Correction for a possible reversible adsorption over an "inert" material

All TAP micro-reactor configurations contain inert particles which are used so that the catalyst zone can be maintained under isothermal conditions. Even on

Post-selection and return of foraged material by Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Two colonies of Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) were studied regarding their behavior during cultivation of the fungus garden to determine a) the existence of post-selection of foraged material by the workers, and b) if present, the mechanism of this discrimination and how this material is returned. Many studies on plant processing by leaf-cutting ants have been carried out, but none of them has investigated the decision-making process of workers in the case of erroneous food selection. For this purpose, material with different degrees of moisture and hardness (floral sponge, polystyrene, plastic and clay) were individually offered to the colonies and the tasks performed by the different size categories were carefully recorded. Three tasks, i.e., foraging, cultivation of the fungus garden and return of the foraged material, were studied and subdivided into 14 subtasks. Analysis of all inert materials as a whole showed the presence of post-selection of foraged material through the return of material inadequate for the workers and the fungus. Discrimination of the inert material was observed at the time of shredding, probably based on parameters such as physical resistance to cutting and moisture content. A. s. brunneus workers showed flexibility in their activities during substrate processing. The observed post-selection of foraged material provides strong evidence for the cognitive abilities of worker ants and of the colony as a whole. Polymorphism and a complex society represent vital characteristics for the ecological success of this species.

Exploiting the facile oxidation of evaporated gold films to drive electroless silver deposition for the creation of bimetallic Au/Ag surfaces

Gold is often considered as an inert material but it has been unequivocally demonstrated that it possesses unique electronic, optical, catalytic and electrocatalytic properties when in a nanostructured form.[1] For the latter the electrochemical behaviour of gold in aqueous media has been widely studied on a plethora of gold samples, including bulk polycrystalline and single-crystal electrodes, nanoparticles, evaporated films as well as electrodeposited nanostructures, particles and thin films.[1b, 2] It is now well-established that the electrochemical behaviour of gold is not as simple as an extended double-layer charging region followed by a monolayer oxide-formation/-removal process. In fact the so-called double-layer region of gold is significantly more complicated and has been investigated with a variety of electrochemical and surface science techniques. Burke and others[3] have demonstrated that significant processes due to the oxidation of low lattice stabilised atoms or clusters of atoms occur in this region at thermally and electrochemically treated electrodes which were confirmed later by Bond[4] to be Faradaic in nature via large-amplitude Fourier transformed ac voltammetric experiments. Supporting evidence for the oxidation of gold in the double-layer region was provided by Bard,[5] who used a surface interrogation mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy to quantify the extent of this process that forms incipient oxides on the surface. These were estimated to be as high as 20% of a monolayer. This correlated with contact electrode resistance measurements,[6] capacitance measurements[7] and also electroreflection techniques...

Studies on the enzyme hydrolysing flavin mononucleotide in plants: I. Partial purification and properties of the enzyme from Phaseolus radiatus

The partial purification of the enzyme hydrolysing FMN from extracts of greengram seeds (Phaseolus radiatus) is described. The procedures, which entailed precipitation of inert material by manganous sulfate and protamine sulfate treatment, fractional precipitation with alcohol and chromatography on CM-cellulose, afforded preparations whose specific activity was 200 times that of the initial crude extract. The preparation was comparatively specific for FMN. It also hydrolysed, to a much smaller extent, β-glycerophosphate, p-nitrophenyl phosphate and 5′-nucleotides. The differential effects of ions on the FMN and β-glycerophosphate hydrolysing activities are discussed.

Studies on the enzyme hydrolysing flavin mononucleotide in plants. I. Partial purification and properties of the enzyme from Phaseolus radiatus

The partial purification of the enzyme hydrolysing FMN from extracts of greengram seeds (Phaseolus radiatus) is described. The procedures, which entailed precipitation of inert material by manganous sulfate and protamine sulfate treatment, fractional precipitation with alcohol and chromatography on CM-cellulose, afforded preparations whose specific activity was 200 times that of the initial crude extract. The preparation was comparatively specific for FMN. It also hydrolysed, to a much smaller extent, β-glycerophosphate, p-nitrophenyl phosphate and 5′-nucleotides. The differential effects of ions on the FMN and β-glycerophosphate hydrolysing activities are discussed.

Estudo de pirólise catalítica de biomassa em escala piloto para melhoramento da qualidade do bio-óleo

