971 resultados para Institutional Capital


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This paper contributes to the literature on entrepreneurial leadership development. Leadership studies are characterized by an increasing emphasis given to an individual leader's social and organizational domain. Within the context of human capital and social capital theory, the paper reflects on the emergence of a social capital theory of leadership development. Using a retrospective, interpretivist research method, the authors present the experience of a cohort of business leaders on an executive development programme to uncover the everydayness of leadership development in practice. Specifically, they explore how entrepreneurial leadership develops as a social process and what the role of social capital is in this. The findings suggest that the enhancement of leaders’ human capital only occurred through their development of social capital. There is not, as extant literature suggests, a clear separation between leader development and leadership development. Further, the analysis implies that the social capital theory of leadership is limited in the context of the entrepreneurial small firm, and the authors propose that it should be expanded to incorporate institutional capital, that is, the formal structures and organizations which enhance the role of social capital and go beyond enriching the human capital stock of individual leaders

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Management consultants have long been recognized as carriers of management knowledge and disseminators of management fashions. While it is well understood how they promote the acceptance of their concepts, surprisingly little has been said about their strategies to promote the acceptability of their services. In this paper, we elaborate a typology of strategies by which management consultancies can create and sustain such “institutional capital” (Oliver, 1997) that helps them extract competitive resources from their institutional context. Drawing on examples from the German consulting industry, we show how localized competitive actions can enhance individual firm’s positions, but also the collective institutional capital of the consulting industry as a whole, legitimize consulting services in broader sectors of society and facilitating access to requisite resources. These accounts counter prevailing imagery of institutional entrepreneurship as individualistic, “heroic” action and demonstrate how distributed, embedded actors can collectively shape the institutional context from within to enhance their institutional capital.

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We classify the strategies by which management consultancies can create and sustain the institutional capital that makes it possible for them to extract competitive resources from their institutional context. Using examples from the German consulting industry, we show how localized competitive actions can enhance both individual firms’ positions, and also strengthen the collective institutional capital of the consulting industry thus legitimizing consulting services in broader sectors of society and facilitating access to requisite resources. Our findings counter the image of institutional entrepreneurship as individualistic, “heroic” action. We demonstrate how distributed, embedded actors can collectively shape the institutional context from within to enhance their institutional capital.

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Five case study communities in both metropolitan and regional urban locations in Australia are used as test sites to develop measures of 'community strength' on four domains: Natural Capital; Produced Economic Capital; Human Capital; and Social and Institutional Capital. The paper focuses on the fourth domain. Sample surveys of households in the five case study communities used a survey instrument with scaled items to measure four aspects of social capital - formal norms, informal norms, formal structures and informal structures - that embrace the concepts of trust, reciprocity, bonds, bridges, links and networks in the interaction of individuals with their community inherent in the notion social capital. Exploratory principal components analysis is used to identify factors that measure those aspects of social and institutional capital, while a confirmatory analysis based on Cronbach's alpha explores the robustness of the measures. Four primary scales and 15 subscales are identified when defining the domain of social and institutional capital. Further analysis reveals that two measures - anomie, and perceived quality of life and wellbeing - relate to certain primary scales of social capital.

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In 2001/02 five case study communities in both metropolitan and regional urban locations in Australia were chosen as test sites to develop measures of community strength on four domains: natural capital; produced economic capital; human capital; and social and institutional capital. Secondary data sources were used to develop measures on the first three domains. For the fourth domain social and institutional capital primary data collection was undertaken through sample surveys of households. A structured approach was devised. This involved developing a survey instrument using scaled items relating to four elements: formal norms; informal norms; formal structures; and informal structures which embrace the concepts of trust, reciprocity, bonds, bridges, links and networks in the interaction of individuals with their community inherent in the notion social capital. Exploratory principal components analysis was used to identify factors that measure those aspects of social and institutional capital, with confirmatory analysis conducted using Cronbach's Alpha. This enabled the construction of four primary scales and 15 sub-scales as a tool for measuring social and institutional capital. Further analyses reveals that two measures anomie and perceived quality of life and wellbeing relate to certain primary scales of social capital.

