The informal trade in the Leeward Islands

Includes bibliography

Occurrence of mycobacteria in bovine milk samples from both individual and collective bulk tanks at farms and informal markets in the southeast region of Sao Paulo, Brazil

Background: Mycobacterium spp. is one of the most important species of zoonotic pathogens that can be transmitted from cattle to humans. The presence of these opportunistic, pathogenic bacteria in bovine milk has emerged as a public-health concern, especially among individuals who consume raw milk and related dairy products. To address this concern, the Brazilian control and eradication program focusing on bovine tuberculosis, was established in 2001. However, bovine tuberculosis continues to afflict approximately 1,3 percent of the cattle in Brazil. In the present study, 300 samples of milk from bovine herds, obtained from both individual and collective bulk tanks and informal points of sale, were cultured on Löwenstein-Jensen and Stonebrink media. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based tests and restriction-enzyme pattern analysis were then performed on the colonies exhibiting phenotypes suggestive of Mycobacterium spp., which were characterized as acid-fast bacilli.Results: Of the 300 bovine milk samples that were processed, 24 were positively identified as Mycobacterium spp.Molecular identification detected 15 unique mycobacterial species: Mycobacterium bovis, M. gordonae, M. fortuitum, M. intracellulare, M. flavescens, M. duvalii, M. haemophilum, M. immunogenum, M. lentiflavum, M. mucogenicum, M. novocastrense, M. parafortuitum, M. smegmatis, M. terrae and M. vaccae. The isolation of bacteria from the various locations occurred in the following proportions: 9 percent of the individual bulk-tank samples, 7 percent of the collective bulk-tank samples and 8 percent of the informal-trade samples. No statistically significant difference was observed between the presence of Mycobacterium spp. in the three types of samples collected, the milk production profiles, the presence of veterinary assistance and the reported concerns about bovine tuberculosis prevention in the herds.Conclusion: The microbiological cultures associated with PCR-based identification tests are possible tools for the investigation of the presence of Mycobacterium spp. in milk samples. Using these methods, we found that the Brazilian population may be regularly exposed to mycobacteria by consuming raw bovine milk and related dairy products. These evidences reinforces the need to optimize quality programs of dairy products, to intensify the sanitary inspection of these products and the necessity of further studies on the presence of Mycobacterium spp. in milk and milk-based products. © 2013 Franco et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Ocorrência de micobactérias em amostras de leite bovino provenientes de tanques de expansão individuais e coletivos de propriedades rurais e do comércio informal na região sudeste do estado de São Paulo

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Centralidade urbana e comércio informal: os novos espaços de consumo no centro de Anápolis-GO

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

O COMPORTAMENTO DO CONSUMIDOR NA ECONOMIA INFORMAL DA REGIÃO DO GRANDE ABC PAULISTA

Diminuir o consumo de produtos oriundos da economia informal e conscientizar os consumidores acerca dos malefícios do mesmo tem sido um imperativo para os órgãos governamentais, organizações privadas e instituições não governamentais que prezam pela melhoria no ambiente de negócios. No entanto, apesar do apelo feito aos consumidores para não adquirirem produtos do mercado informal, é possível notar nas calçadas das ruas e avenidas a existência de inúmeros pontos de venda informais. Neste contexto, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar e analisar os fatores influenciadores do comportamento do consumidor de produtos adquiridos na economia informal da Região do Grande ABC Paulista. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo qualitativo, de caráter exploratório, cujos dados primários foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e os dados secundários extraídos da literatura acerca do comportamento do consumidor considerando-se os fatores influenciadores: cultura, ética e responsabilidade social, bem como, a economia informal. Participaram das entrevistas pessoas economicamente ativas com idade entre 25 e 44 anos, consumidoras de produtos oriundos do comércio informal e residentes na Região do Grande ABC Paulista. Com base nos resultados da pesquisa empírica é possível inferir que os consumidores efetuam compras no comércio informal devido ao preço e acessibilidade ao ponto de venda. Trata-se de um consumo culturalmente estabelecido, devido à disseminação do mesmo entre as redes sociais das quais os consumidores fazem parte. De maneira geral, os entrevistados mostram-se conscientes sobre os malefícios sociais, ambientais e éticos da economia informal, mas pouco os consideram no momento da compra.

La formación de actividades ilegales en la ciudad de Cartagena a partir de la concentración de la gestión distrital en el sector del turismo. Análisis del periodo : 2002-2006

Colombia durante los últimos años ha intentado cambiar el estigma que tiene, en cuanto a su imagen internacional. Por lo tanto, el país ha tratado de explotar y potenciar las zonas que ha considerado con mayores fortalezas destacándose entre ellas la región de la costa, especialmente la ciudad de Cartagena, permitiéndose el fortalecimiento notable del sector del turismo en esta ciudad. En esa medida, este sector se ha preocupado por mantenerse en una competencia permanente en cuanto a la captación de turistas. Sin embargo, la ciudad de Cartagena se encuentra dentro de una dualidad enmarcada por la desigualdad social que ha polarizado su población. Abriendo paso a la generación actividades que se encuentran determinadas como indeseables. De acuerdo con lo anterior, podría hablarse de que en virtud del turismo se generan unas actividades, que no se encuentran propiamente bajo el marco de lo deseable como en el caso de la prostitución, la venta de estupefacientes y el comercio informal, que sumados a la mala planeación, se han convertido en los mayores problemas que atacan a esta ciudad.