A pirólise rápida é um processo para conversão térmica de uma biomassa sólida em altos rendimentos de um produto líquido chamado de bio-óleo. Uma das alternativas para geração de um bio-óleo com menor teor de oxigênio é uso de catalisadores nos reatores de pirólise, ao invés de um inerte, num processo chamado de pirólise catalítica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar catalisadores comerciais, um ácido e outro básico, em uma unidade piloto de leito fluidizado circulante. O catalisador ácido utilizado foi o Ecat, proveniente de uma unidade industrial de craqueamento catalítico fluido (FCC), e como catalisador básico foi utilizado uma hidrotalcita. Os resultados foram comparados com testes utilizando um material inerte, no caso uma sílica. Uma unidade piloto de FCC do CENPES foi adaptada para realizar os testes de pirólise catalítica. Após fase de modificação e testes de condicionamento, foi comprovada a viabilidade na utilização da unidade piloto adaptada. Contudo, devido a limitações operacionais, maiores tempos de residência tiveram que ser aplicados no reator, configurando o processo como pirólise intermediária. Foram então realizados testes com os três materiais nas temperaturas de 450C e 550C. Os resultados mostraram que o aumento do tempo de residência dos vapores de pirólise teve um impacto significativo nos rendimentos dos produtos quando comparada com o perfil encontrado na literatura para pirólise rápida, pois devido ao incremento das reações secundárias, produziu maiores rendimentos de coque e água, e menores rendimentos de bio-óleo. O Ecat e a hidrotalcita se apresentaram mais efetivos em termos de desoxigenação. O primeiro apresentou maiores taxas de desoxigenação via desidratação e a hidrotalcita apresentou maior capacidade para descarboxilação. Contudo, o uso de Ecat e hidrotalcita não se mostrou adequado para uso em reatores de pirólise intermediária, pois acentuou ainda mais as reações secundárias, gerando um produto com alto teor de água e baixo teor de compostos orgânicos no bio-óleo, além de produzirem mais coque. À temperatura de 450C estes efeitos foram mais pronunciados. Em termos de caracterização química, a condição de pirólise intermediária apontou para a produção de bio-óleos com perfil fenólico, sendo a sílica o que proporcionou os melhores rendimentos, principalmente a temperatura de 550C, sendo superiores aos encontrados na literatura. Analisando as composições dos bio-óleos sob a ótica da produção de biocombustíveis, nenhum dos materiais testados apresentou rendimentos consideráveis em hidrocarbonetos. De maneira geral, a sílica foi o que proporcionou os melhores resultados em termos de rendimento e qualidade do bio-óleo. Sua menor área superficial e sua característica de inerte se mostraram mais adequados para o processo de pirólise intermediária, onde a contribuição das reações secundárias em fase gasosa é elevada em função do tempo de residência no reator

Formulação de bloco intertravado cerâmico com adição de resíduos urbanos e industriais

The production of waste from urban and industrial activities is one of the factors of environmental contamination and has aroused attention of the scientific community, in the sense of its reuse. On the other hand, the city of Salvador/Ba, with approximately 262 channels, responsible for storm water runoff, produces every year, by the intervention of cleaning and clearing channels, a significant volume of sediments (dredged mud), and thus an appropriate methodology for their final destination. This study aims to assess the influence of incorporation of these tailings in arrays of clay for production of interlocked block ceramic, also known as ceramic paver. All the raw materials from the metropolitan region of Salvador (RMS) were characterized by x-ray fluorescence, x-ray diffraction, thermal analysis (TG and TDA), particle size analysis and dilatometry. With the use of statistical experimental planning technique, ternary diagram was defined in the study region and the analyzed formulations. The specimens were prepared with dimensions of 60x20x5mm³, by uniaxial pressing of 30 MPa and after sintering at temperatures of 900°, 1000º and 1100ºC the technological properties were evaluated: linear shrinkage, water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent specifies mass, flexural rupture and module. For the uniaxial compression strength used cylindrical probe body with Ø 50 mm. The standard mass (MP) was prepared with 90% by weight of clay and 10% by weight of Channel sediment (SCP), not being verified significant variations in the properties of the final product. With the incorporation of 10% by weight of manganese residue (PFM) and 10% by weight of the Ceramic waste (RCB) in the mass default, in addition to adjusting the plasticity due to less waste clay content, provided increased linear firing shrinkage, due the significant concentration of K2O, forming liquid phase at low temperature, contributing to decreased porosity and mechanical resistance, being 92,5 MPa maximum compressive strength verified. After extract test leachate and soluble, the piece containing 10% of the PFM, was classified as non-hazardous and inert material according to NBR10004/04 ABNT. The results showed the feasibility on using waste, SCP, RCB and PFM clay mass, at temperatures above 900ºC, paver ceramic production, according to the specifications of the technical standards, so that to exceed the 10% of the PFM, it becomes imperative to conduct studies of environmental impacts

Short-term evaluation of non-absorbable microgranular hydroxyapatite infiltration in the guinea pig subepidermal abdominal region

Non-absorbable microgranular hydroxyapatite was infiltrated into the subepidermal abdominal region of guinea pigs in order to assess the possibility of using this material to correct deficiencies in orbital volume. Microgranular hydroxyapatite (2.0 ml) was subepidermally infiltrated into the abdominal region of 20 guinea pigs. The animals were divided into four experimental groups of 5 animals each, which were killed 7 (G1), 15 (G2), 30 (G3) and 60 (G4) days after infiltration. The area and the largest and smallest diameters of the nodules formed by infiltration were evaluated at the site of infiltration and histological examination was performed. The mean granuloma area was similar in all groups. Histopathological examination showed that the material remained isolated from surrounding tissues by a pseudocapsule that became denser throughout the experiment. A host reaction started with young fibroblastic tissue that evolved to dense tissue until cartilaginous tissue was formed in G4, progressively advancing towards the center of the granuloma from G1 to G4. Non-absorbable microgranular hydroxyapatite is an inert material that was well tolerated by the animals studied, with maintenance of the infiltrated volume, and may perhaps be useful to fill anophthalmic cavities.

