Detecting Traffic Problems with ILP

Expert systems for decision support have recently been successfully introduced in road transport management. In this paper, we apply three state-of-the art ILP systems to learn how to detect traffic problems.

ILP Experiments in Detecting Traffic Problems

The paper describes experiments in automated acquisition of knowledge in traffic problem detection. Preliminary results show that ILP can be used to successfully learn to detect traffic problems.

A Multi-Objective Approach for VNE: Problems using multiple ILP formulations

Network Virtualization is a key technology for the Future Internet, allowing the deployment of multiple independent virtual networks that use resources of the same basic infrastructure. An important challenge in the dynamic provision of virtual networks resides in the optimal allocation of physical resources (nodes and links) to requirements of virtual networks. This problem is known as Virtual Network Embedding (VNE). For the resolution of this problem, previous research has focused on designing algorithms based on the optimization of a single objective. On the contrary, in this work we present a multi-objective algorithm, called VNE-MO-ILP, for solving dynamic VNE problem, which calculates an approximation of the Pareto Front considering simultaneously resource utilization and load balancing. Experimental results show evidences that the proposed algorithm is better or at least comparable to a state-of-the-art algorithm. Two performance metrics were simultaneously evaluated: (i) Virtual Network Request Acceptance Ratio and (ii) Revenue/Cost Relation. The size of test networks used in the experiments shows that the proposed algorithm scales well in execution times, for networks of 84 nodes

Rendimento da soja em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP) sob estratégias de adubação.

2015

Can tissue drug concentrations be monitored by microdialysis during or after isolated limb perfusion for melanoma treatment?

Isolated limb perfusion (ILP) with melphalan is used to treat recurrent melanoma. This study aimed to develop a microdialysis technique for melphalan tissue concentration measurement during ILP. The effects of melphalan concentration (50-600 mu g/ml), microdialysis flow rate (0.55-17.5 mu l/min), probe length (5-50 mm) and temperature (25-41.5 degrees C) on in vitro recovery were studied. In addition, in vivo recovery was measured in rat hindlimbs perfused with melphalan using 50 mm microdialysis probes implanted subcutaneously and into muscle. Both dialysate and tissue sample melphalan concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The in vitro recovery of melphalan was not affected by melphalan concentration or temperature, but increased with probe length and decreased with flow rate. The melphalan concentrations in subcutaneous and muscle dialysates were not significantly different. A linear relationship was found between tissue dialysate concentrations and actual tissue concentrations of melphalan (r(2) = 0.97). Microdialysis is a potential method for tissue drug monitoring which may assist in the efficacious use of cytotoxics in human ILP. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Insulin-like peptide genes in honey bee fat body respond differently to manipulation of social behavioral physiology

Nutrient sensitive insulin-like peptides (ILPs) have profound effects on invertebrate metabolism, nutrient storage, fertility and aging. Many insects transcribe ILPs in specialized neurosecretory cells at changing levels correlated with life history. However, the major site of insect metabolism and nutrient storage is not the brain, but rather the fat body, where functions of ILP expression are rarely studied and poorly understood. Fat body is analogous to mammalian liver and adipose tissue, with nutrient stores that often correlate with behavior. We used the honey bee (Apis mellifera), an insect with complex behavior, to test whether ILP genes in fat body respond to experimentally induced changes of behavioral physiology. Honey bee fat body influences endocrine state and behavior by secreting the yolk protein precursor vitellogenin (Vg), which suppresses lipophilic juvenile hormone and social foraging behavior. In a two-factorial experiment, we used RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated vg gene knockdown and amino acid nutrient enrichment of hemolymph (blood) to perturb this regulatory module. We document factor-specific changes in fat body ilp1 and ilp2 mRNA, the bee`s ILP-encoding genes, and confirm that our protocol affects social behavior. We show that ilp1 and ilp2 are regulated independently and differently and diverge in their specific expression-localization between fat body oenocyte and trophocyte cells. Insect ilp functions may be better understood by broadening research to account for expression in fat body and not only brain.

