Diferenciais de rendimentos por gênero: uma análise dos efeitos composição e estrutura salarial no Brasil (1976, 1987, 1996 e 2009)

This study aims to analyze the income differentials by gender in Brazil, in the years 1976, 1987, 1996 and 2009. Specifically, there are two objectives. First, attempt to analyze the importance of the effects of composition and wage structure in the job market. In the second, to verify which socioeconomic variables explain the effects of composition and wage structure in the job market. The information in this study was obtained from the microdata of Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) regarding the respective years. In the first stage of the methodology we used: the index of income distribution Theil-T; the income gap decompositions proposed by Oaxaca (1973) and Blinder (1973); and Firpo et al. (2007). In the second stage we applied the RIF regression method (Recentered Influence Function) of Firpo et al. (2007). The results show that income inequality is higher among men than among women in the country. It was observed that the component of inequality between people of the same gender represented the largest share in the decomposition of income inequality between genders. It was found, in the decomposition of the average income, a downward trend of income gap, but the differential remains favorable to the men. We noticed that the impact of the composition effect in reducing the gap was offset by the positive effect of wage structure. Regarding the distribution quantis, income differential between genres appeared greater at the bottom, in the years 1976, 1987 and 2009; and at the top of the distribution, in 1996 featuring, respectively, the sticky floor and glass ceiling effects in Brazil. As for the decomposition of the RIF, it turns out that the composition effect assisted in the downfall of the income gap between 1976 and 2009, but was offset by the positive effect of the wage structure in quantis 10th, 50th, and 90th. The main socioeconomic variables influenced the drop in income gap were: the composition effect, the manual labor occupations, service sector and low-grade and high school, and the wage structure effect, schooling low and high experience professional and technical occupations and urban centers

Migração e seletividade na região nordeste: um estudo a partir dos dados do censo demográfico de 2010

The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of migration on the income differential between northeastern migrants and nonmigrants and there by verify that the immigrants make up a group or not positively selected. The assumption that will be tested is that the presence of these immigrants affects income inequality in the region receptor, which may explain part of the high-stopping inequality in the Brazilian Northeast. The study is based on the literature selectivity migration introduced by Roy (1951), Borjas (1987) and Chiswick (1999). Does the estimated wage equation Mincer (1974) through the method of OLS, using information from the microdata sample of the 2010 Census, the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The results which correspond to the comparison of socioeconomic profile, showed that immigrants are more qualified and, on average, better paid than non-migrants. With the estimation of the model, it was found that, keeping all other variables constant, the income that immigrants earn is 14.43% higher than that of non-migrants. Thus, there was existence of positive selectivity in migration directed to the Northeast

Determinants of unfair inequality in Brazil, 1995 and 2009

This article analyses the trend of unfair inequality in Brazil (1995-2009) using a nonparametric approach to estimate the income function. The entropy metrics introduced by Li, Maasoumi and Racine (2009) are used to quantify income differences separately for each effort variable. A Gini coefficient of unfair inequality is calculated, based on the fitted values of the non-parametric estimation; and the robustness of the estimations, including circumstantial variables, is analysed. The trend of the entropies demonstrated a reduction in the income differential caused by education. The variables “hours worked” and “labour-market status” contribute significantly to explaining wage differences imputed to individual effort; but the migratory variable had little explanatory power. Lastly, the robustness analysis demonstrated the plausibility of the results obtained at each stage of the empirical work.

