Saponins, IL12 and BCG adjuvant in the FML-vaccine formulation against murine visceral leishmaniasis

The FML antigen of Leishmania donovani, in combination with either Riedel de Haen (R), QuilA, QS21 saponins, IL12 or BCG, was used in vaccination of an outbred murine model against visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Significant and specific increases in anti-FML IgG and IgM responses were detected for all adjuvants, and in anti-FML IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b and delayed type of hypersensitivity to L. donovani lysate (DTH), only for all saponins and IL12. The QS21-FML and QuilA-FML groups achieved the highest IgG2a response. QuilA-FML developed the strongest DTH and QS21-FML animals showed the highest serum IFN-gamma concentrations. The reduction of parasitic load in the liver in response to each FML-vaccine formulation was: 52% (P < 0.025) for BCG-FML, 73% (P < 0.005) for R-FML, 93% (P < 0.005) for QuilA-FML and 79.2% (P < 0.025) for QS21-FML treated animals, respectively. Protection was specific for R-FML and QS21-FML while the QuilA saponin treatment itself induced 69% of LDU reduction. The FML-saponin vaccines promote significant, specific and strong protective effects against murine visceral leishmaniasis. BCG-FML induced minor and non-specific protection while IL 12-FML, although enhancing the specific antibody and IDR response, failed to reduce the parasitic load of infected animals. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of the Absence of Interleukin-12 on Mesangial Proliferative Glomerulonephritis Induced by Habu Snake Venom

Background. Interleukin-12 (IL12) participates in the pathophysiology of various experimental types of progressive glomerulonephritis, but its role in acute mesangial glomerulonephritis (AMG) induced by habu snake venom (HSV) has not been determined. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the absence of IL12 on AMG induced by HSV. Methods. AMG was induced in IL12 knockout (IL12-/-) and C57B1/6 (IL12+/+) mice by a single i.v. administration of HSV. Vehicle was used in control animals. Mice were studied after 3, 7, and 14 days (D3, D7, and D14). Results. After treatment with HSV, IL12+/+ and -/-mice developed focal glomerular lesions, but groups of both lineages showed no statistical difference concerning albuminuria, serum creatinine, histopathology, number of cells by glomerular tuft, and glomerular tuft area. Compared to IL12+/+ mice, IL12-/-mice showed lower scores of glomerular desmin expression on D7 [1.55 (1.32; 1.65) vs. 1.12 (1.07; 1.22); p < 0.01] and D14 [1.60 (1.55; 1.75) vs. 1.20 (1.15; 1.20); p < 0.001], respectively, and lower scores of glomerular alpha-SMA expression on D14 [0.30 (0.21; 0.38) vs. 0.16 (0.26; 0.36); p < 0.001], respectively. Conclusion. The absence of IL12 reduced the activity of mesangial cells, but did not modify the course of HSV-induced AMG in mice.

Normas de Boa Prática para o Tratamento da Psoríase em Placas em Idade Não Pediátrica com Biológicos

A psoríase é uma dermatose inflamatória, que afecta cerca de 2% da população mundial, com envolvimento preferencial cutâneo e articular, mas frequentemente associada a co-morbilidades importantes. Cerca de 20-30% dos doentes têm formas moderadas a graves, não controláveis por tratamentos tópicos. As terapêuticas sistémicas clássicas – PUVAterapia oral, retinóides, ciclosporina e metotrexato – podem induzir toxicidade específica de órgão e uma percentagem considerável de doentes é resistente, intolerante ou tem contra-indicações para as iniciar. É neste contexto que surgem os agentes biológicos, especificamente direccionados aos mecanismos/vias envolvidos na patogénese da psoríase. Nos últimos anos a importância destes agentes como alternativas terapêuticas tem crescido, tendo-se desenvolvido vários estudos desenhados para avaliar a sua eficácia e segurança. Actualmente 4 agentes biológicos estão aprovados pela EMEA (agência europeia do medicamento) para o tratamento da psoríase em placas, três anti-TNFα (adalimumab, etanercept e infliximab) e um anti-IL12/23p40 (ustecinumab). Neste artigo pretende-se actualizar as recomendações anteriormente publicadas (Trabalhos da SPDV 2010, 68(1): 47-68), dada a rápida evolução de conhecimentos científicos e de orientações terapêuticas nesta área. Estas Normas devem ser utilizadas criteriosamente, tendo em conta a especificidade de cada doente e de cada situação clínica.

Efecto de la infección con trypanosoma cruzi y nutrición sobre receptores de la inmunidad innata, adipocinas y otros mediadores de inflamación asociados a la obesidad en modelos experimentales.