The insulin signaling pathway in honey bee (Apis mellifera) caste development - differential expression of insulin-like peptides and insulin receptors in queen and worker larvae

The insulin/insulin-like signaling (IIS) pathway is an evolutionarily conserved module in the control of body size and correlated organ growth in metazoans. In the highly eusocial bees, the caste phenotypes differ not only in size and several structural features but also in individual fitness and life history. We investigated the developmental expression profiles of genes encoding the two insulin-like peptides (AmILP-1 and AmILP-2) and the two insulin receptors (AmInR-1 and AmInR-2) predicted in the honey bee genome. Quantitative PCR analysis for queen and worker larvae in critical stages of caste development showed that AmILP-2 is the predominantly transcribed ILP in both castes, with higher expression in workers than in queens. Expression of both InR genes sharply declined in fourth instar queen larvae, but showed little modulation in workers. On first sight, these findings are non-intuitive, considering the higher growth rates of queens, but they can be interpreted as possibly antagonistic crosstalk between the IIS module and juvenile hormone. Analyzing AmInR-1 and AmInR-2 expression in ovaries of queen and worker larvae revealed low transcript levels in queens and a sharp drop in AmInR-2 expression in fifth instar worker larvae, indicating relative independence in tissue-specific versus overall IIS pathway activity. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of melphalan in isolated limb infusion for recurrent localized limb malignancy

Isolated limb infusion (ILI) is an attractive, less complex alternative to Isolated limb perfusion (ILP). It has a lower morbidity in treating localized recurrences and in transit metastases of the limb for tumours such as melanoma, Merkel cell tumour and Kaposi's sarcoma, allowing administration of high concentrations of cytotoxic agent to the affected limb under hypoxic conditions. Melphalan is the preferred cytotoxic agent for the treatment of melanoma by ILP or ILI. We report pharmacokinetic data from 12 patients treated by ILI for tumours of the limb in Brisbane. The kinetics of drug distribution in the limb was calculated using a two-compartment vascular model, where both tissue and infusate act as well-stirred compartments. Analysis of melphalan concentrations in the perfusate during ILI showed good agreement between the values measured and the concentrations predicted by the model. Recirculation and wash-out flow rates, tissue concentrations and the permeability surface area product (PS) were calculated. Correlations between the PS value and the drug concentrations In the perfusate and tissue were supported by the results. These data contribute to a better understanding of the distribution of melphalan during ILI in the limb, and offer the opportunity to optimize the drug regimen for patients undergoing ILI. (C) 2001 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Análise econômica da produtividade de grãos de milho consorciado com forrageiras dos gêneros Brachiaria e Panicum em sistema plantio direto

O sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP) é uma alternativa de recuperação e renovação de pastagens degradadas, contudo, é importante mostrar sua viabilidade econômica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a produtividade de grãos e os resultados econômicos de modalidades do cultivo de milho com forrageiras dos gêneros Panicum e Brachiaria, na ILP, em sistema plantio direto. O experimento foi conduzido no ano agrícola de 2009/2010, em Selvíria-MS, em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos constituídos por oito modalidades de cultivo do milho consorciado, simultaneamente e por ocasião da adubação nitrogenada de cobertura com as forrageiras Brachiaria brizantha cv. MG-5, Brachiaria ruziziensis, Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia e cv. Mombaça. A análise dos custos operacionais foi baseada nos preços de insumos e operações e a receita bruta no preço médio de venda do milho no Estado de São Paulo. Os sistemas de cultivo não reduziram a produtividade de grãos em relação ao milho cultivado sem consórcio, e o consórcio mais recomendado é o milho cultivado com B. ruziziensis, principalmente em semeadura simultânea, pois além de ter sido um dos mais produtivos, o preço dessa semente é o mais acessível, vindo alcançar maior Índice de Lucratividade que os demais tratamentos. Em geral, os cultivos simultâneos foram os mais produtivos, vindo a apresentar maior Receita Bruta, Custo Operacional Total (devido à aplicação do herbicida Sanson), menor Lucro Operacional (com exceção do MBS) e maior Índice de Lucratividade.

Análises técnicas e econômicas no sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária submetido à adubação nitrogenada

Sustentabilidade agropecuária, redução nos custos de produção e agregação de valor ao sistema agrícola são alcançadas pelo uso das áreas durante todo o ano em sistemas integrados ou consorciados de produção. Este trabalho teve como objetivos determinar a matriz de coeficientes técnicos e estimar e avaliar o custo operacional total (COT) e os indicadores de lucratividade (IL) do consórcio do milho com duas espécies do gênero Brachiaria (B. brizantha cv, MG-5 e B. ruziziensis), submetidas a doses de N (0, 100, 200, 300 e 400 kg ha-1 ano-1) em cobertura, utilizando-se como fonte a ureia, e do feijoeiro de inverno em sucessão, na Integração Lavoura-Pecuária (ILP) em sistema plantio direto (SPD), no ano agrícola de 2008/2009, em condições irrigadas no Cerrado. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 2 x 5. Os insumos foram os componentes que mais oneraram o custo de produção do milho e feijão na ILP estudada. O COT aumentou de forma diretamente proporcional às doses de N em cobertura. Para todos os tratamentos os índices de lucratividade (IL) foram positivos, indicando a viabilidade da modalidade. O tratamento que apresentou melhores desempenhos técnico e econômico foi o milho em consórcio com B. brizantha, adubados com 100 kg ha-1ano-1 de N e feijão em sucessão.