El concepto de renta en los clásicos aplicado al estudio del conflicto agrario del año 2008

El conflicto agrario del año 2008 dividió a la sociedad argentina en sectores que apoyaron y se opusieron a la aprobación de la Resolución Nº 125 de la Secretaria de Agricultura, Ganadería. Pesca y Alimentación referida a establecer derechos de exportación móviles a la exportación de granos y derivados de la soja. La confrontación abordó, indirectamente, un clásico debate teórico en la historia económica argentina, el del origen y definición del concepto renta de la tierra y su distribución, cuestiones que incluyen como tema principal a la Renta Diferencial. La problemática abordada por diversos autores, entre los que se pueden citar trabajos recientes de Ernesto Laclau, Guillermo Flichman, Eduardo Azcuy Ameghino y Juan Iñigo Carreras, remite a los enfoques teóricos propuestos por Adam Smith, David Ricardo y Carlos Marx sobre esas cuestiones aplicados a países europeos en el siglo XIX. El objeto de este trabajo es analizar aquellos conceptos clásicos sobre la renta y contrastar los enunciados de esos enfoques teóricos con datos estadísticos referidos a la evolución de la producción y renta derivada de la producción de soja y sus derivados en las décadas inmediatamente anteriores y durante el año 2008, cuando se produjo el largo conflicto agrario. A la luz de lo señalado, se pretende analizar la vigencia y limitaciones de los enfoques teóricos tradicionales para analizar la realidad agraria presente

El concepto de renta en los clásicos aplicado al estudio del conflicto agrario del año 2008

El conflicto agrario del año 2008 dividió a la sociedad argentina en sectores que apoyaron y se opusieron a la aprobación de la Resolución Nº 125 de la Secretaria de Agricultura, Ganadería. Pesca y Alimentación referida a establecer derechos de exportación móviles a la exportación de granos y derivados de la soja. La confrontación abordó, indirectamente, un clásico debate teórico en la historia económica argentina, el del origen y definición del concepto renta de la tierra y su distribución, cuestiones que incluyen como tema principal a la Renta Diferencial. La problemática abordada por diversos autores, entre los que se pueden citar trabajos recientes de Ernesto Laclau, Guillermo Flichman, Eduardo Azcuy Ameghino y Juan Iñigo Carreras, remite a los enfoques teóricos propuestos por Adam Smith, David Ricardo y Carlos Marx sobre esas cuestiones aplicados a países europeos en el siglo XIX. El objeto de este trabajo es analizar aquellos conceptos clásicos sobre la renta y contrastar los enunciados de esos enfoques teóricos con datos estadísticos referidos a la evolución de la producción y renta derivada de la producción de soja y sus derivados en las décadas inmediatamente anteriores y durante el año 2008, cuando se produjo el largo conflicto agrario. A la luz de lo señalado, se pretende analizar la vigencia y limitaciones de los enfoques teóricos tradicionales para analizar la realidad agraria presente

El concepto de renta en los clásicos aplicado al estudio del conflicto agrario del año 2008

El conflicto agrario del año 2008 dividió a la sociedad argentina en sectores que apoyaron y se opusieron a la aprobación de la Resolución Nº 125 de la Secretaria de Agricultura, Ganadería. Pesca y Alimentación referida a establecer derechos de exportación móviles a la exportación de granos y derivados de la soja. La confrontación abordó, indirectamente, un clásico debate teórico en la historia económica argentina, el del origen y definición del concepto renta de la tierra y su distribución, cuestiones que incluyen como tema principal a la Renta Diferencial. La problemática abordada por diversos autores, entre los que se pueden citar trabajos recientes de Ernesto Laclau, Guillermo Flichman, Eduardo Azcuy Ameghino y Juan Iñigo Carreras, remite a los enfoques teóricos propuestos por Adam Smith, David Ricardo y Carlos Marx sobre esas cuestiones aplicados a países europeos en el siglo XIX. El objeto de este trabajo es analizar aquellos conceptos clásicos sobre la renta y contrastar los enunciados de esos enfoques teóricos con datos estadísticos referidos a la evolución de la producción y renta derivada de la producción de soja y sus derivados en las décadas inmediatamente anteriores y durante el año 2008, cuando se produjo el largo conflicto agrario. A la luz de lo señalado, se pretende analizar la vigencia y limitaciones de los enfoques teóricos tradicionales para analizar la realidad agraria presente

