombinação destas partículas, dando origem a termos não lineares nas equações de evolução. O resultado seria um processo de saturação das distribuições de pártons na região de alta energia e pequena fração de momentum. Os efeitos que dão origem à redução do crescimento das distribuições de quarks e glúons em relação a evolução linear são chamados genericamente de efeitos de sombreamento. Um dos aspectos fenomenológicosinteressantes a ser investigado no regime cinemático abordado acima é o processo Drell-Yan de alta energia, o qual consiste em processos de espalhamento pp, pA e AA com a produção de pares de léptons. Com o advento dos novos aceleradores, novos resultados experimentais estarão disponíveis na literatura relacionados com este processo. Em nosso trabalho investigamos os efeitos das correções de unitariedade em processos pp, bem como os efeitos devido a presença do meio nuclear em colisõespA e AA, nas distribuições de quarks e glúons, para a descrição da seção de choque diferencial para o processo Drell-Yan em colisõespp, pA e AA, para energias existentes nos novos aceleradores RHIC (Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider) e LHC (Large Ion Collider). Os efeitos de alta densidade são baseados no formalismo de Glauber-Mueller. Os resultados aqui apresentados mostram que os efeitos de alta densidade nas distribuições partônicas são importantes para altas energias, pois a descrição da seção de choque para o processo Drell-Yan, quando os efeitos de alta densidade são considerados, apresenta significativas diferenças da descrição onde não considera-se tais efeitos.

Supressão de J/[psi] em processos próton-núcleo e núcleo-núcleo devido aos efeitos de alta densidade

A supressão da produção do méson J/Ψ em colisões de íons pesados tem sido apontada como um sinal da formação de um estado desconfinado da matéria - o Plasma de Quarks e Glúons. Este sinal, por em, não e inequívoco e muitos modelos, que não assumem a formação do plasma, podem descrever igualmente bem os resultados da colaboração NA50, no CERN, que apontou uma supressão anômala, não explicada pela absorção nuclear, nas colisões mais centrais entre íons de chumbo. De modo geral, estes modelos, considerando ou não a formação do plasma, procuram explicar os resultados experimentais através de mecanismos que causam a supressão no estado final da colisão, isto e, mecanismos que agem sobre as partículas produzidas na colisão. Por outro lado, para núcleos pesados e em processos envolvendo altas energias, as distribuições partônicas nucleares são alteradas em relação as distribuições para nucleons livres. Estas alterações ocorrem devido ao fato das dimensões do nucleon serem um limite geométrico para o crescimento das distribuições - seu vínculo de unitariedade - pois o meio nuclear, em altas energias, apresenta uma alta densidade partônica. A existência deste vínculo de unitariedade requer modificações das distribuições partônicas, o que deve ser considerado nos cálculos das seções de choque nucleares. Tais modificações afetam a produção de hádrons no estado final, diminuindo sua taxa de produção. Nesse trabalho, investigamos a inclusão dos efeitos de alta densidade nas distribuições partônicas para o tratamento da supressão de J/Ψ em colisões envolvendo alvos nucleares. Estes efeitos são decorrentes do aumento da distribuição de glúions na região de pequeno x (altas energias). A evolução DGLAP, que considera apenas a emissão de pártons, prevê um crescimento ilimitado da distribuição de glúons nesta região, quebrando assim o vínculo da unitariedade. Por isso, o mecanismo de recombinação partônica passa a contribuir para restaurar a unitariedade. Estes efeitos de recombinação, basicamente, são tratados como os efeitos de alta densidade referidos nesse trabalho, alterando as distribuições partônicas nucleares. Utilizamos processos próton-núcleo para estimar a magnitude destes efeitos, uma vez que estes processos não apresentam um meio nuclear tão denso quanto o proporcionado por colisões núcleo-núcleo. Esta premissa torna os processos próton-núcleo testes mais confiaveis para a investigação dos efeitos de alta densidade. Analisamos em especial a razão entre as taxas de produção do méson J/Ψ e do par de léptons, via processo Drell- Yan, uma vez que este observável e utilizado para apontar a supressão na produção de J/Ψ . Estendemos esta análise para processos núcleo-núcleo, onde novos mecanismos de supressão, entre eles a formação do Plasma de Quarks e Glúons são esperados. Os resultados aqui apresentados mostram que a inclusão dos efeitos de alta densidade introduz uma supressão adicional na produção de J/Ψ , que se torna mais significativa com o aumento da energia do processo. Nossa conclusão e, portanto, que estes efeitos devem ser incorporados na análise deste sinal em experimentos realizados em RHIC e LHC.

