Gender studies : Intersex by Catherine Harper

Intersex is the condition whereby an individual is born with biological features that are simultaneously perceived as male and female. Ranging from the ambiguous genitalia of the true 'hermaphrodite' to the 'mildly or internally intersexed', the condition may be as common as cleft palate. Like cleft palate, it is hidden and surgically altered, but for very different reasons. Intersex draws heavily on the personal testimony of intersexed individuals, their loved ones and medical carers. The impact of early sex-assignment surgery on an individual's later life is examined within the context of ethical and clinical questions. Harper challenges the conventional and radical 'treatment' of intersexuality through non-consensual infant sex-assignment surgery. In doing so, she exposes powerful myths, taboos and constructions of gender - the perfect phallus, a bi-polar model of gender and the infallibility of medical decisions. Handling sensitive material with care, this book deepens our understanding of a condition that has itself only been medically understood in recent years.

Fé cega, faca amolada: reflexões acerca da assistência médico-cirúrgica à intersexualidade na cidade do Rio de Janeiro

Este trabalho teve como objetivo refletir sobre o protocolo médico dispensado à intersexualidade. Os nascimentos de bebês intersex vêm sendo entendidos como urgências biológicas e sociais, naturalizando-se uma necessidade cirúrgica durante a infância. As operações pretendem fixar anatomicamente o padrão masculino ou feminino hegemônico para que não haja equívocos na atribuição de sexo/gênero. No entanto, este tipo de solução não é consensual fora do campo biomédico e em diferentes esferas sociais, acadêmicas, ativistas e operadores da justiça, levantam-se questões no que concerne às normalizações em genitálias de crianças e adolescentes intersexuais. Partindo das divergências a respeito dos procedimentos precoces, esta pesquisa pretendeu compreender os argumentos, biológicos e sociais, acionados para sustentar a prática cirúrgica normalizadora de genitais considerados fora do padrão standart masculino ou feminino. Para tal, foram realizadas entrevistas com nove profissionais de saúde que prestam assistência a pessoas intersexuais e suas famílias na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Como estratégia complementar, foi feito um levantamento bibliográfico na literatura especializada brasileira acerca de estudos longitudinais sobre os resultados cirúrgicos. A partir deste material, buscou-se refletir sobre as concepções de gênero e sexualidade que orientam o tratamento e sobre como tais concepções se articulam às definições de saúde oferecidas por esses profissionais para justificar os procedimentos corretivos. A análise permitiu refletir acerca da prática médica local, demonstrando que a atenção oferecida a estas pessoas se articula a uma vulnerabilidade social a partir de outros marcadores (classe, origem regional). Além disso, a promessa de restauração da normalidade via intervenção cirúrgica não se reflete nos estudos longitudinais que, além de escassos, trazem indicadores inconsistentes e imprecisos.

Intersexualidad y derecho: análisis del concepto género en las sentencias de asignación de sexo (Análisis de las sentencias: T-477 de 1.995, SU-337 de 1.999, T-551 de 1.999, T-692 de 1.999, T-1390 de 2.000, T-1025 de 2.002, T-1021 de 2.003 y T-912 de 2.008)

Esta monografía estudia 8 casos de menores de edad intersexuales que han sido fallados por la Corte Constitucional. A partir de las discertaciones jurídicas hechas por los magistrados se pueden encontrar interesantes elementos para el estudio del concepto género y la postura que frente al mismo ha tomado la Corte en su jurisprudencia.

Dream bodies

This doctorate consists of a novel and an exegesis, which focus on the topic of intersex; children who are born with variant sex characteristics and the doctors who surgically intervene. The research reveals the deceit surrounding these practices and culminates in the first Australian novel to be written about intersex.

Simultaneous activity of male and female gonads in intersex hermit crabs

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Assimilação, depuração e contaminação do ermitão Clibanarius vittatus pelo poluente Tributilestanho (TBT) e sua relação com a intersexualidade em ermitões

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

No evidence of predation causing female-biased sex ratios in marine pelagic copepods

Although sex ratios close to unity are expected in dioecious species, biased sex ratios are common in nature. It is essential to understand causes of skewed sex ratios in situ, as they can lead to mate limitation and have implications for the success of natural populations. Female-skewed sex ratios are commonly observed in copepods in situ. Here we discuss the challenges of copepod sex ratio research and provide a critical review of factors determining copepod sex ratios, focusing on 2 main objectives. The first is a critique of the male predation theory, which is currently the main process thought to be responsible for female-skewed sex ratios. It assumes that males have higher mortality because of increased vulnerability to predation during their search for mates. We show that there is little support for the male predation theory, that sex ratios skewed toward females occur in the absence of predation, that sex ratios are not related to predation pressure, and that where sex-skewed predation does occur, it is biased toward females. Our second objective is to suggest alternative hypotheses regarding the determination of sex ratios. We demonstrate that environmental factors, environmental sex determination and sex change have strong effects on copepod sex ratios, and suggest that differential physiological longevity of males and females may be more important in determining sex ratios than previously thought. We suggest that copepod sex ratios are the result of a mixture of factors.

