Motivating Students to Learn English: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Strategies to Meet the Needs of First Time Learners

Motivation is the key to learning. The present study is about the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation as they affect learning with regard to students who are learning EFL for the first time. Cape Verdean seventh grade students learning English for the first time are generally very enthusiastic about the language before they start learning it in the high school. However, that enthusiasm seems not to be maintained throughout the school year and oftentimes teachers hear them complain about the difficulties of mastering aspects of the language. It seems that for some reason their motivation is undermined. Why does that happen? Is it the students’ fault or the teacher’s? If it the teacher’s fault, which motivation strategies work best to cope with this problem: intrinsic or extrinsic? With this in mind I asked the question: What is the relationship between students’ needs, interests, goals and expectations to learn English as a foreign language and teachers’ roles as facilitators and motivators? There are many studies that have been carried out in the field of motivation, and up to now, there seems to be no consensus of which is the best. For the purposes of this paper, three main theories will be discussed that have prevailed in the field of motivational psychology: the behavioural, the cognitive and the humanistic theories. Within these theories sub-theories are discussed and their relationship is explained with intrinsic and extrinsic motivation regarding Cape Verdean students learning English for the first time.

Analysis of the near-intrinsic and extrinsic photocapacitance due to the EL2 level in boron implanted GaAs

A detailed analysis of the photocapacitance signal at the near‐band and extrinsic energetic ranges in Schottky barriers obtained on horizontal Bridgman GaAs wafers, which were implanted with boron at different doses and annealed at several temperatures, has been carried out by using the optical isothermal transient spectroscopy, OITS. The optical cross sections have been determined as well as the quenching efficiency of the EL2 level which has been found to be independent of the annealing temperature. Moreover, the quenching relaxation presents two significant features: (i) a strong increase of the quenching efficiency from 1.35 eV on and (ii) a diminution of the quenching transient amplitude in relation with that shown by the fundamental EL2 level. In order to explain this behavior, different cases are discussed assuming the presence of several energy levels, the existence of an optical recuperation, or the association of the EL2 trap with two levels located, respectively, at Ev+0.45 eV and Ec−0.75 eV. The theoretical simulation, taking into account these two last cases, is in agreement with the experimental photocapacitance data at low temperature, as well as at room temperature where the EL2 filling phototransient shows an anomalous behavior. Moreover, unlike the previous data reported for the EL2 electron optical cross section, the values found using our experimental technique are in agreement with the behavior deduced from the theoretical calculation. The utilization of the OITS method has also allowed the determination of another level, whose faster optical contribution is often added to that of the EL2 level when the DLOS or standard photocapacitance is used.

Thermal characterization of intrinsic and extrinsic InP using photoacoustic technique

An open photoacoustic cell operating in the low range of chopping frequency has been employed to evaluate the thermal diffusivity values of intrinsic InP and InP doped with S, Sn and Fe. The experimental set-up is calibrated by the evaluation of thermal diffusivity value of pure Si and GaAs. The present investigation shows that doped samples show a reduced value for thermal diffusivity compared to intrinsic sample. From the analysis of data it is also seen that nature of dopant clearly influences the thermal diffusivity value of semiconductors. The results are explained in terms of phonon assisted heat transfer mechanism in semiconductors

Thermal characterization of intrinsic and extrinsic InP using photoacoustic technique

An open photoacoustic cell operating in the low range of chopping frequency has been employed to evaluate the thermal diffusivity values of intrinsic InP and InP doped with S, Sn and Fe. The experimental set-up is calibrated by the evaluation of thermal diffusivity value of pure Si and GaAs. The present investigation shows that doped samples show a reduced value for thermal diffusivity compared to intrinsic sample. From the analysis of data it is also seen that nature of dopant clearly influences the thermal diffusivity value of semiconductors. The results are explained in terms of phonon assisted heat transfer mechanism in semiconductors

Thermal characterization of intrinsic and extrinsic InP using photoacoustic technique

An open photoacoustic cell operating in the low range of chopping frequency has been employed to evaluate the thermal diffusivity values of intrinsic InP and InP doped with S, Sn and Fe. The experimental set-up is calibrated by the evaluation of thermal diffusivity value of pure Si and GaAs. The present investigation shows that doped samples show a reduced value for thermal diffusivity compared to intrinsic sample. From the analysis of data it is also seen that nature of dopant clearly influences the thermal diffusivity value of semiconductors. The results are explained in terms of phonon assisted heat transfer mechanism in semiconductors

