Informal labor contracts: an analysis of the Brazilian experience

For representing an expressive souree of labor absorption, the jobs with informal labor eontraet have been reeeiving a eonsiderable attention among the speeialists in the Brazilian labor rnarket. This paper presents, eoneisely, some stylized faets about this labor rnarket segment, as well as some oftheir most eommon interpretations. We argue that sue h interpretations are, in general, not very integrated and a model trying to make them eompatible is developed. The model ineorporates both segmentation and workers with heterogeneity in qualifieation. The results of the analysis are shown to be eompatible with most of the observed faets.

Informal wages in an economy with active labor courts

In most developing countries, job regulations and the justice branch interfere on several aspects of labor contracts. Inspired by this fact, we build a model that explores the role of labor courts in the determination of the di¤erence between formal and informal wages. We show that the presence of active labor courts in an environment where labor relations are subject to asymmetries of information reproduces features documented by the empirical literature. The main implications of our model are tested using Brazilian data.

Labor legislation and the size of informal sector in Brazil

This paper studies the increase in the rate of informal workers in the Brazilian economy that occurred between 1985 and 1999. We develop an overlapping generations model with incomplete markets in which agents are ex-post heterogeneous. We calibrate it to match some features of the Brazilian economy for 1985. We conduct a policy experiment which reproduces the 1988 constitution reforms that increased the retirement benefits and labor costs in the formal sector. We show that these reforms can explain the increase in informal labor. Then, we conduct a policy experiment and analyze its impact on the Brazilian economy.

Análisis del ciclo económico en una economía con rigideces nominales y un amplio sector informal

En este trabajo se construye un modelo de Equilibrio General Dinámico Estocástico (DSGE) con sector informal y rigideces en precios, usando como marco de análisis la teoría de búsqueda y emparejamiento del mercado de trabajo. El objetivo principal es analizar el efecto de los diferentes tipos de choques económicos sobre las principales variables del mercado laboral, en una economía con presencia importante del sector informal. Igualmente se estudia el efecto de la política monetaria, ya que la presencia de este sector afecta la dinámica del ciclo económico, y por ende los mecanismos de transmisión de la política monetaria. En particular, se analiza la dinámica del modelo bajo diferentes reglas de política monetaria y se compara el bienestar agente representativo generado por cada una de estas reglas.

Mobilização de competências na atividade informal do vendedor ambulante em praia de Natal (RN)

The central issue of this dissertation is to investigate the labor activity of beach hawker, in order to identify the main professional competencies mobilized in this activity, traversed by both the precariousness of the means of labor exercise, as for complex and structured routines. In the town of Natal (RN) the beaches serve as workplace for thousands of informal workers, who use various professional skills, translated into the ability to mobilize and articulate knowledge, skills and behaviors to solve problems in concrete work situations. This research therefore had as main objective to investigate the work of beach hawkers, trying to identify the core competencies mobilized for facing demands and obstacles in such a context. The beach of Ponta Negra (Natal-RN) was chosen as field of observation, in which a group of hawkers took part as voluntary subjects. Methodologically, quantitative and qualitative methods of production and analysis of data were combined in three stages. In the quantitative phase an occupational questionnaire was applied to a sample of 60 subjects, generating a set of data analyzed with quantitative univariate and multidimensional descriptive statistical tools, complemented by inferential statistical analysis. The results of this phase indicate a predominance of men sellers with salary varying in a range from one to two minimum wage Brazilian salary, age and education quite heterogeneous, extended working hours and the choice of only this activity and this beach throughout the year. Concurrently with this step of analysis, unsystematic observations of the activity of vendors were held and then driven to the technique of Instruction Impersonator with four chosen subjects. This phase had a clinicalinterpretive analysis, rooted in historical-cultural Vygotskian psychological perspective and in the french approach of skills and abilities. The main results point to several strategies for overcoming obstacles, use of technics anchored in everyday work experience and practical knowledge, building rules of conduct and collective mobilization of diverse professional skills similar to those found in formal work, such as business and time management, use of communicative tools, flexibility in problem solving, creativity and teamwork competence. We conclude that informality investigated in context can not be seen exclusively as a synonym of precariousness. It also covers skills and knowledge in a complex culture that situates informal labor in a complementary way with respect to formal work. This conclusion, therefore, contributes to overcome the notion of antinomy between formal and informal labor activity, since they both can be considered as a way to achieve job satisfaction, and even a personal representation of well done job, which is an important psychological generator of identity and social place.