Remoção de metais pesados em efluentes sintéticos utilizando vermiculita como adsorvente

Heavy metals are used in many industrial processestheirs discard can harm fel effects to the environment, becoming a serious problem. Many methods used for wastewater treatment have been reported in the literature, but many of them have high cost and low efficiency. The adsorption process has been used as effective for the metal remoal ions. This paper presents studies to evaluate the adsorption capacity of vermiculite as adsorbent for the heavy metals removal in a synthetic solution. The mineral vermiculite was characterized by differents techniques: specific surface area analysis by BET method, X-ray diffraction, raiosX fluorescence, spectroscopy in the infraredd region of, laser particle size analysis and specific gravity. The physical characteristics of the material presented was appropriate for the study of adsorption. The adsorption experiments weredriveal finite bath metod in synthetic solutions of copper, nickel, cadmium, lead and zinc. The results showed that the vermiculite has a high potential for adsorption, removing about 100% of ions and with removal capacity values about 85 ppm of metal in solution, 8.09 mg / g for cadmium, 8.39 mg/g for copper, 8.40 mg/g for lead, 8.26 mg/g for zinc and 8.38 mg/g of nickel. The experimental data fit in the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The kinetic datas showed a good correlation with the pseudo-second order model. It was conducteas a competition study among the metals using vermiculiti a adsorbent. Results showed that the presence of various metals in solution does not influence their removal at low concentrations, removing approximat wasely 100 % of all metals present in solutions

Estudo de adsorvente obtido de terras diatomáceas para remoção de metais pesados em águas produzidas: processamento, caracterização e dinâmica em leito fixo

The acceleration of industrial growth in recent decades on all continents aroused the interest of the companies to counter the impacts produced on the environment, spurred primarily by major disasters in the petroleum industry. In this context, the water produced is responsible for the largest volume of effluent from the production and extraction of oil and natural gas. This effluent has in its composition some critical components such as inorganic salts, heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, ), presence of oil and chemicals added in the various production processes. In response to impact, have been triggered by research alternative adsorbent materials for water treatment and water produced, in order to removing oils and acids and heavy metals. Many surveys of diatomaceous earth (diatomite) in Brazil involve studies on the physico-chemical, mineral deposits, extraction, processing and applications. The official estimated Jazi are around 2.5 million tonnes, the main located in the states of Bahia (44%) and Rio Grande do Norte (37,4%). Moreover, these two states appear as large offshore producers, earning a prominent role in research of adsorbents such as diatomite for treatment of water produced. Its main applications are as an agent of filtration, adsorption of oils and greases, industrial load and thermal insulator. The objective of this work was the processing and characterization of diatomite diatomaceous earth obtained from the municipality of Macaíba-RN (known locally as tabatinga) as a low cost regenerative adsorbent for removal of heavy metals in the application of water produced treatment. In this work we adopted a methodology for batch processing, practiced by small businesses located in producing regions of Brazil. The characterization was made by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and specific surface area (BET). Research conducted showed that the improvement process used was effective for small volume production of diatomite concentrated. The diatomite obtained was treated by calcination at temperature of 900 oC for 2 hours, with and without fluxing Na2CO3 (4%), according to optimal results in the literature. Column adsorption experiments were conducted to percolation of the in nature, calcined and calcined fluxing diatomites. Effluent was used as a saline solution containing ions of Cu, Zn, Na, Ca and Mg simulating the composition of produced waters in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The breakthrough curves for simultaneous removal of copper ions and zinc as a result, 84.3% for calcined diatomite and diatomite with 97.3 % for fluxing. The calcined fluxing diatomite was more efficient permeability through the bed and removal of copper and zinc ions. The fresh diatomite had trouble with the permeability through the bed under the conditions tested, compared with the other obtained diatomite. The results are presented as promising for application in the petroleum industry