Female-biased sex ratios in marine pelagic copepods: Response to Hirst et al. (2013)

Hirst et al. (2013; Mar Ecol Prog Ser 489:297-298) suggest that Gusmão et al. (2013; Mar Ecol Prog Ser 482:279-298) misinterpreted the findings of Hirst et al. (2010; Limnol Oceanogr 55:2193-2206). They restate that the major factors determining sex ratio in pelagic copepods act upon the adult stage, but they place less emphasis on the idea that predation on male copepods is a likely determinant, and highlight the role of physiological longevity. Here we reconsider the data and confirm our position that at present there is limited evidence to support the theory of male-skewed predation. However, we agree that sex determination is governed by a combination of factors, with the relative emphasis being the main point of contention between the 2 parties.

Transgressive sporting bodies - A theoretical and critical dicourse analysis of the representation of Caster Semenya in Swiss print media

A debate about Caster Semenya's female sex began shortly after the South African runner won gold in the women’s 800m final at the 2009 Athletic World Championships held in Berlin. Her victory was disputed through questions about her right to compete as a ‘woman’, with the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF) announcing she would be required to undergo a gender verification test before her victory could be confirmed. Using the theoretical frame of social constructionism (Berger & Luckmann), poststructuralism (Foucault), gender- and postcolonial theories (Butler; Hall; Spivak) and the methodology of critical discourse analysis (Jaeger), the paper explores the way the possible intersexuality of Caster Semenya was contextualised in mainstream Swiss German-language print media. The analyses will firstly look at the way in which Caster Semenya was constructed as a ʻfallen hero’ and stigmatised as a double-dealer and unacceptable deviant body. The rumours amongst athletes and commentators became news in the media, which focused on descriptions of her habitus, her muscular body and her deep voice. Through theoretical discussion the paper argues that the media response to Caster Semenya exemplifies Butler’s claim that the discursive framework of gender constructs and naturalises sex. A key question is therefore whether the designation of deviant bodies to a ʻfield of deformation’ (Butler) works to pluralise the field of gender, or rather, as Butler suggests, it tends that those bodies might call into questions. The final part of the paper discusses how gender, ethnicity and sexuality combine to constitute the black female sporting body as a spectacle of otherness. It is evident that this otherness is made manifest through the function of those bodies as a site of transgression, as the boundary between male and female, and often as the boundary between culture and nature (Hall). Using the example of the controversy surrounding Caster Semenya, this paper aims to demonstrate how the post/colonial white female body is reproduced by western norms of gender, sexuality, beauty and sporting behaviour, in the sense of a feminine sporting genderperformance. The media controversy will be also read through the lens of the globalisation of certain ideas of normative bodies, sex, ethnicity and gender and the challenge of changing stereotypes through transgression. Keywords: gender- and postcolonial theories, discourse analysis, print media, Caster Semen-ya, deviant body, ethnicity, intersexuality

Transgressive sporting bodies - A theoretical and critical dicourse analysis of the representation of Caster Semenya in Swiss print media

A debate about Caster Semenya's female sex began shortly after the South African runner won gold in the women’s 800m final at the 2009 Athletic World Championships held in Berlin. Her victory was disputed through questions about her right to compete as a ‘woman’, with the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF) announcing she would be required to undergo a gender verification test before her victory could be confirmed. Using the theoretical frame of social constructionism (Berger & Luckmann), poststructuralism (Foucault), gender- and postcolonial theories (Butler; Hall; Spivak) and the methodology of critical discourse analysis (Jaeger), the paper explores the way the possible intersexuality of Caster Semenya was contextualised in mainstream Swiss German-language print media. The analyses will firstly look at the way in which Caster Semenya was constructed as a ʻfallen hero’ and stigmatised as a double-dealer and unacceptable deviant body. The rumours amongst athletes and commentators became news in the media, which focused on descriptions of her habitus, her muscular body and her deep voice. Through theoretical discussion the paper argues that the media response to Caster Semenya exemplifies Butler’s claim that the discursive framework of gender constructs and naturalises sex. A key question is therefore whether the designation of deviant bodies to a ʻfield of deformation’ (Butler) works to pluralise the field of gender, or rather, as Butler suggests, it tends that those bodies might call into questions. The final part of the paper discusses how gender, ethnicity and sexuality combine to constitute the black female sporting body as a spectacle of otherness. It is evident that this otherness is made manifest through the function of those bodies as a site of transgression, as the boundary between male and female, and often as the boundary between culture and nature (Hall). Using the example of the controversy surrounding Caster Semenya, this paper aims to demonstrate how the post/colonial white female body is reproduced by western norms of gender, sexuality, beauty and sporting behaviour, in the sense of a feminine sporting genderperformance. The media controversy will be also read through the lens of the globalisation of certain ideas of normative bodies, sex, ethnicity and gender and the challenge of changing stereotypes through transgression. Keywords: gender- and postcolonial theories, discourse analysis, print media, Caster Semen-ya, deviant body, ethnicity, intersexuality

Hermaphrodismus und Zeugungsunfähigkeit; eine systematische Darstellung der Missbildungen der menschlichen Geschlechtsorgane,

Mode of access: Internet.