Inorganic-organic composite particle as a staged delivery platform for plasmid DNA-based biopharmaceuticals

Infectious diseases such as SARS, influenza and bird flu may spread exponentially throughout communities. In fact, most infectious diseases remain major health risks due to the lack of vaccine or the lack of facilities to deliver the vaccines. Conventional vaccinations are based on damaged pathogens, live attenuated viruses and viral vectors. If the damage was not complete, the vaccination itself may cause adverse effects. Therefore, researchers have been prompted to prepare viable replacements for the attenuated vaccines that would be more effective and safer to use. DNA vaccines are generally composed of a double stranded plasmid that includes a gene encoding the target antigen under the transcriptional directory and control of a promoter region which is active in cells. Plasmid DNA (pDNA) vaccines allow the foreign genes to be expressed transiently in cells, mimicking intracellular pathogenic infection and inducing both humoral and cellular immune responses. Currently, because of their highly evolved and specialized components, viral systems are the most effective means for DNA delivery, and they achieve high efficiencies (generally >90%), for both DNA delivery and expression. As yet, viral-mediated deliveries have several limitations, including toxicity, limited DNA carrying capacity, restricted target to specific cell types, production and packing problems, and high cost. Thus, nonviral systems, particularly a synthetic DNA delivery system, are highly desirable in both research and clinical applications.

Environmental applications of inorganic-organic clays for recalcitrant organic pollutants removal: Bisphenol A

Bisphenol-A (BPA) adsorption onto inorganic-organic clays (IOCs) was investigated. For this purpose, IOCs synthesised using octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (ODTMA, organic modifier) and hydroxy aluminium (Al13, inorganic modifier) were used. Three intercalation methods were employed with varying ODTMA concentration in the synthesis of IOCs. Molecular interactions of clay surfaces with ODTMA and Al13 and their arrangements within the interlayers were determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Surface area and porous structure of IOCs were determined by applying Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) method to N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. Surface area decreased upon ODTMA intercalation while it increased with Al13 pillaring. As a result, BET specific surface area of IOCs was considerably higher than those of organoclays. Initial concentration of BPA, contact time and adsorbent dose significantly affected BPA adsorption into IOCs. Pseudo-second order kinetics model is the best fit for BPA adsorption into IOCs. Both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were applicable for BPA adsorption (R2 > 0.91) for IOCs. Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity for IOCs was as high as 109.89 mg g‒1 and it was closely related to the loaded ODTMA amount into the clay. Hydrophobic interactions between long alkyl chains of ODTMA and BPA are responsible for BPA adsorption into IOCs.

Adsorption-desorption and photocatalytic properties of inorganic-organic hybrid cadmium thiosulfate compounds

Three inorganic-organic hybrid framework cadmium thiosulfate phases have been investigated for adsorption and photodegradation of organic dye molecules. Different classes of organic dyes, viz., triaryl methane, azo, xanthene, anthraquinone, have been studied. The anionic dyes with sulfonate groups appear to readily adsorb on the cadmium thiosulfate compounds in an aqueous medium. The adsorption of the dye molecules, however, does not create any structural changes on the cadmium thiosulfate compounds, though weak electronic interactions have been observed. The adsorbed dyes have been desorbed partially in an alcoholic medium, suggesting possible applications in scavenging specific anionic dyes from the aqueous solutions. Langmuir adsorption/desorption isotherms have been used to model this behavior. UV-assisted (lambda(max) = 365 nm) photocatalytic decomposition studies on the cationic dyes indicate reasonable activity comparable with that of Degussa P-25 (TiO2) catalyst. Sunlight assisted photocatalyti studies have been carried out in detail employing hybrid framework compounds. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics model, employed to follow the degradation profile of the organic dyes, indicates that the photocatalytic degradation follows the order: triaryl methane > azo > xanthene.

