From cigarette smuggling to illicit tobacco trade

Background Tax policy is considered the most effective strategy to reduce tobacco consumption and prevalence. Tax avoidance and tax evasion therefore undermine the effectiveness of tax policies and result in less revenue for governments, cheaper prices for smokers and increased tobacco use. Tobacco smuggling and illicit tobacco trade have probably always existed, since tobacco's introduction as a valuable product from the New World, but the nature of the trade has changed. Methods This article clarifies definitions, reviews the key issues related to illicit trade, describes the different ways taxes are circumvented and looks at the size of the problem, its changing nature and its causes. The difficulties of data collection and research are discussed. Finally, we look at the policy options to combat illicit trade and the negotiations for a WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) protocol on illicit tobacco trade. Results Twenty years ago the main type of illicit trade was large-scale cigarette smuggling of well known cigarette brands. A change occurred as some major international tobacco companies in Europe and the Americas reviewed their export practices due to tax regulations, investigations and lawsuits by the authorities. Other types of illicit trade emerged such as illegal manufacturing, including counterfeiting and the emergence of new cigarette brands, produced in a rather open manner at well known locations, which are only or mainly intended for the illegal market of another country. Conclusions The global scope and multifaceted nature of the illicit tobacco trade requires a coordinated international response, so a strong protocol to the FCTC is essential. The illicit tobacco trade is a global problem which needs a global solution.

Dissecting the illegal ivory trade: an analysis of ivory seizures data

Reliable evidence of trends in the illegal ivory trade is important for informing decision making for elephants but it is difficult to obtain due to the covert nature of the trade. The Elephant Trade Information System, a global database of reported seizures of illegal ivory, holds the only extensive information on illicit trade available. However inherent biases in seizure data make it difficult to infer trends; countries differ in their ability to make and report seizures and these differences cannot be directly measured. We developed a new modelling framework to provide quantitative evidence on trends in the illegal ivory trade from seizures data. The framework used Bayesian hierarchical latent variable models to reduce bias in seizures data by identifying proxy variables that describe the variability in seizure and reporting rates between countries and over time. Models produced bias-adjusted smoothed estimates of relative trends in illegal ivory activity for raw and worked ivory in three weight classes. Activity is represented by two indicators describing the number of illegal ivory transactions--Transactions Index--and the total weight of illegal ivory transactions--Weights Index--at global, regional or national levels. Globally, activity was found to be rapidly increasing and at its highest level for 16 years, more than doubling from 2007 to 2011 and tripling from 1998 to 2011. Over 70% of the Transactions Index is from shipments of worked ivory weighing less than 10 kg and the rapid increase since 2007 is mainly due to increased consumption in China. Over 70% of the Weights Index is from shipments of raw ivory weighing at least 100 kg mainly moving from Central and East Africa to Southeast and East Asia. The results tie together recent findings on trends in poaching rates, declining populations and consumption and provide detailed evidence to inform international decision making on elephants.

Coltan from Central Africa, International Trade and Implications for Any Certification. Bruges European Economic Policy (BEEP) 23/2012

The exploitation of coltan in Central Africa can be considered a case of conflict minerals due to its nature. Many international organizations and bodies, national governments and private sector organizations seek to address this conflict, in particular via transparency, certification and accountability along the material supply chain. This paper analyses the international trade dimension of coltan and gives evidence on the dimension of illicit trade of coltan. The authors start from the hypothesis that illicit trade of coltan sooner or later will enter the market and will be reflected in the statistics. The paper is structured in the following manner: first, a short section gives a profile of coltan production and markets; second, an overview of the mining situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and related actors. The third section addresses mechanisms, actors and measurement issues involved in the international trade of coltan. The final part draws lessons for certification and conflict analysis and offers some guidance for future research. The paper identifies two main possible gateways to trace illegal trade in coltan: the neighbouring countries, especially Rwanda, and the importing countries for downstream production, in particular China. Our estimation is that the value of such illicit trade comes close to $ 27 million annually (2009), roughly one fifth of the world market volume for tantalum production. With regard to any certification the paper concludes that this will become challenging for business and policy: (a) Central Africa currently is the largest supplier of coltan on the world market, many actors profit from the current situation and possess abilities to hide responsibility; (b) China will need to accept more responsibility, a first step would be the acceptance of the OECD guidelines on due diligence; (c) better regional governance in Central Africa comprises of resource taxation, a resource fund and fiscal coordination. An international task force may provide more robust data, however more research will also be needed.

