Hitting a moving target: Perception and action in the timing of rapid interceptions

Different interceptive tasks and modes of interception (hitting or capturing) do not necessarily involve similar control processes. Control based on preprogramming of movement parameters is possible for actions with brief movement times but is now widely rejected; continuous perceptuomotor control models are preferred for all types of interception. The rejection of preprogrammed control and acceptance of continuous control is evaluated for the timing of rapidly executed, manual hitting actions. It is shown that a preprogrammed control model is capable of providing a convincing account of observed behavior patterns that avoids many of the arguments that have been raised against it. Prominent continuous perceptual control models are analyzed within a common framework and are shown to be interpretable as feedback control strategies. Although these models can explain observations of on-line adjustments to movement, they offer only post hoc explanations for observed behavior patterns in hitting tasks and are not directly supported by data. It is proposed that rapid manual hitting tasks make up a class of interceptions for which a preprogrammed strategy is adopted-a strategy that minimizes the role of visual feedback. Such a strategy is effective when the task demands a high degree of temporal accuracy.

Control of interceptive actions is based on expectancy of time to target arrival

In this study the hypothesis that interceptive movements are controlled on the basis of expectancy of time to target arrival was tested. The study was conducted through assessment of temporal errors and kinematics of interceptive movements to a moving virtual target. Initial target velocity was kept unchanged in part of the trials, and in the others it was decreased 300 ms before the due time of target arrival at the interception position, increasing in 100 ms time to target arrival. Different probabilities of velocity decrease ranging from 25 to 100% were compared. The results revealed that while there were increasing errors between probabilities of 25 and 75% for unchanged target velocity, the opposite relationship was observed for target velocity decrease. Kinematic analysis indicated that movement timing adjustments to target velocity decrease were made online. These results support the conception that visuomotor integration in the interception of moving targets is mediated by an internal forward model whose weights can be flexibly adjusted according to expectancy of time to target arrival.

Intercepting moving targets: does memory from practice in a specific condition of target displacement affect movement timing?

This investigation aimed at assessing the extent to which memory from practice in a specific condition of target displacement modulates temporal errors and movement timing of interceptive movements. We compared two groups practicing with certainty of future target velocity either in unchanged target velocity or in target velocity decrease. Following practice, both experimental groups were probed in the situations of unchanged target velocity and target velocity decrease either under the context of certainty or uncertainty about target velocity. Results from practice showed similar improvement of temporal accuracy between groups, revealing that target velocity decrease did not disturb temporal movement organization when fully predictable. Analysis of temporal errors in the probing trials indicated that both groups had higher timing accuracy in velocity decrease in comparison with unchanged velocity. Effect of practice was detected by increased temporal accuracy of the velocity decrease group in situations of decreased velocity; a trend consistent with the expected effect of practice was observed for temporal errors in the unchanged velocity group and in movement initiation at a descriptive level. An additional point of theoretical interest was the fast adaptation in both groups to a target velocity pattern different from that practiced. These points are discussed under the perspective of integration of vision and motor control by means of an internal forward model of external motion.

Modeling short-range ballistic missile defense and Israel's Iron Dome system

This paper develops a model of short-range ballistic missile defense and uses it to study the performance of Israel’s Iron Dome system. The deterministic base model allows for inaccurate missiles, unsuccessful interceptions, and civil defense. Model enhancements consider the trade-offs in attacking the interception system, the difficulties faced by militants in assembling large salvos, and the effects of imperfect missile classification by the defender. A stochastic model is also developed. Analysis shows that system performance can be highly sensitive to the missile salvo size, and that systems with higher interception rates are more “fragile” when overloaded. The model is calibrated using publically available data about Iron Dome’s use during Operation Pillar of Defense in November 2012. If the systems performed as claimed, they saved Israel an estimated 1778 casualties and $80 million in property damage, and thereby made preemptive strikes on Gaza about 8 times less valuable to Israel. Gaza militants could have inflicted far more damage by grouping their rockets into large salvos, but this may have been difficult given Israel’s suppression efforts. Counter-battery fire by the militants is unlikely to be worthwhile unless they can obtain much more accurate missiles.

Dissuasion, sécurité routière et inférence causale : le cas des actions policières contre la délinquance routière