Synthesis, Structure, and Transformation Studies in a Family of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Framework Structures Based on Indium

Eight new open-framework inorganic-organic hybrid compounds based on indium have been synthesized employing hydrothermal methods. All of the compounds have InO6, C2O4, and HPO3/HPO4/SO4 units connected to form structures of different dimensionality Thus, the compounds have zero- (I), two- (II, III, IV, V, VII, and VIII), and three-dimensionally (VI) extended networks. The formation of the first zero-dimensional hybrid compound is noteworthy In addition, concomitant polymorphic structures have been observed in the present study. The molecular compound, I, was found to be reactive, and the transformation studies in the presence of a base (pyridine) give rise to the polymorphic structures of II and III, while the addition of an acid (H3PO3) gives rise to a new indium phosphite with a pillared layer structure (T1). Preliminary density functional theory calculations suggest that the stabilities of the polymorphs are different, with one of the forms (II) being preferred over the other, which is consistent with the observed experimental behavior. The oxalate units perform more than one role in the present structures. Thus, the oxalate units connect two In centers to satisfy the coordination requirements as well as to achieve charge balance in compounds II, IV, and VI. The terminal oxalate units observed in compounds I, IV, and V suggest the possibility of intermediate structures. Both in-plane and out-of-plane connectivity of the oxalate units were observed in compound VI. The 31 compounds have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and P-31 NMR studies.

Highly stable Ag nanoparticles in agar-agar matrix as inorganic-organic hybrid

A novel synthesis of inorganic-organic hybrid films containing well dispersed and almost uniform size Ag nanoparticles in agar-agar matrix has been reported. The films are found to be highly stable for more than a year. The colloidal particles of Ag can be obtained in large quantities in the form of a film or in the gel form when dispersed in agar-agar or by dissolving in a suitable solvent as solution. Characterization has been done by UV-visible spectroscopy and TEM. The hybrid may be of interest to study third-order non-linear susceptibility.

Tunable device properties of free-standing inorganic/organic flexible hybrid structures obtained by exfoliation

We report the fabrication of free-standing flexible inorganic/organic hybrid structures by exfoliating ZnO nanostructured films from the flat indium tin oxide (ITO)/silicon/sapphire substrates using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). Strong interaction between ZnO and PEDOT: PSS and the thermomechanical response of PEDOT: PSS are the key issues for the exfoliation to prevail. The performance of the free-standing hybrid structures as rectifiers and photodetectors is better as compared to ITO supported hybrid structures. It is also shown that device properties of hybrid structures can be tuned by using different electrode materials. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4729550]

Photorefractive performance of a novel multifunctional inorganic-organic hybridized nanocomposite sensitized by CdS nanoparticles

A novel multifunctional inorganic-organic photorefractive (PR) poly(N-vinyl)-3-[p-nitrophenylazolcarbazolyl-CdS nanocomposites with different molar ratios of US to poly(N-vinyl)-3-[p-nitrophenylazo]carbazolyl (PVNPAK) were synthesized via a postazo-coupling reaction and chemically hybridized approach, respectively. The nanocomposites are highly soluble and could be obtained as film-forming materials with appreciably high molecular weights and low glass transition temperature (T,) due to the flexible spacers. The PVNPAK matrix possesses a highest-occupied molecular orbital value of about -5.36 eV determined from cyclic voltammetry. Second harmonic generation (SHG) could be observed in PVNPAK film without any poling procedure and 4.7 pm/V of effective second-order nonlinear optical susceptibility is obtained. The US particles as photosensitizers had a nanoscale size in PVNPAK adopting transmission electron microscopy. The improvement of interface quality between US and polymer matrix is responsible for efficient photoinduced charge generation efficiency in the nanocomposites. An asymmetric optical energy exchange between two beams on the polymer composites PVNPAK-CdS/ECZ has been found even without an external field in two-beam coupling (TBC) experiment, and the TBC gain and diffraction efficiency of 14.26 cm(-1) and 3.4% for PVNPAK-5-CdS/ECZ, 16.43 cm(-1) and 4.4% for PVNPAK-15-CdS/ECZ were measured at a 647.1 nm wavelength, respectively.

Hydrothermal Synthesis and Study of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Vanadate of Nickel(II) Coordination Complex with Pyrazine, Ni3(C4H4N2)3(V8O23)

Artículo científico: postprint

Fabrication of excitonic luminescent inorganic-organic hybrid nano- and microcrystals

Inorganic-organic (IO) hybrid nano- and microcrystals are fabricated by a low-cost, environmentally friendly and easily scaled-up route. Lead(II) iodide (PbI 2) nano/microcrystals are obtained by solvothermal techniques and subsequent IO hybrid (C 12H 25NH 3) 2PbI 4 crystals are produced by intercalation of the organic moiety. The hexagonally shaped crystals obtained range in size from 20 nm to ∼7 μm. Sequential stacking of inorganic/organic layers in these IO hybrid crystals results in strong room-temperature exciton photoluminescence, wherein the excitons are confined within the inorganic sheets. © 2012 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Structural tunability and switchable exciton emission in inorganic-organic hybrids with mixed halides