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With few exceptions (e.g. Fincham & Clark, 2002; Lounsbury, 2002, 2007; Montgomery & Oliver, 2007), we know little about how emerging professions, such as management consulting, professionalize and establish their services as a taken-for-granted element of social life. This is surprising given that professionals have long been recognized as “institutional agents” (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983; Scott, 2008) (see Chapter 17) and professionalization projects have been closely associated with institutionalization (DiMaggio, 1991). Therefore, in this chapter we take a closer look at a specific type of entrepreneurship in PSFs; drawing on the concept of “institutional entrepreneurship” (DiMaggio, 1988; Garud, Hardy, & Maguire, 2007; Hardy & Maguire, 2008) we describe some generic strategies by which proto-professions can enhance their “institutional capital” (Oliver, 1997), that is, their capacity to extract institutionally contingent resources such as legitimacy, reputation, or client relationships from their environment.

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El presente artículo intentará dar un alcance hacia los impactos que se visualizan en la aplicación de normas internacionales de contabilidad en el tratamiento de los aportes sociales de las cooperativas, para Bogotá. En nuestro sistema cooperativo, en función de proteger al socio, incluso frente al riesgo de amenazar la estabilidad de la cooperativa, se ha reconocido un derecho al reembolso de los aportes sociales, que la cooperativa tiene que atender aunque esto signifique reducir el capital estatutario o incluso la disolución de la organización. El artículo muestra la importancia de analizar el impacto de nuevos estándares contables para revelar la situación financiera de la empresa y la forma en que estos afectaran no solo el patrimonio que es el capital de la empresa sino la figura de este tipo de organizaciones. De igual manera hace un análisis de las ventajas y desventajas de esta aplicación y finalmente una comparación de los estados financieros de una cooperativa antes y después de la implementación. Palabras Clave Cooperativa, capital social, Instrumentos financieros, Normas internacionales de contabilidad y patrimonio.

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Upland Scotland contains some of Britain’s most prized areas of natural heritage value. However, although such areas may appear both ‘wild’ and ‘remote’, these are typically working landscapes which symbolise the interdependence of nature and society. The complexity of this relationship means that management responses will need to address a multitude of potentially conflicting priorities whilst at the same time ensuring that sufficient social and institutional capital exists to allow for the promotion of landscape integrity. The introduction of national parks to Scotland in the form of the National Parks (Scotland) Act 2000 allows for a high-level of protection for designated areas in upland Scotland. Yet, whilst the recent Act outlines the statutory purpose and direction national parks should take, it allows a significant degree of flexibility in theway in which the Actmay be implemented. This level of discretion allows for significant local distinctiveness within the model but also raises questions about the potential effectiveness of chosen responses. In order to assess the potential implications of a model rooted in self-determination,we provide a case study review of the institutional basis of the Cairngorms National Park along with an assessment of the strategic character of the first National Park Plan. It is argued that whilst the Cairngorms National Park Authority has developed a significant level of stakeholder engagement, the authority may struggle to bridge the policy-implementation gap. Although a number of shortcomings are identified, particular concerns relate to the potential mismatch between strategic ambition and local level capacity.

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This paper investigates the relationship between capital flows, turnover and returns for the UK private real estate market. We examine a number of possible implication of capital flows and turnover on capital returns testing for evidence of a price pressure effect, ‘return chasing’ behaviour and information revelation. The main tool of analysis is a panel vector autoregressive (VAR) regression model in which institutional capital flows, turnover and returns are specified as endogenous variables in a two equation system in which we also control for macro-economic variables. Data on flows, turnover and returns are obtained for the 10 market segments covering the main UK commercial real estate sectors. Our results do not support the widely-held belief among practitioners that capital flows have a ‘price pressure’ effect. Although there is some evidence of return chasing behaviour, the short timescales involved suggest this finding may be due to delayed recording of flows relative to returns given the difficulties of market entry. We find a significant positive relationship between lagged turnover and contemporaneous capital returns, suggesting that asset turnover provides pricing information.