Custo da produção de silagens em sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária sob plantio direto

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o custo operacional total (COT) da produção de silagens em sistemas produtivos de Integração Lavoura-Pecuária (ILP), a produtividade de massa seca (PMS) e a quantidade de proteína bruta (PB) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), por área, em cada modalidade de cultivo sob condições irrigadas, no Cerrado, durante dois anos agrícolas (2010/2011 e 2011/2012). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos constituídos de três modalidades de cultivo das culturas do milho e do sorgo para silagem (solteiro; em consórcio com a Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés e com Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia). Constatou-se que a silagem de sorgo apresentou custo de produção inferior ao da silagem de milho. Os maiores COTs foram obtidos no consórcio de milho com capim Xaraés (R$ 2.046,93 e de R$ 2.385,40) e, os menores, nos cultivos de sorgo solteiro (R$ 1.815,93 e de R$ 1.941,62), para os dois anos agrícolas. Os tratamentos com cultivos exclusivos (de sorgo e de milho) proporcionaram maiores valores de PMS no primeiro ano; porém, no segundo ano, os maiores valores foram proporcionados pelos cultivos consorciados de ambas as espécies com Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia. Os valores de PB e NDT por área variaram entre os tratamentos nos dois anos agrícolas e seguiram o padrão da PMS, sendo os maiores valores proporcionados também pelos consórcios de sorgo e milho com o capim Tanzânia.

Constraint solving over multi-valued logics - application to digital circuits

Due to usage conditions, hazardous environments or intentional causes, physical and virtual systems are subject to faults in their components, which may affect their overall behaviour. In a ‘black-box’ agent modelled by a set of propositional logic rules, in which just a subset of components is externally visible, such faults may only be recognised by examining some output function of the agent. A (fault-free) model of the agent’s system provides the expected output given some input. If the real output differs from that predicted output, then the system is faulty. However, some faults may only become apparent in the system output when appropriate inputs are given. A number of problems regarding both testing and diagnosis thus arise, such as testing a fault, testing the whole system, finding possible faults and differentiating them to locate the correct one. The corresponding optimisation problems of finding solutions that require minimum resources are also very relevant in industry, as is minimal diagnosis. In this dissertation we use a well established set of benchmark circuits to address such diagnostic related problems and propose and develop models with different logics that we formalise and generalise as much as possible. We also prove that all techniques generalise to agents and to multiple faults. The developed multi-valued logics extend the usual Boolean logic (suitable for faultfree models) by encoding values with some dependency (usually on faults). Such logics thus allow modelling an arbitrary number of diagnostic theories. Each problem is subsequently solved with CLP solvers that we implement and discuss, together with a new efficient search technique that we present. We compare our results with other approaches such as SAT (that require substantial duplication of circuits), showing the effectiveness of constraints over multi-valued logics, and also the adequacy of a general set constraint solver (with special inferences over set functions such as cardinality) on other problems. In addition, for an optimisation problem, we integrate local search with a constructive approach (branch-and-bound) using a variety of logics to improve an existing efficient tool based on SAT and ILP.

Solving colored nonograms

Trabalho apresentado no âmbito do Mestrado em Engenharia Informática, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática

Scalable and Efficient Configuration of TimeDivision Multiplexed Resources

Consumer-electronics systems are becoming increasingly complex as the number of integrated applications is growing. Some of these applications have real-time requirements, while other non-real-time applications only require good average performance. For cost-efficient design, contemporary platforms feature an increasing number of cores that share resources, such as memories and interconnects. However, resource sharing causes contention that must be resolved by a resource arbiter, such as Time-Division Multiplexing. A key challenge is to configure this arbiter to satisfy the bandwidth and latency requirements of the real-time applications, while maximizing the slack capacity to improve performance of their non-real-time counterparts. As this configuration problem is NP-hard, a sophisticated automated configuration method is required to avoid negatively impacting design time. The main contributions of this article are: 1) An optimal approach that takes an existing integer linear programming (ILP) model addressing the problem and wraps it in a branch-and-price framework to improve scalability. 2) A faster heuristic algorithm that typically provides near-optimal solutions. 3) An experimental evaluation that quantitatively compares the branch-and-price approach to the previously formulated ILP model and the proposed heuristic. 4) A case study of an HD video and graphics processing system that demonstrates the practical applicability of the approach.