Convention-cadre pour la lutte antitabac: un instrument puissant de santé publique. [The Framework Convention for Tobacco Control (FCTC): a powerful public health instrument].

The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) isa global and comprehensive legal framework for reducing demand for tobacco (e.g. price measures; ban on smoking in enclosed places; contents of tobacco products; packaging and labeling; advertising, promotion and sponsorship; liability, tobacco cessation, etc.) and supply (e.g. illicit trade; sales to/by minors, etc.). Adopted in 2003, the FCTC has been ratified by 174 countries so far. Switzerland has signed the treaty in 2004 but ratification will necessitate the implementation of stronger tobacco control measures at the national level. The FCTC is a priority of any strategy to reduce noncommunicable diseases in populations. Broad implementation of the FCTC has the potential to prevent a substantial proportion of the billion of tobacco-related deaths expected in the 21st

Le marché de l'art et le trafic illicite des biens culturels : une étude de cas : la collection Barbier-Mueller.

En mars 2013, trois cent treize artefacts précolombiens, exposés auparavant dans le musée barcelonais des Suisses Jean-Paul Barbier et Monique Mueller, furent mis en vente chez Sotheby’s à Paris par ce couple de collectionneurs. L’affaire fut l’objet une couverture médiatique internationale lorsque des pays d’Amérique centrale et d’Amérique du Sud, notamment le Pérou, le Mexique et le Guatemala, protestèrent contre la tenue de cette vente, avançant que leur patrimoine culturel national n’est pas à vendre. La question centrale de ce mémoire porte sur le trafic illicite des biens culturels et elle se décline en trois axes, à partir d’une étude de cas : la collection Barbier-Mueller. Les relations complexes entre les musées et les grands collectionneurs sont observées dans le premier chapitre à la lumière des règles déontologiques qui régissent habituellement les institutions, afin de ne pas encourager l’acquisition d’objets impliqués dans des transactions illicites. Dans un deuxième temps, au moyen d’une succincte présentation du marché actuel de l’art mondial, l’influence des maisons de ventes aux enchères sera examinée. Tandis que la provenance des artefacts en vente n’est pas toujours clairement affichée, il est difficile de retracer la lignée des propriétaires ou leur nation d’origine. Or, sachant que la commercialisation illicite des biens culturels se développe à l’intérieur même du marché de l'art régulier, les auteurs parlent alors d’un « marché gris ». Ce mémoire remonte, depuis l’excavation en passant par leur exportation illégale, la chaîne de transactions de ces biens culturels qui aboutissent dans les expositions des plus prestigieuses institutions. Cette recherche aborde en dernier lieu certaines incongruités du marché de l’art en auscultant les particularités des outils fournis par l’UNESCO et l’ICOM, ainsi que la question de l’aliénation, en plus de celle des limites juridiques des pays requérants. Finalement, cette étude présente les oppositions entre le discours officiel et les actions réellement entreprises pour la protection du patrimoine culturel.

Análisis de la cooperación técnica de Naciones Unidas hacia Colombia, en el cumplimiento del “Programa de acción de Naciones Unidas sobre tráfico de armas pequeñas y ligeras” 2008-2012

Este estudio de caso tiene como finalidad examinar el tráfico de armas pequeñas y ligeras en Colombia, y la implicación que tiene la cooperación internacional para resolver dicho fenómeno en el país. Para ello, se analizará la cooperación técnica de Naciones Unidas en Colombia con respecto al tráfico ilícito armas pequeñas y ligeras, y de esta forma, estudiar su concordancia con las necesidades del país para el cumplimiento de los objetivos del “Programa de Acción de Naciones Unidas sobre el tráfico ilícito de APL” 2008-2012. Para lograrlo, se pretende cumplir con los siguientes objetivos específicos: Determinar los objetivos del Programa de Acción como una herramienta para alcanzar un mayor control del tráfico ilegal de armas pequeñas y ligeras; analizar las necesidades de Colombia con respecto al cumplimiento del Programa de Acción de Naciones Unidas sobre el Tráfico Ilícito de armas pequeñas y ligeras; y examinar los lineamientos desarrollados en la cooperación técnica de Naciones Unidas en Colombia con respecto al tráfico ilícito de armas pequeñas y ligeras.

