La Investigació farmacèutica i les seves dues realitats : malària vs. hipertensió

El món està mal repartit, això és evident. La qüestió és: fins a quin punt? El treball que segueix a continuació pretén estudiar aquest mal repartiment a través d'un àmbit concret: el de la indústria farmacèutica.Els recursos per a la investigació farmacèutica sovint es destinen a finalitats que estan lluny d'aconseguir benestar pel màxim nombre de persones possible. En canvi, es destinen allà on hi ha més possibilitat d'obtenir uns elevats rendiments econòmics. Malgrat no haver-hi dades concretes que evidenciïn aquest fet, sí que n'hi ha d'indirectes que ens ajudaran a esbrinar-ho.En l'estudi es posa en evidència les enormes discriminacions que pateixen diferents tipus de malalties, així com també algunes solucions que permetrien arreglar el problema, però que no es duen a terme. A més, ens endinsem en el món de la indústria farmacèutica a partir de dos països i dues malalties que mostren de primera mà la situació de la indústria farmacèutica mundial.

Problemas de la investigación psicofarmacológica clínica

Tras una breve referencia histórica a los comienzos de la psicofarmacologia moderna, se abordan 10s problemas mas importantes que ésta tiene planteados, tales como la dificultad de conseguir muestras homogéneas de catlfermos, problema derivado en parte de la imposibilidad de establecer diagnosticos exactos que estén sustentados no solo por el criterio clinico, sino en lrases objetivas y objetivables. Se analizan los criterios diagnósticos disponililes: clinico, escalas de evaluación y bases somáticas con especial referencia; i estas ultimas. Finalmente, se considera el problema de la evaluación y control de los efectos psicofarmacológicos, aspecto, por otro lado, estrechamente ligado al anterior.

Biotechnological production of taxanes: a molecular approach

Plant cell cultures constitute a promise for the production of a high number of phytochemicals, although the majority ofbioprocesses that have been developed so far have not resultedcommercially successful. An overview indicates that most of theresearch carried out until now is of the empirical type. For this reason,there is a need for a rational approach to the molecular and cellularbasis of metabolic pathways and their regulation in order to stimulatefuture advances.The empirical investigations are based on the optimization of theculture system, exclusively considering input factors such as theselection of cellular lines, type and parameters of culture, bioreactordesign and elicitor addition, and output factors such as cellular growth,the uptake system of nutrients, production and yield. In a rationalapproach towards the elucidation of taxol and related taxaneproduction, our group has studied the relationship between the taxaneprofile and production and the expression of genes codifying forenzymes that participate in early, intermediate and late steps of theirbiosynthesis in elicited Taxus spp cell cultures. Our results show that elicitors induce a dramatic reprogramming of gene expression in Taxus cell cultures, whichlikely accounts for the enhanced production of taxol and related taxanes and we have alsodetermined some genes that control the main flux limiting steps. The application ofmetabolic engineering techniques for the production of taxol and taxanes of interest is also discussed.

Phylogenetic studies in Gnaphalieae (Compositae): The genera Phagnalon Cass. and Aliella Qaiser & Lack

The precise generic delimitation of Aliella andPhagnalon, and their closest relatives within the Gnaphalieae are discussed in this review. Among the main results obtained, wehave found that the genera Aliella and Phagnalon are nested withinthe “Relhania clade” and Anisothrix, Athrixia and Pentatrichia aretheir closest relatives. Macowania is also part of the “Relhaniaclade”, whereas the subtribal affinities of Philyrophyllum liewithin the “crown radiation clade”. The monophyly of Aliellaand Phagnalon is not supported statistically. In addition,Aliella appears to be paraphylethic in most of the analysesperformed. The resulting phylogeny suggests an African origin forthe ancestor of Aliella and Phagnalon and identifies three mainclades within Phagnalon that constitute the following naturalgroups on a geographic basis: (1) the Irano-Turanian clade; (2) the Mediterranean-Macaronesian clade; and (3) the Yemen-Ethiopian clade. Some endemics to Yemen and Ethiopia appeared merged in the Mediterranean-Macaronesian clade, providing new evidence of the phytogeographical links betweenMacaronesia, Eastern Africa and Southern Arabia. Incongruities between thechloroplast and nuclear molecular data and the lack of resolution in some clades mayindicate that hybridization could have played an important role in the evolution anddiversification of both Phagnalon and Aliella.

Evaluation of reclamation technologies for wastewater reuse

Reclamation and reuse of wastewater require the use of tools that minimize risks to health and natural ecosystems. There are various types of such tools, among which HACCP (hazardanalysis and critical control points) and barrier systems are gainingimportance. The research reported here aims to determine andevaluate the most efficient combinations of different treatmentsystems—barriers—for the reclamation of secondary effluentsfrom urban sewage treatment plants, and for obtaining water ofsufficient quality for reuse in accordance with existing legislation,in which water disinfection has become one of the keys tocompliance. Several conventional and non-conventional reclamationtechnologies are evaluated. The results lead us to recommendtreatment lines for the different reclaimed water uses established inthe Spanish legislation.