Photothermal deflection studies on heat transport in intrinsic and extrinsic InP

Laser induced transverse photothermal deflection technique has been employed to determine the thermal parameters of InP doped with Sn, S and Fe as well as intrinsic InP. The thermal diffusivity values of these various samples are evaluated from the slope of the curve plotted between the phase of photothermal deflection signal and pump-probe offset. Analysis of the data shows that heat transport and hence the thermal diffusivity value, is greatly affected by the introduction of dopant. It is also seen that the direction of heat flow with respect to the plane of cleavage of semiconductor wafers influences the thermal diffusivity value. The results are explained in terms of dominating phonon assisted heat transfer mechanism in semiconductors.

Photoacoustic investigation of intrinsic and extrinsic Si

An open-cell configuration of the photoacoustic (PA) technique is employed to determine the thermal and transport properties of intrinsic Si and Si doped with B (p-type) and P (n-type). The experimentally obtained phase of the PA signal under heat transmission configuration is fitted to that of theoretical model by taking thermal and transport properties, namely, thermal diffusivity, diffusion coefficient, and surface recombination velocity, as adjustable parameters. It is seen from the analysis that doping and also the nature of dopant have a strong influence on the thermal and transport properties of semiconductors. The results are interpreted in terms of the carrier-assisted and phonon-assisted heat transfer mechanisms in semiconductors as well as the various scattering processes occurring in the propagation of heat carriers.

Intrinsic and extrinsic factors in the conservation of ants and their use as bioindicators.

Ant communities are sensitive to fragmentation responding through: extinction of specialist species compared with large habitats, invasion of generalist species, changes in community composition and richness of species. Because of these characteristics, this review aims at examining the main risks that ants have been facing to maintain their communities, as well as to report current conservation practices in Brazil and in the world.

Positive Adolescent Career Development: The Role of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Work Values

This longitudinal study of 268 Swiss adolescents, spanning across 8th grade, investigated the relation of intrinsic and extrinsic work values to positive career development in deciding, planning, and exploring. Results showed that girls reported more intrinsic and fewer extrinsic work values compared with boys. Students with an immigration background reported more extrinsic values than did students of Swiss nationality. When gender, nationality, and scholastic achievement were controlled, more general work value endorsement was a significant predictor of an above-average increase in career development over the course of the school year. Endorsement of more intrinsic but not extrinsic work values was related to positive career development.

Work-related stressors and psychological strain in the sales force:the role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

The contemporary workplace appears rife with psychological strain, which can have considerable deleterious outcomes to the firm and the individual. However, research on strain in the sales force is underdeveloped. This paper reports the results of a study of the antecedents and consequences of psychological strain in the sales force, with particular attention to the roles of role ambiguity, emotional exhaustion, and intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Emotional exhaustion is found to increase strain. Intrinsic motivation reduces strain under conditions of relatively high role ambiguity, but leads to more strain under conditions of low role ambiguity. Strain is found to have a J-shaped relationship with turnover intentions, and is linearly related to lower job satisfaction and lower job performance.

Investigating the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Drivers of Primate Heterothermy

Seasonal heterothermy—an orchestrated set of extreme physiological responses—is directly responsible for the over-winter survival of many mammalian groups living in seasonal environments. Historically, it was thought that the use of seasonal heterothermy (i.e. daily torpor and hibernation) was restricted to cold-adapted species; it is now known that such thermoregulatory strategies are used by more species than previously appreciated, including many tropical species. The dwarf and mouse lemurs (family Cheirogaleidae) are among the few primates known to use seasonal heterothermy to avoid Madagascar’s harsh and unpredictable environments. These primates provide an ideal study system for investigating a common mechanism of mammalian seasonal heterothermy. The overarching theme of this dissertation is to understand both the intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of heterothermy in three species of the family Cheirogaleidae. By using transcriptome sequencing to characterize gene expression in both captive and natural settings, we identify unique patterns of differential gene expression that are correlated with extreme changes in physiology in two species of dwarf lemurs: C. medius under captive conditions at the Duke Lemur Center and C. crossleyi studied under field conditions in Madagascar. Genes that are differentially expressed appear to be critical for maintaining the health of these animals when they undergo prolonged periods of metabolic depression concurrent with the hibernation phenotype. Further, a comparative analysis of previously studied mammalian heterotherms identifies shared genetic mechanisms underlying the hibernation phenotype across the phylogeny of mammals. Lastly, conducting a diet manipulation study with a captive colony of mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus) at the Duke Lemur Center, we investigated the degree to which dietary effects influence torpor patterns. We find that tropical primate heterotherms may be exempt from the traditional paradigms governing cold-adapted heterothermy, having evolved different dietary strategies to tolerate circadian changes in body temperature.

