Commodity taxation and parallel imports

We examine the interaction between commodity taxes and parallel imports in a two-country model with imperfect competition. While governments determine non-cooperatively their commodity tax rate, the volume of parallel imports is determined endogenously by the retailing sector. We compare the positive and normative implications of having commodity taxes based on destination or origin principle. We show that, as the volume of parallel imports increases, non-cooperative origin taxes converge, while destination taxes diverge. Moreover, origin taxes are more similar and lead to higher aggregate welfare levels than destination taxes.

Gold mining in the Peruvian Amazon: global prices, deforestation, and mercury imports.

Many factors such as poverty, ineffective institutions and environmental regulations may prevent developing countries from managing how natural resources are extracted to meet a strong market demand. Extraction for some resources has reached such proportions that evidence is measurable from space. We present recent evidence of the global demand for a single commodity and the ecosystem destruction resulting from commodity extraction, recorded by satellites for one of the most biodiverse areas of the world. We find that since 2003, recent mining deforestation in Madre de Dios, Peru is increasing nonlinearly alongside a constant annual rate of increase in international gold price (∼18%/yr). We detect that the new pattern of mining deforestation (1915 ha/year, 2006-2009) is outpacing that of nearby settlement deforestation. We show that gold price is linked with exponential increases in Peruvian national mercury imports over time (R(2) = 0.93, p = 0.04, 2003-2009). Given the past rates of increase we predict that mercury imports may more than double for 2011 (∼500 t/year). Virtually all of Peru's mercury imports are used in artisanal gold mining. Much of the mining increase is unregulated/artisanal in nature, lacking environmental impact analysis or miner education. As a result, large quantities of mercury are being released into the atmosphere, sediments and waterways. Other developing countries endowed with gold deposits are likely experiencing similar environmental destruction in response to recent record high gold prices. The increasing availability of satellite imagery ought to evoke further studies linking economic variables with land use and cover changes on the ground.

Remonstrance of the citizens of Beaufort District, S.C. against any further increase of the duties on imports, December 31, 1827

This document contains a remonstrance, which was written by the citizens of Beaufort district of South Carolina, in connection with tariff increases. It was presented to the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States.

Firms survival and international trade: The impact of exports and imports

Double Degree. A Work Project presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters in Management from Nova School of Business and Economics and Maastricht University.

Stud-book français. Registre des chevaux de pur sang nés ou importés en France

1857 (T3)-1860.

Stud-book français. Registre des chevaux de pur sang nés ou importés en France

1851 (T2)-1856.

Stud-book français. Registre des chevaux de pur sang nés ou importés en France

1863 (T5)-1864.

Stud-book français. Registre des chevaux de pur sang nés ou importés en France

1861 (T4)-1862.

Stud-book français. Registre des chevaux de pur sang nés ou importés en France

1851 (T1).

Stud-book français. Registre des chevaux de pur sang nés ou importés en France

1872 (T14)-1874.

Stud-book français. Registre des chevaux de pur sang nés ou importés en France

1875 (T5)-1877.

Stud-book français. Registre des chevaux de pur sang nés ou importés en France

1869 (T3)-1871.

Stud-book français. Registre des chevaux de pur sang nés ou importés en France

1884 (T8)-1886.