This Grievable Life: Precarity, Land Tenancy, Climate Change and Flooding in the Kampung of Jakarta

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2015-12

Overcoming Gender Disadvantages. Social Policy Analysis of urban middle-class women in Colombia

The World Bank Report 2012 starts with this statement: “Gender equality matters in itself andit matters for development because, in today’s globalized worlds, countries that use the skillsand talents of their women would have an advantage over those which do not use it.” With theframe that suggest that gender equality matters, this paper describes some policy alternativesoriented to overcome gender disadvantages in the formal labor market incorporation of theurban middle class women in Colombia. On balance, the final recommendation suggest that itis desirable to adopt policy alternatives as Community Centers, which are programs orientedto a social redistribution of the domestic work as a way to encourage women participationin the formal labor market with the social support of the members of their own community.The problem that the social policy needs to address is the segregation of women in the formallabor market in Colombia. Although the evidence shows that the women overcome theeducational gap by showing better performance in education that their male peers, womenare still segregated of the labor market. The persistence of high rates of unemployment on thefemale population, the prevalence of the informal labor market as a women labor market, andthe presence of the payment difference between men and women with similar professionaltrainings are circumstances that sustain the segregation statement. These circumstances areinefficient for the society because an economic analysis shows that the cost of maintain the statuquo is externalized in the social security system that includes health, pension and maternityleave regimens. Therefore, the women segregation involves a market failure.This paper evaluates five policy alternatives each directed to the progress of a different causaldimension of the problem: (i) Quotas in the private market, (ii) Flexible working hours,(iii) replace the maternity leave with a family leave, (iv) Increase the Community Centers forredistributing the care work, and (v) Equal payment enforcement. The first alternative looksto increase women’s participation in the formal labor market. The second, third, and fourthalternatives constitute a package addressed at redistributing care work by reducing women’sresponsibility for reproductive work in the household with the help of husbands and the localgovernment. The fifth alternative intervenes to resolve the equal payment problem.After a four criteria evaluation that measure effectiveness, robustness and improbability inimplementation, efficiency and political acceptability or social opposition, the strongest alternativeis the fostering of Community Centers that promote a redistribution of care work. Thispolicy performs well in the assessment process because it combines gender focus with importantindirect effects: child support and human capabilities. The policy also shows a bottomup implementation process that overcomes the main adoption difficulties in the gender focusprograms and is supported by strong evidence of success in the Colombian context; this evidenceis produced by both transnational actors as a World Bank and also in local accountabilityreporters executed by local institutions like Colombian Institute of Family Welfare (ICBF).

Informality in the City: a Theoretical Analysis

This thesis theoretically studies the relationship between the informal sector (both in the labor and the housing market) and the city structure.

A relação trabalho e saúde no setor calçadista de Franca, São Paulo

Este texto busca evidenciar a relação trabalho e saúde em um lócus determinado: a produção calçadista em Franca, interior do estado de São Paulo. A discussão privilegia o processo sócio-histórico da referida atividade econômica em Franca, com ênfase na reestruturação produtiva que, a partir na década de 1990, disseminou parte da produção para as residências dos trabalhadores, constituindo as denominadas Bancas de Pespontos e de Corte em Calçados. Desse modo, a partir do conhecimento empírico, subsidiado pelas visitas a estes empreendimentos e de entrevistas com os trabalhadores e ainda com um relato de caso, enfatiza-se as relações sociais de trabalho que podem agredir à saúde. Todavia, diante da informalidade acabam não sendo consideradas na relação entre saúde e a atividade funcional exercida, ficando estes infortúnios distantes das negociações coletivas, fiscalizações, ou seja, de possíveis mudanças.