Perdas qualitativas na colheita mecanizada de sementes de soja

The study aimed to assess the physical and physiological characteristics of soybean seeds collected in grain tank and the outlet of the discharge tube of the harvester, depending on the year and the forward speed of the harvester. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 2 x 2 x 2 tested two harvesters of different years, two displacement's speeds and two locations of sample collection, totaling eight treatments with four replications. The harvest of soybean cv. COODETEC 217, was performed with two tangential harvesters, aged three and four years, with 900 rpm rotation of the cylinder, operating at forward speeds of 4 ± 0.5 km h-1 and 7 ± 0.5 km h-1. Seed samples (approximately 3 kg) were withdrawn at the grain tank and the outlet of the discharge tube of the harvester and subjected to determinations of water content in field and laboratory. Subsequently, we evaluated purity, mechanical damage, germination and seed vigor. The younger harvester had a higher percentage of pure seed and lowest percentage of inert material. The increase in forward speed provides the higher the bands percentage and reduction of percentages of pure seed and inert material. The percentage of inert material was higher for seeds collected in the discharge pipe. The speed increase has positively influenced the emergence in sand for the harvester oldest (4 years) and negatively to the harvester youngest (3 years). At lower speeds the youngest harvester higher percentage of germination in sand.

Utilização do prebiótico Flavofeed® como suplemento dietário para juvenis de tilápia do Nilo Oreochromis niloticus

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Desenvolvimento de compósitos PEUAPM / apatitas para substituição e regeração óssea

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo do comportamento térmico e propriedades físico-mecânicas da lama vermelha

Neste trabalho, estudou-se o comportamento térmico, a evolução das fases cristalinas com a temperatura e as propriedades físico-mecânicas da Lama Vermelha (LV) procedente da indústria de alumínio do Estado do Maranhão. O estudo foi realizado por Análise Termogravimétrica (TG) e Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC), Dilatometria Ótica até 1350 ºC; enquanto a evolução das fases cristalinas com a temperatura foi realizada no intervalo entre 750 a 1150 ºC por Difração de Raios-X (DRX). As propriedades físico-mecânicas como Superfície Específica, Granulometria, Limite Plástico (LP), Limite de Liquidez (LL), Índice de Plasticidade (IP), Tensão de Ruptura a Flexão (TRF), Absorção de Água (AA), Retração Linear Após Queima (R_L) e Porosidade Aparente (PA) foram determinadas nas mesmas temperaturas. As seguintes fases cristalinas foram detectadas: hematita, sodalita e anatásio entre 750-850 ºC; e hematita, nefelina e sodalita entre 950-1150 ºC. Os ensaios tecnológicos demonstraram que a LV pode ser aplicada para o processamento de materiais cerâmicos estruturais, pois apresenta pouca reatividade entre 870-950 ºC, com elevada AA, e baixas R_L e TRF. Entre 950 e 1350 ºC, a LV sofreu uma retração que variou entre 5-50 %, com fusão total a 1350 ºC, devido à presença de fases minerais do tipo feldespatoides em sua composição.

Prediction of the combustion process in fluidized bed based on physical-chemical properties of biomass particles and their hydrodynamic behaviors

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Programa computacional ODR-ATA para densitometria óssea baseado na densitometria radiografica

Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - FMVA

Production of Gaseous Radiotracers Ch3i and I2 Through Na123i Salt

The objective of the present work was to develop, separately, methodology for production of two gaseous tracers through the sodium iodide NaI marked with 123I. Found in the nature in form different, the iodine has been used in diverse works in the area of the industry and health. These two forms of the gaseous iodine, the methyl iodide, CH3I, and molecular iodine, I2, are very unstable and volatile in the ambient temperature and presents different problems in clean-up and monitoring systems. The syntheses were processed with sodium iodide (NaI) 1M aqueous solution marked with 123I. The production of gas I2 was realized with in chlorine acid (HCl) and sodium iodate salt (NaIO3) and the CH3I was used, the salt of NaI and the reagent (CH3)2SO4. The production of gases was initially realized through in unit in glass with an inert material and the purpose was to study the kinetic of reaction and to determine the efficiency of production. The two synthesis occurs in the reaction bottle and after of produced, the gas is stored in the collect bottle that contains a starch solution for fixed the I2, and in syntheses of CH3I contains a silver nitrate solution for your fixation. To determine the efficiency of production of gases, analytic tests were realized, where the consumption of iodide ions of the bottle of reaction are measured. The optimization of production of the each gaseous tracer was studied varying parameter as: concentration of iodide, concentration of acid and temperature. After, the syntheses of the radiotracers were realized in the compact unit, having been used as main reagent the salt radiated of sodium iodide, Na123I. The transportation of elementary iodine and methyl iodine was studied by a scintillation detector NaI (2 x 2)” positioned in the reaction bottle.