Well-being, distress and health status in a population of adolescent students

The present work explores the psychosocial issues emerging from a large cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence, clinical manifestations, and psychosocial correlates of hyperandrogenism in a population of Italian high school students. Participants were 1804 adolescents, aged between 15 and 19 years, who volunteered to fill in a package of self-report questionnaires (including the Psychosocial Index, the Symptom Questionnaire and Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being scales for the assessment of psychological aspects) and undergo a comprehensive physical examination. Significant gender differences were found with regard to psychological distress, with females reporting higher scores compared with males, but not on well-being dimensions. The relationships of well-being to distress were found to be complex. Although inversely associated, well-being and ill-being appeared to be distinct domains of mental functioning. The evaluation of the moderating effects of well-being in the association between stress and psychological distress indicated that well-being may act as a protective factor, contributing to less pronounced psychological distress as stress levels increased. Higher rates of somatic complaints were found among current smokers. However, substance use (i.e., smoking and drug use) was also found to be positively associated with some well-being dimensions. A considerable number of participants were found to present with disordered eating symptoms, particularly females, and associated higher stress levels and lower quality of life. Sport activities were found to favourably affect psychological health. As to clinical signs of hyperandrogenism, a significant impairment in psychosocial functioning was found among females, whereas no effects on psychological measures could be detected among males. Subgroups of adolescents with distinct clinical and psychological characteristics could be identified by means of cluster analysis. The present study provides new insights into better understanding of the complex relationships between well-being, distress and health status in the adolescent population, with important clinical implications.

Kiinnostusta vai ahdistusta? : Opettajaksi opiskelevien akateemiset tunteet, motivaatio ja opiskelun ongelmat suhteessa hyvinvointiin ja menestykseen aktivoivalla luentokurssilla

Previous studies indicate that positive learning experiences are related to academic achievement as well as to well-being. On the other hand, emotional and motivational problems in studying may pose a risk for both academic achievement and well-being. Thus, emotions and motivation have an increasing role in explaining university students learning and studying. The relations between emotions, motivation, study success and well-being have been less frequently studied. The aim of this study was to investigate what kind of academic emotions, motivational factors and problems in studying students experienced five days before an exam of an activating lecture course, and the relations among these factors as well as their relation to self-study time and study success. Furthermore, the effect of all these factors on well-being, flow experience and academic achievement was examined. The term academic emotion was defined as emotion experienced in academic settings and related to studying. In the present study the theoretical background to motivational factors was based on thinking strategies and attributions, flow experience and task value. Problems in studying were measured in terms of exhaustion, anxiety, stress, lack of interest, lack of self-regulation and procrastination. The data were collected in December 2009 in an activating educational psychology lecture course by using a questionnaire. The participants (n=107) were class and kindergarten teacher students from the University of Helsinki. Most of them were first year students. The course grades were also gathered. Correlations and stepwise regression analysis were carried out to find out the factors that were related to or explained study success. The clusters that presented students´ problems in studying as well as thinking strategies and attributions, were found through hierarchical cluster analysis. K-means cluster analysis was used to form the final groups. One-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis test and crosstabs were conducted to see whether the students in different clusters varied in terms of study success, academic emotions, task value, flow, and background variables. The results indicated that academic emotions measured five days before the exam explained about 30 % of the variance of the course grade; exhaustion and interest positively, and anxiety negatively. In addition, interest as well as the self-study time best explained study success on the course. The participants were classified into three clusters according to their problems in studying as well as their thinking strategies and attributions: 1) ill-being, 2) carefree, and 3) committed and optimistic students. Ill-being students reported most negative emotions, achieved the worst grades, experienced anxiety rather than flow and were also the youngest. Carefree students, on the other hand, expressed the least negative emotions and spent the least time on self-studying, and like committed students, experienced flow. In addition, committed students reported positive emotions the most often and achieved the best grades on the course. In the future, more in-depth understanding how and why especially young first year students experience their studying hard is needed, because early state of the studies is shown to predict later study success.

O tratamento atual do mal-estar: toxicomania e segregação

O presente trabalho investiga a relação entre o fenômeno da toxicomania e a segregação como atual tratamento do mal-estar a partir da teoria dos discursos postulada por Lacan. Ao relacionarmos as mudanças operadas na cultura em virtude do avanço da técnica científica, mostramos a tentativa de supressão do mal-estar realizada tanto pelo Outro social quanto pelo toxicômano. Apresentamos as formulações efetuadas por Lacan sobre a noção de segregação com o objetivo de evidenciarmos de que forma a tentativa de rechaço da dimensão ética do gozo a partir da homogeneização das formas de gozar, da universalização dos grupos sociais e do campo de concentração generalizadodizem respeito à lógica do monosintoma e das comunidades de gozo, dentre as quais destacamos a toxicomania. O debate sobre a função clínica e política que as instituições especializadas no tratamento da toxicomania devem assumir nos fez discutir a importância da reintrodução da dimensão ética do gozo

Psychotherapy and its alternatives: Commentary on a critique

In this commentary, Michael Rustin reviews the articles in the symposium, outlining their main aims and arguments. He goes on to provide some critical reflections, asking questions about the key concept of the ‘therapeutic state’. He notes that little attention is given to psychoanalytic or other psychological theories of the mind, as distinct from the biological models which are the main object of criticism in the symposium. He argues that just as it is justifiable and useful to take account of theories of the mind in considering issues of mental health and therapy, so it is desirable also to take account of the structures of society which have responsibility for generating conditions of mental well- or ill-being, and to reflect on how these may be changed. The commentary argues that the counter-cultural and somewhat ‘post-modern’ critical approach which informs the symposium can only form part of a sufficient response to the problems which the symposium identifies.