Room-temperature tunable excitonic photoluminescence is demonstrated in alloy-tuned layered Inorganic-Organic (IO) hybrids, (C12H 25NH3)2PbI4(1-y)Br4y (y = 0 to 1). These perovskite IO hybrids adopt structures with alternating stacks of low-dimensional inorganic and organic layers, considered to be naturally self-assembled multiple quantum wells. These systems resemble stacked monolayer 2D semiconductors since no interlayer coupling exists. Thin films of IO hybrids exhibit sharp and strong photoluminescence (PL) at room-temperature due to stable excitons formed within the low-dimensional inorganic layers. Systematic variation in the observed exciton PL from 510 nm to 350 nm as the alloy composition is changed, is attributed to the structural readjustment of crystal packing upon increase of the Br content in the Pb-I inorganic network. The energy separation between exciton absorption and PL is attributed to the modified exciton density of states and diffusion of excitons from relatively higher energy states corresponding to bromine rich sites towards the lower energy iodine sites. Apart from compositional fluctuations, these excitons show remarkable reversible flips at temperature-induced phase transitions. All the results are successfully correlated with thermal and structural studies. Such structural engineering flexibility in these hybrids allows selective tuning of desirable exciton properties within suitable operating temperature ranges. Such wide-range PL tunability and reversible exciton switching in these novel IO hybrids paves the way to potential applications in new generation of optoelectronic devices. © 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.

In situ intercalation dynamics in inorganic-organic layered perovskite thin films.

The properties of layered inorganic semiconductors can be manipulated by the insertion of foreign molecular species via a process known as intercalation. In the present study, we investigate the phenomenon of organic moiety (R-NH3I) intercalation in layered metal-halide (PbI2)-based inorganic semiconductors, leading to the formation of inorganic-organic (IO) perovskites [(R-NH3)2PbI4]. During this intercalation strong resonant exciton optical transitions are created, enabling study of the dynamics of this process. Simultaneous in situ photoluminescence (PL) and transmission measurements are used to track the structural and exciton evolution. On the basis of the experimental observations, a model is proposed which explains the process of IO perovskite formation during intercalation of the organic moiety through the inorganic semiconductor layers. The interplay between precursor film thickness and organic solution concentration/solvent highlights the role of van der Waals interactions between the layers, as well as the need for maintaining stoichiometry during intercalation. Nucleation and growth occurring during intercalation matches a Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov model, with results fitting both ideal and nonideal cases.

Organic thin-film transistors having inorganic/organic double gate insulators

Bottom-contact organic thin-film transistors (BC OTFTs) based on inorganic/organic double gate insulators were demonstrated. The double gate insulators consisted of tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) with high dielectric constant (kappa) as the first gate insulator and octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) with low kappa as the second gate insulator. The devices have carrier mobilities larger than 10(-2) cm(2)/V s, on/off current ratio greater than 10(5), and the threshold voltage of -14 V, which is threefold larger field-effect mobility and an order of magnitude larger on/off current ratio than the OTFTs with a Ta2O5 gate insulator. The leakage current was decreased from 2.4x10(-6) to 7.4x10(-8) A due to the introduction of the OTS second dielectric layer. The results demonstrated that using inorganic/organic double insulator as the gate dielectric layer is an effective method to fabricate OTFTs with improved electric characteristics.

Photochromic inorganic-organic multilayer films based on polyoxometalates and poly(ethylenimine)

Novel photochromic inorganic-organic multilayers composed of polyoxometalates and poly(ethylenimine) have been prepared by the layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly method. The growth process, composition, surface topography, and photochromic properties of the multilayer films were investigated by UV-visible and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, electrospin resonance (ESR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Irradiated with ultraviolet light, the transparent films changed from colorless to blue. Moreover, the blue films showed good reversibility of photochromism, and could recover the colorless state gradually in air, where oxygen plays an important role in the bleaching process. On account of the ESR and XPS results, parts of W6+ in multilayers were reduced to W5+, which exhibited a characteristic blue; a possible photochromic mechanism can be speculated. This work provides basic guideline for the assembly of multilayers with photochromic properties.