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This paper sets out to describe the changing nature of global property investment, to provide background information regarding the nature of unlisted property funds and their managers and investors, and especially the role played by unlisted property funds in facilitating cross-border investing. In particular, it focuses on the development of unlisted funds as intermediary structures carrying institutional capital from developed to developing markets. It presents the results of new research by UK research firm Property Funds Research (PFR) and the University of Reading which explores the extent to which this new vehicle has been effective in delivering capital to emerging markets. The research relates the number of funds targetting particular countries and to population and GDP per capita. It finds that there is a very strong relationship between the popularity of a country for investment through this vehicle format and these independent variables. More interesting, perhaps, is the identification of outlier countries where the amount of investment is significantly less - or greater - than that predicted by population and GDP per capita.

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Fuel is a self-depleting resource and long term dependency on this commodity alone will not suffice. An export trade oriented approach can lead to faster industrialization while diversification leads to economic sustainable growth. This research seeks to understand how countries compete for foreign direct investments, and how certain activities have the most impact in the competitive global marketplace. Research suggests that when companies decide to invest abroad, they seek only to find countries that facilitate their strategic objectives. The results conclude with appropriate levels of government accountability, credibility and visibility with the private sector, foreign direct investment is attracted by policy advocacy and policy reform. By reviewing countries such as United Arab Emirates in direct comparison to Western Asian countries, including Kuwait and Iraq with high levels of fuel exports, along with Qatar with optimistic marketplace indicators and plentitude of skills and capabilities – research seems to suggest that despite high capabilities and attractive GDP, promotional investment activities yield the highest returns using policy advocacy and reform.

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No presente trabalho analisa-se a importância das cooperativas no mercado de crédito rural do Brasil, com foco na visão de quem demanda empréstimos. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo de caso referente à Cooperativa de Crédito Rural dos Fornecedores de Cana e Agropecuaristas da Região de Piracicaba (Cocrefocapi). O objetivo principal é mostrar a importância da Cocrefocapi no financiamento dos fornecedores de cana de Piracicaba, a partir da análise da influência de vários fatores presentes na decisão dos cooperados em escolher esta instituição como principal financiadora. Assim, foram elaborados e testados dois modelos econométricos de resposta qualitativa, além de várias análises descritivas. Os resultados mostram que o tamanho da terra é um fator que deve ser considerado ao se analisar a demanda por crédito agrícola. Além disso, não existe evidência econométrica que mostre que os associados com maior participação no capital institucional da Cocrefocapi tenham maiores incentivos para tomar empréstimos junto à cooperativa. Por outro lado, embora os fornecedores que tomaram empréstimos na Cocrefocapi a tenham escolhido principalmente por menores custos de transação, os resultados indicam que muitas destas pessoas tomaram empréstimos em outras instituições, pois, além de produzirem cana, conduzem outras atividades econômicas que não são financiadas pela Cocrefocapi.

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A presente tese busca estabelecer relações entre as práticas participativas institucionalizadas no Brasil, no recente período democrático, e o desenvolvimento em suas dimensões econômica, social, jurídica e política, com ênfase em seu caráter inclusivo ou distributivo, além de sustentável. Este é o modelo de desenvolvimento referido aqui como abrangente, ressaltando, ainda, que neste conceito as diferentes dimensões e atributos do desenvolvimento são considerados não como etapas sucessivas ou causais, mas como elementos constitutivos que se complementam em favor de uma integridade conceitual. Por sua vez, as práticas participativas aqui consideradas são as que se desenrolam em instâncias híbridas que pertencem tanto ao Estado como à sociedade civil e por isso são tratadas preferencialmente como interfaces socioestatais. A partir da observação de uma amostra desses arranjos, propõe inicialmente as seguintes questões: (a) a participação social tem contribuído com o Estado na elaboração, implementação e controle de programas e políticas públicas inclusivos e de relevância para o modelo de desenvolvimento proposto? (b) a crescente formalização institucional da participação, tendente a um certo grau de centralização ou coordenação, contribui para a sua racionalidade e efetividade ou pode antes contribuir para a sua burocratização e a descaracterização de sua genuinidade? As hipóteses propostas são a de que a participação potencializa o desenvolvimento abrangente e que este só é realizável como fruto de uma gestão cooperativa entre a estrutura estatal e o conjunto de cidadãos, própria da democracia participativa e que a institucionalização pode contribuir para a racionalidade e organicidade no tratamento dos pactos elaborados nessas instâncias, além de contribuir para a consolidação de um capital social e institucional.