"Se sentir vivant" : le regard d’aînés et d’auxiliaires familiaux et sociaux sur le soutien à domicile en contexte d’inégalités sociales

Cette recherche s’intéresse au soutien à domicile des personnes âgées dites « en perte d’autonomie » dans un contexte où, d’une part, les inégalités socioéconomiques parmi ce groupe sont marquées et, d’autre part, les services à domicile tendent vers une standardisation et une marchandisation. L’autonomie a été mobilisée comme concept pour mieux appréhender les conditions de vie et les rapports sociaux qui nuisent ou contribuent au bien-être des aînés à domicile, de leur propre point de vue et de celui des auxiliaires familiaux et sociaux qui interviennent auprès d’eux. Ce groupe d’acteurs est généralement évoqué dans la littérature comme ayant une vision sociale et globale des personnes qu’ils visitent, de par leur proximité et intrusion dans l’espace de vie de ces dernières. Le discours dominant par rapport au bien-être des personnes âgées (bien-vieillir ou, en anglais, successful aging) dans la littérature en gérontologie ou dans les documents institutionnels s’articule autour d’une conception fonctionnelle de l’autonomie, au détriment des dimensions plus sociales et relationnelles. Cette recherche a ainsi cherché à investir une perspective sociorelationnelle de l’autonomie, qui se retrouve en sciences sociales chez des auteurs tels que Druhle, Sen, McAll, Honneth, Guillemard et Castoriadis. Ce cadre conceptuel au cœur duquel se trouvent notamment les notions de reconnaissance et de rapports sociaux inégalitaires a servi de porte d’entrée pour analyser 10 entrevues semi-dirigées avec des auxiliaires familiaux et sociaux (qui ont évoqué, chacun, la situation des trois dernières personnes visitées, pour un total de 30 exemples de cas) et 14 entrevues semi-dirigées avec des personnes âgées recevant des services à domicile. Au croisement de ces regards, les résultats de cette recherche suggèrent que les conditions de vie matérielles et relationnelles ont un impact déterminant sur la possibilité pour les aînés de « se sentir vivants » et que pour les personnes les plus défavorisées et/ou isolées, le soutien à domicile se traduit le plus souvent en une situation de « confinement », de « maintien » à domicile. Par rapport à la relation avec les auxiliaires, il apparaît que l’amélioration du bien-être des aînés recevant de l’aide à domicile passe, entre autres, par la création d’un espace relationnel autonome dans lequel la personne existe non seulement comme « corps », mais également comme « esprit ». Par-delà des services offerts, c’est ce type d’interaction (attentif et respectueux des habitudes, intentions et projets qui ont rempli la vie des personnes aidées) qui retient le plus leur attention et mobilise l’essentiel de leur discours sur le soutien à domicile. Il semble également que ce soit parfois en se faisant marginal dans la vie des gens et en créant simplement des espaces favorables à une autonomie collective que le réseau de services peut avoir les impacts les plus positifs sur les personnes, de leur propre point de vue.

Chroniques de maux (de l’extrême ordinaire) ; suivi de Attaques à vide : bousculer la situation théâtrale au confluent de l’humour et de l’invective dans la pièce Rouge Gueule d’Étienne Lepage