Against small arms: An analysis of an international network

Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) proliferation was undertaken by the Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) as the next important issue in international relations after the success of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL). This dissertation focuses on the reasons why the issue of SALW resulted in an Action Program rather than an international convention. Thus, this result was considered as unsuccessful by the advocates of regulating the illicit trade in SALW. The study provides a social movement theoretical approach, using framing, political opportunity and network analysis to explain why the advocates of regulating the illicit trade in SALW did no succeed in their goals. The UN is taken as the arena in which NGOs, States and International Governmental Organizations (IGOs) discussed the illicit trade in SALW. ^ The findings of the study indicate that the political opportunity for the issue of SALW was not ideal. The network of NGOs, States and IGOs was not strong. The NGOs advocating regulation of SALW were divided over the approach of the issue and were part of different coalitions with differing objectives. Despite initial widespread interest among States, only a couple of States were fully committed to the issue till the end. The regional IGOs approached the issue based on their regional priorities and were less interested in an international covenant. The advocates of regulating illicit trade in SALW attempted to frame SALW as a humanitarian issue rather than as a security issue. Thus they were not able to use frame alignment to convince states to treat SALW as a humanitarian issue. In conclusion it can be said that all three items, framing, political opportunity and the network, play a role in the lack of success of advocates for regulating the illicit trade in SALW. ^

Retos en la implementación de las normas internacionales al interior de los estados. estudio de caso: la región del Mekong y el protocolo de Palermo contra la trata de personas. (2007-2014)

El presente estudio de caso tiene como principal objetivo el de analizar la manera como las características sociopolíticas de los Estados del Mekong, específicamente en el caso de Camboya y Myanmar, dificultan la implementación de las normas enunciadas en el Protocolo de las Naciones Unidas para Prevenir, Reprimir y Sancionar la Trata de Personas, Especialmente Mujeres y Niños, también conocido como el Protocolo de Palermo. En este sentido, se parte de las características principales del Protocolo y de la manera como el tráfico de personas se presenta en el Mekong para posteriormente analizar la forma como la corrupción, la impunidad y la desigualdad de género representan retos sociopolíticos que obstruyen la implementación de los mandatos internacionales enmarcados en este instrumento

El papel del tráfico ilícito de armas pequeñas y ligeras como amenaza a la seguridad en Guatemala entre 2000 y 2005

El propósito del trabajo es exponer de qué manera el tráfico ilícito de armas pequeñas y ligeras constituye una amenaza a la seguridad en Guatemala durante el 2000 y 2005. La aproximación conceptual se centrará en las ideas de la Seguridad de Charles-Philippe David, puesto que servirá como herramienta para el análisis de la coyuntura guatemalteca. Así, se pretende dar cuenta del fortalecimiento de actores ilegales de crimen internacional organizado, narcotráfico, maras y pandillas, lo que da lugar al incremento de la violencia armada afectando diferentes esferas como la política, societal y económica.

The Political Economy of St. Catharines' Illicit Taxi Trade

The global restructuring of production has led to increasingly precarious working conditions around the world. Post-industrial work is characterized by poor working conditions, low wages, a lack of social protection and political representation and little job security. Unregulated forms of work that are defined as “irregular” or “illegal”, or in some cases “criminal,” are connected to sweeping transformations within the broader regulated (formal) economy. The connection between the formal and informal sectors can more accurately be described as co-optation and, as a subordinate integration of the informal to the formal. The city of St. Catharines within Niagara, along with much of Ontario’s industrial heartland, has been hard hit by deindustrialization. The rise of this illegal service is thus viewed against the backdrop of heavy economic restructuring, as opportunities for work in the manufacturing sector have become sparse. In addition, this research also explores the paradoxical co-optation of the growing illicit taxi economy and consequences for racialized and foreign credentialed labour in the taxi industry. The overall objective of this research is to explore the illicit cab industry as not only inseparable from the formal economy, but dialectically, how it is as an integrated and productive element of the public and private transportation industry. Furthermore the research examines what this co-optation means in the context of a labour market that is split by race.

Wildlife Trade In Brazil: A Closer Look At Wild Pets Welfare Issues.

Wild animals have been kept as pets for centuries, in Brazil companionship is one of the main reasons why wild species are legally bred and traded. This paper is an attempt to call the attention for problems concerning the welfare of wild pets involved in the trading system in Brazil. Some issues presented are: a) the significant increase in the number of wildlife breeders and traders and the difficulties faced by of the Brazilian government in controlling this activity; b) the main welfare issues faced by breeders and owners of wild pets; and c) the destination of wild pets no longer wanted. Finally, some recommendations are made having the welfare of the animals as a priority.