Este proyecto pretende dilucidar el efecto de infección con Trypanosoma cruzi y dieta hipergrasa/fructosa en la génesis de obesidad e insulino-resistencia y su impacto sobre la aterosclerosis. Esto se abordará en modelos de obesidad in vivo e in vitro, estudiando receptores de inmunidad innata, citocinas/quimiocina, adipocinas y mediadores inflamatorios que participarían en la patogénesis de este proceso, focalizando en tejido graso visceral y adipositos en cultivo celular. Esta investigación avanzaría en el conocimiento de la patogénesis inflamatoria de ateroesclerosis y aportaría bases para sustentar nuevas estrategias terapéuticas destinadas a minimizar las complicaciones cardiovasculares de la obesidad y sus co-morbilidades, entre ellas, la aterosclerosis, una enfermedad devastadora. En el modelo in vivo en ratones machos C57BL/6 salvajes tratados con streptozotocina y alimentados con una dieta hipergrasa/fructosa se inducirá obesidad (IR) y DM2, para: 1- Investigar la influencia de la infección con Trypanosoma cruzi como un potencial factor sinérgico pro-aterogénico. Se evaluará a distintos tiempos post infección, tejido adiposo visceral y repercusiones en aorta y corazón, por histopatología. Se determinará el perfil de lípidos, lipoproteínas y parámetros metabólicos: glucosa/insulina e índice HOMA-IR. Asimismo, se evaluarán ácidos grasos libres y proteínas de fase aguda circulantes como respuesta al proceso inflamatorio. 2- Evaluar la expresión de receptores tipo Toll y scavenger (CD36) en el tejido adiposo visceral y aorta principalmente e identificar los tipos celulares que participan en las lesiones. 3- Determinar las citocinas inflamatorias: TNFalfa, IL1beta, IL12 e IL6 y la quimiocina atractante de monocitos y adipocinas (leptina y adiponectina) en plasma y mediadores inflamatorios:óxido nítrico, especies reactivas del oxígeno y metaloproteasas en adipositos viscerales y aorta. Se cuantificarán moléculas de adhesión intercelular ICAM-1 y VCAM-1. In vitro proponemos: 1- Investigar la influencia de infección con T. cruzi y ácidos grasos saturados/ monoinsaturado y el efecto de LDL oxidadas/agregadas frente a LDL nativas en una línea celular de adipositos. Se estudiará la expresión basal y post-estímulo de receptores innatos tipo Toll y CD 36. 2- Cuantificar adipocinas pro- inflamatorias y antiinflamatorias en sobrenadantes de cultivos frente a estímulos propuestos y la expresión de ICAM-1 y VCAM-1.

Estudio de los factores infección con trypanosoma cruzi y nutrición sobre receptores innatos tipo toll y scavenger, adipocinas y otros mediadores de inflamación asociados a la obesidad en modelos experimentales.

En el modelo experimental in vivo en ratones C57BL/6 wild type tratados con streptozotocina y alimentados con una dieta grasa/fructosa se inducirá obesidad (IR) y DM2, con el propósito de: 1-Investigar la influencia de la infección con Trypanosoma cruzi como un potencial factor sinérgico pro-aterogénico. Se evaluará a distintos tiempos post infección, el tejido adiposo visceral y las repercusiones en aorta y corazón principalmente, por estudios histopatológicos. En plasma, se determinará el perfil de lípidos, lipoproteínas y otros parámetros metabólicos: glucosa e insulina, estos últimos para calcular el índice HOMA-IR, que refleje el grado de insulino- resistencia. Asimismo, se evaluarán ácidos grasos libres y proteínas de fase aguda circulantes como respuesta al proceso inflamatorio. 2- Evaluar la expresión de receptores tipo Toll (TLR 2, 4 y 9) y scavenger clase B (CD36) en el tejido adiposo visceral y aorta principalmente e identificar los tipos celulares que participan en las lesiones vasculares (macrófagos -M-, granulocitos y linfocitos T). 3- Determinar las citocinas inflamatorias: TNF, IL1-, IL12, IL18, IFN e IL6 y la quimiocina atractante de monocitos (CCL2; MCP-1) y adipocinas (leptina, resistina y adiponectina) en plasma y otros mediadores inflamatorios como óxido nítrico, especies reactivas del oxígeno (ROS) y metaloproteasas (MMPs) en tejido adiposo visceral y aorta. Se cuantificarán además las moléculas de adhesión intercelular ICAM-1 y VCAM-1, involucradas en otros modelos de obesidad e insulino-resistencia. En el modelo in vitro 1- Investigar la influencia de la infección con T. cruzi y ácidos grasos saturados y monoinsaturado (C18, oleico) y el efecto de las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL) oxidadas y agregadas frente a LDL nativas (control) en una línea celular de adipositos. Se estudiará la expresión basal y post-estímulo de los receptores innatos tipo Toll y CD 36. 2- Cuantificar las adipocinas pro- inflamatorias (leptina, resistina y MCP-1)y adiponectina (antiinflamatoria) en el sobrenadante de cultivos frente a los estímulos propuestos y la expresión de las moléculas de adhesión ICAM-1 y VCAM-1.

Variation of transaminases, HCV-RNA levels and Th1/Th2 cytokine production during the post-partum period in pregnant women with chronic hepatitis C.