Objectifs. L’objectif de ce mémoire est de parfaire nos connaissances quant à l’effet des actions policières sur les collisions routières au Québec. Ultimement, ce mémoire permettra d’identifier les conditions nécessaires pour que l’action policière influe sur les comportements des automobilistes. Pour se faire, deux études de cas sont employées. Dans un premier temps, nous évaluons l’effet d’un relâchement d’environ 60 % dans l’émission de constats d’infraction par les policiers de la ville de Québec sur les collisions avec blessures. Dans cet article, nous distinguons également les effets respectifs des constats d’infraction, des interceptions policières sans constat et des médias. Dans un second temps, nous évaluons l’impact d’une stratégie de sécurité routière mise en place conjointement par l’Association des directeurs de police du Québec (ADPQ) et la Société de l’assurance automobile du Québec (SAAQ). Dans les deux cas, un changement important est survenu dans l’émission de constats d’infraction émis en vertu du Code de la sécurité routière (CSR). Méthodologie. Afin d’évaluer l’effet de ces deux stratégies, nous avons agrégé les données sur les collisions et infractions au CSR sur une base mensuelle. Ces données proviennent principalement des rapports de collisions et des constats d’infraction remplis par les policiers et transmis à la SAAQ. Dans l’ensemble, nous avons utilisé un devis quasi-expérimental, soit celui des séries chronologiques interrompues. Résultats. Les résultats des deux articles démontrent que les policiers sont des acteurs clés en matière de sécurité routière. Les collisions avec blessures sont affectées par les fluctuations de leurs activités. La première série d’analyses établit qu’un relâchement d’environ 60 % dans le nombre de constats émis par les policiers se traduit par une hausse d’environ 10 % des collisions avec blessures, ce qui correspond à 15 collisions avec blessures supplémentaires par mois sur le territoire du Service de police de la ville de Québec. De plus, nos résultats montrent qu’une interception policière suivie d’un avertissement verbal n’est pas suffisante pour prévenir les collisions. De même, l’effet observé n’est pas attribuable aux médias. La deuxième série d’analyse montre que la stratégie conjointe de l’ADPQ et de la SAAQ, caractérisée par une hausse des constats émis et des campagnes médiatiques, fut suivie de baisses variant entre 14 et 36 % des collisions avec blessures graves. Interprétation. Les résultats démontrent que les actions policières ont une influence sur le bilan routier. Par contre, avant d’influer sur le comportement des automobilistes, certaines conditions doivent être respectées. Premièrement, l’intensité des contrôles policiers doit être suffisamment modifiée par rapport à son niveau initial. Deuxièmement, que ce soit une hausse ou une baisse, ce niveau doit être maintenu sur une période relativement longue (entre 12 et 24 mois environ) pour que les automobilistes soient exposés au message pénal et qu’ils considèrent ce changement dans le niveau de répression comme étant crédible. Troisièmement, l’émission de constats est un élément clé; la simple présence policière n’est pas suffisante pour prévenir les collisions. Enfin, les campagnes de sensibilisation semblent importantes, mais d’autres études sont nécessaires pour mieux apprécier leur rôle.

Marty Huff, UM Football, intercepting pass vs Purdue, 1970

[Marty Huff makes ono of his three interceptions in the 1970 Purdue game.]

Effects of acoustic startle stimuli on interceptive action

In reaction time (RT) tasks, presentation of a startling acoustic stimulus (SAS) together with a visual imperative stimulus can dramatically reduce RT while leaving response execution unchanged. It has been suggested that a prepared motor response program is triggered early by the SAS but is not otherwise affected. Movements aimed at intercepting moving targets are usually considered to be similarly governed by a prepared program. This program is triggered when visual stimulus information about the time to arrival of the moving target reaches a specific criterion. We investigated whether a SAS could also trigger such a movement. Human experimental participants were trained to hit moving targets with movements of a specific duration. This permitted an estimate of when movement would begin (expected onset time). Startling and sub-startle threshold acoustic probe stimuli were delivered unexpectedly among control trials: 65, 85, 115 and 135 ms prior to expected onset (10:1 ratio of control to probe trials). Results showed that startling probe stimuli at 85 and 115 ms produced early response onsets but not those at 65 or 135 ms. Sub-threshold stimuli at 115 and 135 ms also produced early onsets. Startle probes led to an increased vigor in the response, but sub-threshold probes had no detectable effects. These data can be explained by a simple model in which preparatory, response-related activation builds up in the circuits responsible for generating motor commands in anticipation of the GO command. If early triggering by the acoustic probes is the mechanism underlying the findings, then the data support the hypothesis that rapid interceptions are governed by a motor program. © 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IBRO.

Soybean Stem Fly, Melanagromyza sojae (Diptera: Agromyzidae), in the New World: detection of high genetic diversity from soybean fields in Brazil

Soybean Stem Fly (SSF), Melanagromyza sojae (Zehntner), belongs to the family Agromyzidae and is highly polyphagous, attacking many plant species of the family Fabaceae, including soybean and other beans. SSF is regarded as one of the most important pests in soybean fields of Asia (e.g., China, India), North East Africa (e.g., Egypt), parts of Russia, and South East Asia. Despite reports of Agromyzidae flies infesting soybean fields in Rio Grande do Sul State (Brazil) in 1983 and 2009 and periodic interceptions of SSF since the 1940s by the USA quarantine authorities, SSF has not been officially reported to have successfully established in the North and South Americas. In South America, M. sojae was recently confirmed using morphology and its complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was characterized. In the present study, we surveyed the genetic diversity of M. sojae, collected directly from soybean host plants, using partial mtDNA cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene, and provide evidence of multiple (>10) maternal lineages in SSF populations in South America, potentially representing multiple incursion events. However, a single incursion involving multiple-female founders could not be ruled out. We identified a haplotype that was common in the fields of two Brazilian states and the individuals collected from Australia in 2013. The implications of SSF incursions in southern Brazil are discussed in relation to the current soybean agricultural practices, highlighting an urgent need for better understanding of SSF population movements in the New World, which is necessary for developing effective management options for this significant soybean pest. © FUNPEC-RP.

Teoria da arte hacker : estética, diferença e transgressão tecnológica

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Artes, Departamento de Artes Visuais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arte, 2015.