Propaganda impressa de serviços educacionais: uma investigação sobre o impacto da fotografia das instalações e do testemunhal nas atitudes dos consumidores

In the actual competitive scenario the higher education institutions have been forced to become more active in recruiting students due to the reduction in candidates for its courses. Print advertising are important components in the educational services communications campaigns and, thus, they are an important focus of research. The literature on services communication suggests that the use of cues, as the installations picture and testimonial, presents an observable way to tangibilize educational services offers. We relate the cue paradigm theory as evaluative indicators of a product, with two of the four advertising strategies, with the objective to investigate the impact of the cues in the printed educational services ad¿s in relation to the consumers attitudes. More specifically, to investigate the impact of the physical representation strategy (installations picture - an intrinsic cue), and the association strategy (testimonial - an extrinsic cue), in the consumers attitudes toward the advertisement, the brand and the purchase intention. With this purpose an experiment between subjects with 123 students was carried through, with four levels of manipulation. In relation to consumer attitudes, none of the analyzed strategies presented a significative superiority in relation one with another. However, the subjects with low involvement in the value/auto-image dimension had presented more favorable attitudes in relation to the purchase intention in the presence of the advertising using a testimonial (association strategy - an extrinsic cue).

Extrinsic versus intrinsic factors in the decline and extinction of Australian marsupials

Recent attempts to explain the susceptibility of vertebrates to declines worldwide have largely focused on intrinsic factors such as body size, reproductive potential, ecological specialization, geographical range and phylogenetic longevity. Here, we use a database of 145 Australian marsupial species to test the effects of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors in a multivariate comparative approach. We model five intrinsic (body size, habitat specialization, diet, reproductive rate and range size) and four extrinsic (climate and range overlap with introduced foxes, sheep and rabbits) factors. We use quantitative measures of geographical range contraction as indices of decline. We also develop a new modelling approach of phylogenetically independent contrasts combined with imputation of missing values to deal simultaneously with phylogenetic structuring and missing data. One extrinsic variable-geographical range overlap with sheep-was the only consistent predictor of declines. Habitat specialization was independently but less consistently associated with declines. This suggests that extrinsic factors largely determine interspecific variation in extinction risk among Australian marsupials, and that the intrinsic factors that are consistently associated with extinction risk in other vertebrates are less important in this group. We conclude that recent anthropogenic changes have been profound enough to affect species on a continent-wide scale, regardless of their intrinsic biology.

Activation of Neural and Pluripotent Stem Cell Signatures Correlates with Increased Malignancy in Human Glioma

The presence of stem cell characteristics in glioma cells raises the possibility that mechanisms promoting the maintenance and self-renewal of tissue specific stem cells have a similar function in tumor cells. Here we characterized human gliomas of various malignancy grades for the expression of stem cell regulatory proteins. We show that cells in high grade glioma co-express an array of markers defining neural stem cells (NSCs) and that these proteins can fulfill similar functions in tumor cells as in NSCs. However, in contrast to NSCs glioma cells co-express neural proteins together with pluripotent stem cell markers, including the transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and Klf4. In line with this finding, in high grade gliomas mesodermal-and endodermal-specific transcription factors were detected together with neural proteins, a combination of lineage markers not normally present in the central nervous system. Persistent presence of pluripotent stem cell traits could only be detected in solid tumors, and observations based on in vitro studies and xenograft transplantations in mice imply that this presence is dependent on the combined activity of intrinsic and extrinsic regulatory cues. Together these results demonstrate a general deregulated expression of neural and pluripotent stem cell traits in malignant human gliomas, and indicate that stem cell regulatory factors may provide significant targets for therapeutic strategies.