Remoção de metais pesados em efluentes sintéticos utilizando vermiculita como adsorvente

Heavy metals are used in many industrial processestheirs discard can harm fel effects to the environment, becoming a serious problem. Many methods used for wastewater treatment have been reported in the literature, but many of them have high cost and low efficiency. The adsorption process has been used as effective for the metal remoal ions. This paper presents studies to evaluate the adsorption capacity of vermiculite as adsorbent for the heavy metals removal in a synthetic solution. The mineral vermiculite was characterized by differents techniques: specific surface area analysis by BET method, X-ray diffraction, raiosX fluorescence, spectroscopy in the infraredd region of, laser particle size analysis and specific gravity. The physical characteristics of the material presented was appropriate for the study of adsorption. The adsorption experiments weredriveal finite bath metod in synthetic solutions of copper, nickel, cadmium, lead and zinc. The results showed that the vermiculite has a high potential for adsorption, removing about 100% of ions and with removal capacity values about 85 ppm of metal in solution, 8.09 mg / g for cadmium, 8.39 mg/g for copper, 8.40 mg/g for lead, 8.26 mg/g for zinc and 8.38 mg/g of nickel. The experimental data fit in the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The kinetic datas showed a good correlation with the pseudo-second order model. It was conducteas a competition study among the metals using vermiculiti a adsorbent. Results showed that the presence of various metals in solution does not influence their removal at low concentrations, removing approximat wasely 100 % of all metals present in solutions

Estudo de adsorvente obtido de terras diatomáceas para remoção de metais pesados em águas produzidas: processamento, caracterização e dinâmica em leito fixo

The acceleration of industrial growth in recent decades on all continents aroused the interest of the companies to counter the impacts produced on the environment, spurred primarily by major disasters in the petroleum industry. In this context, the water produced is responsible for the largest volume of effluent from the production and extraction of oil and natural gas. This effluent has in its composition some critical components such as inorganic salts, heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, ), presence of oil and chemicals added in the various production processes. In response to impact, have been triggered by research alternative adsorbent materials for water treatment and water produced, in order to removing oils and acids and heavy metals. Many surveys of diatomaceous earth (diatomite) in Brazil involve studies on the physico-chemical, mineral deposits, extraction, processing and applications. The official estimated Jazi are around 2.5 million tonnes, the main located in the states of Bahia (44%) and Rio Grande do Norte (37,4%). Moreover, these two states appear as large offshore producers, earning a prominent role in research of adsorbents such as diatomite for treatment of water produced. Its main applications are as an agent of filtration, adsorption of oils and greases, industrial load and thermal insulator. The objective of this work was the processing and characterization of diatomite diatomaceous earth obtained from the municipality of Macaíba-RN (known locally as tabatinga) as a low cost regenerative adsorbent for removal of heavy metals in the application of water produced treatment. In this work we adopted a methodology for batch processing, practiced by small businesses located in producing regions of Brazil. The characterization was made by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and specific surface area (BET). Research conducted showed that the improvement process used was effective for small volume production of diatomite concentrated. The diatomite obtained was treated by calcination at temperature of 900 oC for 2 hours, with and without fluxing Na2CO3 (4%), according to optimal results in the literature. Column adsorption experiments were conducted to percolation of the in nature, calcined and calcined fluxing diatomites. Effluent was used as a saline solution containing ions of Cu, Zn, Na, Ca and Mg simulating the composition of produced waters in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The breakthrough curves for simultaneous removal of copper ions and zinc as a result, 84.3% for calcined diatomite and diatomite with 97.3 % for fluxing. The calcined fluxing diatomite was more efficient permeability through the bed and removal of copper and zinc ions. The fresh diatomite had trouble with the permeability through the bed under the conditions tested, compared with the other obtained diatomite. The results are presented as promising for application in the petroleum industry

Synchronous fluorescence and UV–vis spectroscopic studies of interactions between the tetracycline antibiotic, aluminium ions and DNA with the aid of the Methylene Blue dye probe

Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) was applied for the investigation of interactions of the antibiotic, tetracycline (TC), with DNA in the presence of aluminium ions (Al3+). The study was facilitated by the use of the Methylene Blue (MB) dye probe, and the interpretation of the spectral data with the aid of the chemometrics method, parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Three-way synchronous fluorescence analysis extracted the important optimum constant wavelength differences, Δλ, and showed that for the TC–Al3+–DNA, TC–Al3+ and MB dye systems, the associated Δλ values were different (Δλ = 80, 75 and 30 nm, respectively). Subsequent PARAFAC analysis demonstrated the extraction of the equilibrium concentration profiles for the TC–Al3+, TC–Al3+–DNA and MB probe systems. This information is unobtainable by conventional means of data interpretation. The results indicated that the MB dye interacted with the TC–Al3+–DNA surface complex, presumably via a reaction intermediate, TC–Al3+–DNA–MB, leading to the displacement of the TC–Al3+ by the incoming MB dye probe.

Layered titanate nanofibers as efficient adsorbents for removal of toxic radioactive and heavy metal ions from water

Titanate nanofibers with two formulas, Na2Ti3O7 and Na1.5H0.5Ti3O7, respectively, exhibit ideal properties for removal of radioactive and heavy metal ions in wastewater, such as Sr2+ , Ba2+ (as substitute of 226Ra2+), and Pb2+ ions. These nanofibers can be fabricated readily by a reaction between titania and caustic soda and have structures in which TiO6 octahedra join each other to form layers with negative charges; the sodium cations exist within the interlayer regions and are exchangeable. They can selectively adsorb the bivalent radioactive ions and heavy metal ions from water through ion exchange process. More importantly, such sorption finally induces considerable deformation of the layer structure, resulting in permanent entrapment of the toxic bivalent cations in the fibers so that the toxic ions can be safely deposited. This study highlights that nanoparticles of inorganic ion exchangers with layered structure are potential materials for efficient removal of the toxic ions from contaminated water.

Corona ions from overhead transmission voltage powerlines : effect on DC e-field and ambient particle concentration levels

Along with their essential role in electricity transmission and distribution, some powerlines also generate large concentrations of corona ions. This study aimed at comprehensive investigation of corona ions, vertical dc e-field, ambient aerosol particle charge and particle number concentration levels in the proximity of some high/sub-transmission voltage powerlines. The influence of meteorology on the instantaneous value of these parameters, and the possible existence of links or associations between the parameters measured were also statistically investigated. The presence of positive and negative polarities of corona ions was associated with variation in the mean vertical dc e-field, ambient ion and particle charge concentration level. Though these variations increased with wind speed, their values also decreased with distance from the powerlines. Predominately positive polarities of ions were recorded up to a distance of 150 m (with the maximum values recorded 50 m downwind of the powerlines). At 200 m from the source, negative ions predominated. Particle number concentration levels however remained relatively constant (103 particle cm-3) irrespective of the sampling site and distance from the powerlines. Meteorological factors of temperature, humidity and wind direction showed no influence on the electrical parameters measured. The study also discovered that e-field measurements were not necessarily a true representation of the ground-level ambient ion/particle charge concentrations.

Ions in motor vehicle exhaust and their dispersion near busy roads

Measurements in the exhaust plume of a petrol-driven motor car showed that molecular cluster ions of both signs were present in approximately equal amounts. The emission rate increased sharply with engine speed while the charge symmetry remained unchanged. Measurements at the kerbside of nine motorways and five city roads showed that the mean total cluster ion concentration near city roads (603 cm-3) was about one-half of that near motorways (1211 cm-3) and about twice as high as that in the urban background (269 cm-3). Both positive and negative ion concentrations near a motorway showed a significant linear increase with traffic density (R2=0.3 at p<0.05) and correlated well with each other in real time (R2=0.87 at p<0.01). Heavy duty diesel vehicles comprised the main source of ions near busy roads. Measurements were conducted as a function of downwind distance from two motorways carrying around 120-150 vehicles per minute. Total traffic-related cluster ion concentrations decreased rapidly with distance, falling by one-half from the closest approach of 2m to 5m of the kerb. Measured concentrations decreased to background at about 15m from the kerb when the wind speed was 1.3 m s-1, this distance being greater at higher wind speed. The number and net charge concentrations of aerosol particles were also measured. Unlike particles that were carried downwind to distances of a few hundred metres, cluster ions emitted by motor vehicles were not present at more than a few tens of metres from the road.