Container productivity, daily survival rates and dispersal of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in a high income dengue epidemic neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro: presumed influence of differential urban structure on mosquito biology

Different urban structures might affect the life history parameters of Aedes aegypti and, consequently, dengue transmission. Container productivity, probability of daily survival (PDS) and dispersal rates were estimated for mosquito populations in a high income neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro. Results were contrasted with those previously found in a suburban district, as well as those recorded in a slum. After inspecting 1,041 premises, domestic drains and discarded plastic pots were identified as the most productive containers, collectively holding up to 80% of the total pupae. In addition, three cohorts of dust-marked Ae. aegypti females were released and recaptured daily using BGS-Traps, sticky ovitraps and backpack aspirators in 50 randomly selected houses; recapture rate ranged from 5-12.2% within cohorts. PDS was determined by two models and ranged from 0.607-0.704 (exponential model) and 0.659-0.721 (non-linear model), respectively. Mean distance travelled varied from 57-122 m, with a maximum dispersal of 263 m. Overall, lower infestation indexes and adult female survival were observed in the high income neighbourhood, suggesting a lower dengue transmission risk in comparison to the suburban area and the slum. Since results show that urban structure can influence mosquito biology, specific control strategies might be used in order to achieve cost-effective Ae. aegypti control.

Distributional effects of eliminating the differential tax treatment of business and personal income in Chile

Includes bibliography

Cash, customers, and care: The experience and meaning of differential payment for high care places in aged care facilities

The introduction of new asset/income tested charges for high care residents was the 1997-98 Commonwealth government policy response to concerns about financing residential aged care. This in-depth study of residents, families, staff and managers in three aged care facilities explores issues of equity, access and empowerment arising when some residents pay more for the same level of care and amenity. The study reports little evidence of financial contributions affecting access to high care places and the delivery of care, the potential for differential access to amenities such as single rooms linked to the extra payments, and no evidence of a sense of empowerment linked to payment of the new charges. The complexity of current financial arrangements, access to appropriate financial advice at the time of entry, and the potential for an informal two tier system in relation to the allocation Of amenities are identified as developing policy issues.

Socioeconomic inequities in the health and nutrition of children in low/middle income countries

OBJECTIVE: To describe the effects of social inequities on the health and nutrition of children in low and middle income countries. METHODS: We reviewed existing data on socioeconomic disparities within-countries relative to the use of services, nutritional status, morbidity, and mortality. A conceptual framework including five major hierarchical categories affecting inequities was adopted: socioeconomic context and position, differential exposure, differential vulnerability, differential health outcomes, and differential consequences. The search of the PubMed database since 1990 identified 244 articles related to the theme. Results were also analyzed from almost 100 recent national surveys, including Demographic Health Surveys and the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. RESULTS: Children from poor families are more likely, relative to those from better-off families, to be exposed to pathogenic agents; once they are exposed, they are more likely to become ill because of their lower resistance and lower coverage with preventive interventions. Once they become ill, they are less likely to have access to health services and the quality of these services is likely to be lower, with less access to life-saving treatments. As a consequence, children from poor family have higher mortality rates and are more likely to be undernourished. CONCLUSIONS: Except for child obesity and inadequate breastfeeding practices, all the other adverse conditions analyzed were more prevalent in children from less well-off families. Careful documentation of the multiple levels of determination of socioeconomic inequities in child health is essential for understanding the nature of this problem and for establishing interventions that can reduce these differences.