Alice au pays des merveilles et Nietzsche n'ont en commun ni la dentelle ni la chanson. Quelque chose de beaucoup plus fort les unit toutefois; nous le découvrirons peut-être ce jour où voleront les cochons. Ou à la fin de cette pièce, selon le bon vouloir des principaux-ales intéressé-e-s. Pendant ce temps, du fin fond de leur enclos, ils et elles n'en peuvent plus d'attendre. Leur salut ? L'heure du glas ? Leur heure de gloire ? Grands incapables, pugilistes décadents qui se tuent à ne pas se tuer, se déchaînent dans le verbiage, s'érigeant malgré eux contre toute forme de verve. Combattre cet Autre qui s'immisce insidieusement en soi et qui conduit à la perte du moi. C'est dans une folle lucidité que les égos se dérangent sans échanger, s'attaquent sans s'atteindre, hurlent sans être entendus, dans l'espoir, peut-être, de se réveiller in the land of Nod. Comme l’indique le titre, Chroniques de maux (de l’extrême ordinaire) met en scène une suite de chroniques dans lesquelles les principaux-ales intéressé-e-s témoignent de leur mal-être, et ce, à travers l’exploration de lieux communs. La dramaturgie tente, entre autres, de mettre en place une poésie de l’invective et de l’humour; une esthétique du trash-talking et de la logorrhée. Une importance particulière est accordée au rythme et au langage. L’atmosphère alterne résolument lourdeur et ludisme. La pièce Rouge Gueule, d'Étienne Lepage, présente une mécanique visant manifestement à « attaquer » l'Autre, qu’il s’agisse d’un personnage ou du lecteur-spectateur. Les attaques se perpètrent d'une part par un humour cru, influencé par la culture populaire, le trivial; un humour qui fonctionne de manière plutôt classique en convoquant des procédés aisément repérables et sans cesse réutilisés par l'auteur. D’autre part, la mécanique de « combat » se manifeste par l'invective, ainsi que par une violence caractérisée, du début à la fin, par un manque dans la motivation des actions. Ainsi, l’étude Attaques à vide. Bousculer la situation théâtrale au confluent de l’humour et la violence s’intéresse à Rouge Gueule, aux relations qu'entretiennent l’humour et l'univers brutal de la pièce, dans la perspective où l’humour est inextricablement lié à la violence. Une attention particulière est portée sur le personnage type de Lepage de même que sur l’esthétique de « l'arsenal » trash. Cette dernière est analysée afin de mieux circonscrire les attaques : sont-elles des moyens, et le cas échéant, pour parvenir à quelle fin puisque la fable, et donc la « quête », dans le théâtre contemporain est souvent remise en question. Cette étude verra comment les attaques « à vide », sont, chez Lepage, la force motrice de ce que Hans-Thies Lehmann nomme la « situation théâtrale ».

"The State Starts from the Family": Peace and Harmony in Tajikistan's Eastern Pamirs

Based on anthropological fieldwork between 2008 and 2011, this article focuses on how people in Tajikistan's eastern Pamirs conceptualize well-being through the establishment of peace and harmony. An exploration of the interactional use of the terms ‘peace’ and ‘harmony’ in Kyrgyz and Tajik (tynchtyk, yntymak, tinji, and vahdat) makes manifest that the meanings of these terms are connected to the fields of ‘family’, ‘leadership’, and ‘state’. Basing their reasoning on the officially promoted analogy between family and state, people in the eastern Pamirs distinguish between social spaces that are related to well-being and those that are not. As a factor of distinction, and crucial to the establishment of peace and harmony, the moral quality of leadership plays an important role. Positive experiences of such leadership as balanced and morally pure are mainly identified and witnessed within families and neighbourhoods and only occasionally in state institutions. This discrepancy raises the question of where to locate boundaries between good and bad, moral and immoral, harmonious and conflictual. Thus, this article contributes not only to the study of local concepts of well-being in Central Asia but also to the study of local concepts of ‘ill-being’ which challenge them.

A test of basic psychological needs theory in young soccer players: Time-lagged design at the individual and team levels

Within the framework of basic psychological needs theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000), multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM) with a time-lagged design was used to test a mediation model examining the relationship between perceptions of coaches’ interpersonal styles (autonomy supportive and controlling), athletes’ basic psychological needs (satisfaction and thwarting), and indicators of well-being (subjective vitality) and ill-being (burnout), estimating separately between and within effects. The participants were 597 Spanish male soccer players aged between 11 and 14 years (M = 12.57, SD = 0.54) from 40 teams who completed a questionnaire package at two time points in a competitive season. Results revealed that at the individual level, athletes’ perceptions of autonomy support positively predicted athletes’ need satisfaction (autonomy, competence, and relatedness), whereas athletes’ perceptions of controlling style positively predicted athletes’ need thwarting (autonomy, competence, and relatedness). In turn, all three athletes’ need satisfaction dimensions predicted athletes’ subjective vitality and burnout (positively and negatively, respectively), whereas competence thwarting negatively predicted subjective vitality and competence and relatedness positively predicted burnout. At the team level, team perceptions of autonomy supportive style positively predicted team autonomy and relatedness satisfaction. Mediation effects only appeared at the individual level.

From being ill in time to love of eternity

N/A

The story of the Jewish people being a history of the Jewish people since bible times : with maps and numerous Ill. in 3 vol.

by Jack M. Myers. With a pref. note by the chief rabbi

‘Old and ill’ : death anxiety and coping strategies influencing health professionals' well-being and dementia care

Terminally-ill people living alone without a caregiver: an Australian national scoping study of palliative care needs

Home-based palliative care services are facing increasing challenges in servicing the needs of clients who live alone and without a primary caregiver. The findings from the analysis of 721 services’ records from three Australian states, and feedback from health professionals in interviews and postal surveys, demonstrated that there were aspects of being on one’s own with a terminal illness and living at home that require a specialised approach and support. This study explored the issues of palliative care patients living alone, from a service provider perspective, and provided evidence-based information to assist with service planning. The study made recommendations to the Australian Department of Health and Ageing about services considered important in developing support structures for this growing population.