The effect of recombination in Aeromonas

Although several approaches have been attempted, the estimation of recombination frequencies in natural populations ofbacteria remains challenging. Previous studies have demonstrated awide variety of situations among bacterial species, ranging from theclonal diversification of Salmonella or Escherichia coli, which aremainly due to mutation, to the frequent recombination found inNeisseria gonorrhoeae or Helicobacter pylori. Most of the populationstudies done with bacterial species suggest that recombination occursin nature but that it is infrequent compared to mutation. Consequently,bacterial populations consist largely of independent clonal lineages.Our research suggests little or null influence of recombination in thegenetic structure of "Aeromonas hydrophila Species Complex", despite the presence of some strains with recombinant gene fragments.

Is leishmaniosis spreading to northern areas of the Iberian Peninsula? The examples of Lleida (NE Spain) and Andorra

The entomological and canine leishmaniosis surveyscarried out in the northwest of Catalonia and in Andorra in thecontext of the European project Emerging Diseases in a changing European eNvironment (EDEN) are summarized. The aim of the study was to obtain data on the presence of leishmaniosis in these areas and the spatial distribution of their vectors.

New strategies in the modulation of fatty acid oxidation as a treatment for obesity

Strategies that enhance fat degradation or reduce caloricfood intake could be considered therapeutic interventions to reduce notonly obesity, but also its associated disorders. The enzyme carnitinepalmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) is the critical rate-determining regulatorof fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and might play a key role in increasingenergy expenditure and controlling food intake. Our group has shownthat mice overexpressing CPT1 in liver are protected from weight gain,the development of obesity and insulin resistance. Regarding foodintake control, we observed that the pharmacological inhibition ofCPT1 in rat hypothalamus decreased food intake and body weight.This suggests that modulation of CPT1 activity and the oxidation offatty acids in various tissues can be crucial for the potential treatmentof obesity and associated pathologies.

Membrane interaction of polymyxin B and synthetic analogues studied in biomimetic systems: implications for antibacterial action

Membrane-active antimicrobial peptides, such as polymyxin B (PxB), are currently in the spotlight as potential candidates toovercome bacterial resistance. We have designed synthetic analogs ofPxB in order to determine the structural requirements for membraneaction. Since the mechanism of action of PxB involves interaction withboth the outer membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane of Gramnegative bacteria, we have used an approach based on mimicking theouter layers of these membranes using monolayers, Langmuir-Blodgettfilms and unilamelar vesicles, and applying a battery of biophysicalmethods in order to dissect the different events of membraneinteraction. Collectively, results indicate that the PxB analogues act inthe bacterial membrane by the same mechanism than PxB, and that cationic amphipathicity determines peptide activity.

Cava (Spanish sparkling wine) aroma: composition and determination methods

Cava (Spanish sparkling wine) is one of the mostimportant quality sparkling wines in Europe. It is produced by thetraditional method in which a base wine is re-fermented and agedin the same bottle that reaches the consumer. The special ageing incontact with lees gives the cava a particular bouquet with toasty,sweet or lactic notes. These nuances could be related with thechemical composition of aroma. The methods required to analyzethe flavor of cava are revised. Three approaches are necessary toobtain a wider profile: chemical, olfactometric and sensory.

Antifungal compounds from plants

Due to the increase of the incidence of fungal infections in humans and the limitations of the available antimycotic drugs, among which the emergence of resistant strains, there is a need for the discovery of new antifungal agents. Plants, especially those used in Traditional Medicine, linked to an unmatched chemical diversity, either as pure compounds or as plant extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for the development of new antifungals. Inrecent years, compounds from different phytochemical groups have been described as having antifungal activity, including polyphenols, saponins, or peptides, among others, as well asessential oils and their constituents. After screening of ethnopharmacologically selected plants, mainly from Latin-America, followed by bio-guided isolation, our group hasdescribed the antifungal activity of different types of plant constituents, such as sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, flavonoids, lignans, fatty acids and essential oils.

Occurrence of patulin in organic and conventional apple juice. Risk assessment

Organic foods are promoted as environmentally friendly and its consumption has become increasingly popular. Nevertheless,organic farming practices could produce commodities more susceptible to fungal attack and as a result, food with higher levels of mycotoxins. Patulin is a mycotoxin mainly present in apples and apple-based products. In this paper, we report our recent results and an update of the patulin occurrence and their risk in conventional and organic apple juices around Europe.