Desafios e possibilidades: a luta por (re) costurar a vida

Pós-graduação em Serviço Social - FCHS

Benefício de prestação continuada: reflexos da precarização do trabalho e (des)proteção previdenciária

Pós-graduação em Serviço Social - FCHS

Características de la estructura ocupacional en la Región NEA en el período 2003-2006

En los últimos meses, las cifras oficiales mostraron una recuperación notable de la economía Argentina y su repercusión en el mejoramiento de los indicadores laborales, principalmente de aquellos que refieren a la disminución de la desocupación. Sin embargo, los procesos de segmentación y fragmentación del mercado de trabajo no han logrado revertirse, especialmente en regiones como el nea, históricamente periférica respecto del eje central de producción del país, y cuyas características productivas, políticas e institucionales la convierten en una zona de escaso desarrollo. Estos procesos se vinculan fundamentalmente con el sostenimiento de modalidades ocupacionales e inserciones laborales caracterizadas por la informalidad. De allí que el presente artículo se haya propuesto analizar el comportamiento del mercado de trabajo en la región nea durante los últimos cuatro años. Para esto se trabajó con los datos provenientes de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares correspondientes al segundo semestre de 2003 y al segundo semestre de 2006, con el objeto de mostrar las tendencias que se presentan tanto en relación con las características de la estructura histórica de este mercado como en comparación con otras regiones del país

Características de la estructura ocupacional en la Región NEA en el período 2003-2006

En los últimos meses, las cifras oficiales mostraron una recuperación notable de la economía Argentina y su repercusión en el mejoramiento de los indicadores laborales, principalmente de aquellos que refieren a la disminución de la desocupación. Sin embargo, los procesos de segmentación y fragmentación del mercado de trabajo no han logrado revertirse, especialmente en regiones como el nea, históricamente periférica respecto del eje central de producción del país, y cuyas características productivas, políticas e institucionales la convierten en una zona de escaso desarrollo. Estos procesos se vinculan fundamentalmente con el sostenimiento de modalidades ocupacionales e inserciones laborales caracterizadas por la informalidad. De allí que el presente artículo se haya propuesto analizar el comportamiento del mercado de trabajo en la región nea durante los últimos cuatro años. Para esto se trabajó con los datos provenientes de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares correspondientes al segundo semestre de 2003 y al segundo semestre de 2006, con el objeto de mostrar las tendencias que se presentan tanto en relación con las características de la estructura histórica de este mercado como en comparación con otras regiones del país

Características de la estructura ocupacional en la Región NEA en el período 2003-2006

En los últimos meses, las cifras oficiales mostraron una recuperación notable de la economía Argentina y su repercusión en el mejoramiento de los indicadores laborales, principalmente de aquellos que refieren a la disminución de la desocupación. Sin embargo, los procesos de segmentación y fragmentación del mercado de trabajo no han logrado revertirse, especialmente en regiones como el nea, históricamente periférica respecto del eje central de producción del país, y cuyas características productivas, políticas e institucionales la convierten en una zona de escaso desarrollo. Estos procesos se vinculan fundamentalmente con el sostenimiento de modalidades ocupacionales e inserciones laborales caracterizadas por la informalidad. De allí que el presente artículo se haya propuesto analizar el comportamiento del mercado de trabajo en la región nea durante los últimos cuatro años. Para esto se trabajó con los datos provenientes de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares correspondientes al segundo semestre de 2003 y al segundo semestre de 2006, con el objeto de mostrar las tendencias que se presentan tanto en relación con las características de la estructura histórica de este mercado como en comparación con otras regiones del país

The voices and protests of China's labour NGOs and their effort to promote migrant worker rights

Labour NGOs in China are relatively new organizations that emerged in the 1990s and have spread during the 2000s. Migrant workers in China are weak both socially and economically and have been lacking ways of voicing grievances and protesting. Grassroots labour NGOs for migrant workers seem to be an efficient channel for their voices. This paper examines how labour NGOs emerged and how they function in the context of current Chinese society. This paper adopts the case study method to describe three NGOs in Beijing and Shenzhen. The paper shows that these NGOs are using different methods to resolve migrant worker problems. At the same time, they are voicing the migrants' grievances and protesting in their own ways.