Effects of differential taxation on factor accumulation and growth

In this paper we try to analyze the role of fiscal policy in fostering a higher participation of the different production factors in the human capital production sector in the long-run. Introducing a tax on physical capital and differentiating both a tax on raw labor wage and a tax on skills or human capital we also attempt to present a way to influence inequality as measured by the skill premium, thus trying to relate the increase in human capital with the decrease in income inequality. We will do that in the context of a non-scale growth model.The model here is capable to alter the shares of private factors devoted to each of the two production sectors, final output and human capital, and affect inequality in a different way according to the different tax changes. The simulation results derived in the paper show how a human capital (skills) tax cut, which could be interpreted as a reduction in progressivity, ends up increasing both the shares of labor and physical capital devoted to the production of knowledge and decreasing inequality. Moreover, a raw labor wage tax decrease, which could also be interpreted as an increase in the progressivity of the system, increases the share of labor devoted to the production of final output and increases inequality. Finally, a physical capital tax decrease reduces the share of physical capital devoted to the production of knowledge and allows for a lower inequality value. Nevertheless, none of the various types of taxes ends up changing the share of human capital in the knowledge production, which will deserve our future attention

Effects of differential taxation on factor accumulation and growth

In this paper we try to analyze the role of fiscal policy in fostering a higher participation of the different production factors in the human capital production sector in the long-run. Introducing a tax on physical capital and differentiating both a tax on raw labor wage and a tax on skills or human capital we also attempt to present a way to influence inequality as measured by the skill premium, thus trying to relate the increase in human capital with the decrease in income inequality. We will do that in the context of a non-scale growth model.The model here is capable to alter the shares of private factors devoted to each of the two production sectors, final output and human capital, and affect inequality in a different way according to the different tax changes. The simulation results derived in the paper show how a human capital (skills) tax cut, which could be interpreted as a reduction in progressivity, ends up increasing both the shares of labor and physical capital devoted to the production of knowledge and decreasing inequality. Moreover, a raw labor wage tax decrease, which could also be interpreted as an increase in the progressivity of the system, increases the share of labor devoted to the production of final output and increases inequality. Finally, a physical capital tax decrease reduces the share of physical capital devoted to the production of knowledge and allows for a lower inequality value. Nevertheless, none of the various types of taxes ends up changing the share of human capital in the knowledge production, which will deserve our future attention

Gender, race, and heterogeneous effects of epidemic malaria on human capital and income

This article investigates the impact of exposure to a serious, unusual, and unforeseen malaria epidemic in northeast Brazil in 1938–40 on subsequent human capital attainment and income. Arguing the event was exogenous, the article exploits cohort and regional heterogeneity in exposure to identify effects. Results are consistent with differential mortality rates according to gender and socioeconomic status, such that heterogeneous selection and scarring effects are observed. Analyzing by gender alone, positive (selection) effects are found for men, and mixed (positive and negative) effects for women. Allowing for heterogeneity by race, selection effects persist for men. In contrast, positive (selection) effects are observed for nonwhite women, and negative (scarring) effects for white women. Results contribute to evidence suggesting that exposure to negative environmental shocks affects human capital attainment, while also suggesting it heterogeneously affects cohort composition.

Structural reforms, macroeconomic fluctuations and income distribution in Brazil

Includes bibliography

Returns from Income Strategies in Rural Poland. Factor Markets Working Document No. 64, August 2013

In order to stabilise and improve their income situation, rural households are strongly encouraged to diversify their activities both within and outside the agricultural sector. Often, however, this advice is only moderately pursued. This paper addresses issues of rural household income diversification in the case of Poland. It investigates returns from rural household income strategies using propensity score matching methods and extensive datasets spanning 1998-2008. Results suggest that returns from combining farm and off-farm activities were lower than returns from concentrating on farming or on self-employment outside agriculture. This differential is stable over time although returns from diversification have relatively improved after Poland’s accession to the EU. This is also visible in the fact that since 2006 returns from combining farm and off-farm activities have evened with returns from relying solely on hired off-farm labour, thus smoothing the difference observed before the accession. Further, over the analysed period, households pursuing the diversification strategy performed better than those relying solely on unearned income. Finally, in general, the income in households combining farm and off-farm activities was higher than in those combining two off-farm income sources.