Mutation analysis of genes that control the G1/S cell cycle in melanoma: TP53, CDKN1A, CDKN2A, and CDKN2B.

BACKGROUND The role of genes involved in the control of progression from the G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle in melanoma tumors in not fully known. The aim of our study was to analyse mutations in TP53, CDKN1A, CDKN2A, and CDKN2B genes in melanoma tumors and melanoma cell lines METHODS We analysed 39 primary and metastatic melanomas and 9 melanoma cell lines by single-stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP). RESULTS The single-stranded technique showed heterozygous defects in the TP53 gene in 8 of 39 (20.5%) melanoma tumors: three new single point mutations in intronic sequences (introns 1 and 2) and exon 10, and three new single nucleotide polymorphisms located in introns 1 and 2 (C to T transition at position 11701 in intron 1; C insertion at position 11818 in intron 2; and C insertion at position 11875 in intron 2). One melanoma tumor exhibited two heterozygous alterations in the CDKN2A exon 1 one of which was novel (stop codon, and missense mutation). No defects were found in the remaining genes. CONCLUSION These results suggest that these genes are involved in melanoma tumorigenesis, although they may be not the major targets. Other suppressor genes that may be informative of the mechanism of tumorigenesis in skin melanomas should be studied.

Novel (60%) and recurrent (40%) androgen receptor gene mutations in a series of 59 patients with a 46,XY disorder of sex development.

BACKGROUND Androgen receptor (AR) gene mutations are the most frequent cause of 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD) and are associated with a variety of phenotypes, ranging from phenotypic women [complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS)] to milder degrees of undervirilization (partial form or PAIS) or men with only infertility (mild form or MAIS). OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to characterize the contribution of the AR gene to the molecular cause of 46,XY DSD in a series of Spanish patients. SETTING We studied a series of 133 index patients with 46,XY DSD in whom gonads were differentiated as testes, with phenotypes including varying degrees of undervirilization, and in whom the AR gene was the first candidate for a molecular analysis. METHODS The AR gene was sequenced (exons 1 to 8 with intronic flanking regions) in all patients and in family members of 61% of AR-mutated gene patients. RESULTS AR gene mutations were found in 59 individuals (44.4% of index patients), of whom 46 (78%) were CAIS and 13 (22%) PAIS. Fifty-seven different mutations were found: 21.0% located in exon 1, 15.8% in exons 2 and 3, 57.9% in exons 4-8, and 5.3% intronic. Twenty-three mutations (40.4%) had been previously described and 34 (59.6%) were novel. CONCLUSIONS AR gene mutation is the most frequent cause of 46,XY DSD, with a clearly higher frequency in the complete phenotype. Mutations spread along the whole coding sequence, including exon 1. This series shows that 60% of mutations detected during the period 2002-2009 were novel.

Intronic variants in the NFKB1 gene may influence hearing forecast in patients with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss in Meniere's disease.

Meniere's disease is an episodic vestibular syndrome associated with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and tinnitus. Patients with MD have an elevated prevalence of several autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriasis), which suggests a shared autoimmune background. Functional variants of several genes involved in the NF-κB pathway, such as REL, TNFAIP3, NFKB1 and TNIP1, have been associated with two or more immune-mediated diseases and allelic variations in the TLR10 gene may influence bilateral affectation and clinical course in MD. We have genotyped 716 cases of MD and 1628 controls by using the ImmunoChip, a high-density genotyping array containing 186 autoimmune loci, to explore the association of immune system related-loci with sporadic MD. Although no single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) reached a genome-wide significant association (p<10(-8)), we selected allelic variants in the NF-kB pathway for further analyses to evaluate the impact of these SNPs in the clinical outcome of MD in our cohort. None of the selected SNPs increased susceptibility for MD in patients with uni or bilateral SNHL. However, two potential regulatory variants in the NFKB1 gene (rs3774937 and rs4648011) were associated with a faster hearing loss progression in patients with unilateral SNHL. So, individuals with unilateral MD carrying the C allele in rs3774937 or G allele in rs4648011 had a shorter mean time to reach hearing stage 3 (>40 dB HL) (log-rank test, corrected p values were p = 0.009 for rs3774937 and p = 0.003 for rs4648011, respectively). No variants influenced hearing in bilateral MD. Our data support that the allelic variants rs3774937 and rs4648011 can modify hearing outcome in patients with MD and unilateral SNHL.

Empleo de marcadores moleculares para el análisis de la prevalencia y diseminación de cepas de beauveria bassiana

El hongo entomopatógeno Beauveria bassiana se emplea en todo el mundo gracias a su comprobada virulencia y su amplio rango de hospederos. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar diferentes técnicas clásicas y de biología molecular, con el fin de comparar las diferencias de metabolismo y su adaptación en cepas y aislados de suelos agrícolas de B. bassiana, y por otra parte analizar una cepa confirmada como su uso como bioinsecticida (BB38) y la comparación con 42 aislamientos. Con el fin de detectar su prevalencia y diseminación en suelo de campos agrícolas de Guanajuato previamente tratados con bioinsecticidas para control de plagas se desarrolló esta estrategia para asociar dichos marcadores con las cepas de liberación. El ADN extraído de cada aislamiento se amplificó mediante la técnica RAPD-PCR. Al realizar el análisis de las secuencias purificadas de regiones de los transcritos de espaciadores internos (ITS), en conjunto con el ADN amplificado, no se observaron diferencias que pudieran determinar un patrón distintivo. Los resultados de diferenciación usando oligonucleótidos partidores de las series OPA-A, OPA-B y OPA-AB, seleccionados para B. bassiana, mostraron que las cepas nativas BBPTG1, BBPTG2, BBPTG4 y BBPTG6 tuvieron polimorfismos distintivos entre ellas, pero al compararlas contra los 42 aislamientos de suelo, tanto el aislamiento de estudio BB38 como la cepa de referencia GHA (Mycotech) mostraron el mismo patrón que el observado por el aislamiento BBPTG2. Al estudiar la producción de proteasas y de las toxinas beauvericina y basianólido por RT-PCR con oligonucleótidos seleccionados, las 4 cepas nativas amplificaron los transcritos, aunque con la cepa BBPTG6 se observó en general una reducción en la expresión. Por otra parte, se analizaron los intrones presentes en la subunidad grande del ADN ribosomal (LSU) de los 42 aislamientos de campo frente a los del aislamiento BB38, cuyo patrón permitiera distinguir entre los aislamientos y así determinar prevalencia y diseminación en suelos agrícolas. Mientras que en otro análisis en base a las secuencias de las ITSs se realizó la construcción de un árbol filogenético y se determinó el porcentaje de identidad para evaluar la diferencia genética entre cepas, lo que ayudó a validar los resultados obtenidos previamente y así poder seleccionar marcadores que apoyen a la identidad de la cepas y aislados.