“Nadie es profeta en su tierra”: Etnografía económica de las dinámicas comerciales de los Kichwa-Otavalo en San Victorino, Bogotá

La presente monografía describe las dinámicas económicas de los Kichwas Otavalo en la zona comercial de San Victorino, Bogotá. Dichas dinámicas son examinadas a partir de la Nueva Sociología Económica (Smelser & Swedberg, 2005) y la Etnografía Económica (Dufy & Weber, 2009) para mostrar las divergentes racionalidades que surgen al interior del mercado. Esto nos lleva a debatir con la ciencia económica ortodoxa y los supuestos que manejan frente a la racionalidad, el mercado y la competencia. A lo largo del texto se sostiene la importancia de los marcos de transacción (Dufy & Weber, 2009), su trascendencia, y su factibilidad para entender las dinámicas históricas, económicas y comerciales que rodean la venta ambulante en San Victorino. Por otro lado mostramos cómo estos mismos marcos de transacción se reflejan en las dinámicas comerciales de este grupo indígena oriundo del Norte de Ecuador. Se hace un recuento de su historia y de los tipos de negocios en los que resultó la tradicional venta ambulante en la capital colombiana. Las racionalidades de estos son resumidas en dos tipos de racionalidades (tradicional y modernista) que derivan tanto en grandes logros como en grandes problemáticas al interior de la comunidad. El caso, en suma, demuestra que la racionalidad económica es mucho más compleja de lo que la teoría económica ortodoxa desea admitir. Nadie es profeta en su tierra.

O tempo e o espaço da alimentação no centro da metrópole paulista

Pós-graduação em Geografia - IGCE

O centro de Recife e suas formas comerciais: transformações e persistências

Pós-graduação em Geografia - IGCE

TV digital interativa no Brasil: até quando esperar?

The ideal proposed by Decree No. 4901 of 26 November 2003 establishing the Brazilian System of Digital Television (SBTVD) still seems more remote from reality as possible in 2003, where it was believed more in digital inclusion (and social) through access Digital TV via internet than to the development of specifi c products for this media. The reality still shows up differently and it is possible to believe that there was an innocent vision and too optimistic a project that did not meet even the demands of society: SBTVD. The problem to be solved is to get Digital TV adds value to the needs of today’s consumers of content, space has been occupied quickly by computers and devices connected to the internet and even the informal trade of DVDs and video games.

Trade-off between formal and informal care in Spain

The remarkable growth of older population has moved long term care to the front ranks of the social policy agenda. Understanding the factors that determine the type and amount of formal care is important for predicting use in the future and developing long-term policy. In this context we jointly analyze the choice of care (formal, informal, both together or none) as well as the number of hours of care received. Given that the number of hours of care is not independent of the type of care received, we estimate, for the first time in this area of research, a sample selection model with the particularity that the first step is a multinomial logit model. With regard to the debate about complementarity or substitutability between formal and informal care, our results indicate that formal care acts as a reinforcement of the family care in certain cases: for very old care receivers, in those cases in which the individual has multiple disabilities, when many care hours are provided, and in case of mental illness and/or dementia. There exist substantial differences in long term care addressed to younger and older dependent people and dependent women are in risk of becoming more vulnerable to the shortage of informal caregivers in the future. Finally, we have documented that there are great disparities in the availability of public social care across regions.

European Union Trade Policy after Enlargement: Larger Crowds, Shifting Priorities and Informal Decision-Making

The article focuses on the effects of Eastern enlargement on EU trade policy-making. On interest constellation, the article makes a case that protectionist forces have been strengthened relative to liberal forces. This slight protectionist turn is mostly witnessed in the area of anti-dumping and with respect to the Doha trade round. On preference aggregation, guided by a principal–agent framework, it is argued that the growth in the number of actors (principals and interest groups) has not constrained the role of the European Commission (agent). However, it has led to an increase in informal processes and has empowered large trading nations vis-a`-vis smaller and less ‘comitology-experienced’ member states.

Motivations to participate in international trade fairs: the Portuguese experience

Motivations/barriers to participate in ITF

Cotton manufacturers as bankers: the textile trade and credit in spain, 1840-1913

[cat] La historiografia ha assenyalat que en el segle XIX el crèdit que els fabricants cotoners catalans oferien als seus clients era de caràcter informal i, per tant, impossible de ser transferit al sistema bancari. Això hauria tingut un efecte negatiu en la rendibilitat de les empreses cotoneres. A partir de l’anàlisi de diversos arxius empresarials, així com de fonts judicials i notarials, aquest treball confirma aquesta descripció dels fets però proposa una interpretació més optimista. Els fabricants feien de banquers dels seus clients perquè eren els millor situats per a exercir aquesta funció. Havien construït una bona estructura d’informació, gestionaven eficientment el risc creditici i obtenien beneficis d’aquesta activitat.

Cotton manufacturers as bankers: the textile trade and credit in spain, 1840-1913

[cat] La historiografia ha assenyalat que en el segle XIX el crèdit que els fabricants cotoners catalans oferien als seus clients era de caràcter informal i, per tant, impossible de ser transferit al sistema bancari. Això hauria tingut un efecte negatiu en la rendibilitat de les empreses cotoneres. A partir de l’anàlisi de diversos arxius empresarials, així com de fonts judicials i notarials, aquest treball confirma aquesta descripció dels fets però proposa una interpretació més optimista. Els fabricants feien de banquers dels seus clients perquè eren els millor situats per a exercir aquesta funció. Havien construït una bona estructura d’informació, gestionaven eficientment el risc creditici i obtenien beneficis d’aquesta activitat.