This study analyses the evolution of liver disease in women with chronic hepatitis C during the third trimester of pregnancy and the post-partum period, as a natural model of immune modulation and reconstitution. Of the 122 mothers recruited to this study, 89 were HCV-RNA+ve/HIV-ve and 33 were HCV-RNA-ve/HIV-ve/HCVantibody+ve and all were tested during the third trimester of pregnancy, at delivery and post-delivery. The HCV-RNA+ve mothers were categorized as either Type-A (66%), with an increase in ALT levels in the post-partum period (>40 U/L; P<0.001) or as Type-B (34%), with no variation in ALT values. The Type-A mothers also presented a significant decrease in serum HCV-RNA levels in the post-delivery period (P<0.001) and this event was concomitant with an increase in Th1 cytokine levels (INFγ, P = 0.04; IL12, P = 0.01 and IL2, P = 0.01). On the other hand, the Type-B mothers and the HCV-RNA-ve women presented no variations in either of these parameters. However, they did present higher Th1 cytokine levels in the partum period (INFγ and IL2, P<0.05) than both the Type-A and the HCV-RNA-ve women. Cytokine levels at the moment of delivery do not constitute a risk factor associated with HCV vertical transmission. It is concluded that differences in the ALT and HCV-RNA values observed in HCV-RNA+ve women in the postpartum period might be due to different ratios of Th1 cytokine production. In the Type-B women, the high partum levels of Th1 cytokines and the absence of post-partum variation in ALT and HCV-RNA levels may be related to permanent Th1 cytokine stimulation.

Biological treatments in Behçet's disease: beyond anti-TNF therapy.

Behçet's disease (BD) is universally recognized as a multisystemic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology with chronic course and unpredictable exacerbations: its clinical spectrum varies from pure vasculitic manifestations with thrombotic complications to protean inflammatory involvement of multiple organs and tissues. Treatment has been revolutionized by the progressed knowledge in the pathogenetic mechanisms of BD, involving dysfunction and oversecretion of multiple proinflammatory molecules, chiefly tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α, interleukin- (IL-) 1β, and IL-6. However, although biological treatment with anti-TNF-α agents has been largely demonstrated to be effective in BD, not all patients are definite responders, and this beneficial response might drop off over time. Therefore, additional therapies for a subset of refractory patients with BD are inevitably needed. Different agents targeting various cytokines and their receptors or cell surface molecules have been studied: the IL-1 receptor has been targeted by anakinra, the IL-1 by canakinumab and gevokizumab, the IL-6 receptor by tocilizumab, the IL12/23 receptor by ustekinumab, and the B-lymphocyte antigen CD-20 by rituximab. The aim of this review is to summarize all current experiences and the most recent evidence regarding these novel approaches with biological drugs other than TNF-α blockers in BD, providing a valuable addition to the actually available therapeutic armamentarium.

Regulation of lymphocyte response in vitro and in vivo

CD4+ T helper (Th) cells have an important role in the defence against diverse pathogens. Th cells can differentiate into several functionally distinct subtypes including Th1 and Th2 cells. Th1 cells are important for eradicating intracellular pathogens, whereas Th2 cells pro¬tect our body against extracellular parasites. However if uncontrolled, Th cells can mediate immunopathology such as asthma or allergies, but inappropriate Th response can also lead to autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis or type 1 diabetes. Deeper knowledge of the regulation of the lymphocyte response both in vitro and in vivo is important for un¬derstanding the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases and microbe-host interactions. In the work presented in this thesis, the first goal was to elucidate the role of novel factors, PIM kinases and c-FLIP in the regulation of human Th cell differentiation. The oncogenic serine-threonine kinases of the PIM family were shown to be preferentially expressed in Th1 cells and in addition, by using RNA interference, they were also shown to be positive regulators of Th1 differentiation. The PIM depletion experiments suggest that PIM kinases promote the expression of the hallmark cytokine of Th1 cells, IFNγ, and influence the IL12/STAT4 pathway during the early Th1 cell differentiation. In addition to cytokine and T cell receptor (TCR) induced pathways, caspase activity has been shown to regulate Th cell proliferation. In the work presented in this thesis, the two isoforms of the caspase regulator protein, c-FLIP, were shown to be differentially ex¬pressed in Th1 and Th2 cells. Both of the isoforms were up-regulated in response to TCR activation, but the expression of the short isoform was selectively induced by IL4, the Th2 inducing cytokine. Furthermore, the c-FLIP isoforms had distinct and opposite roles during the early differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells. The knockdown of the long isoform of c-FLIP led to the induction of Th1 marker genes, such as IFNγ and TBET, whereas the depletion of c-FLIP short down-regulated Th2 marker genes IL-4 and GATA3. The third goal was to elucidate the gene expression profiles characterizing the T- and B-lymphocyte responses in vivo during experimental infection by intracellular bacte¬rium Chlamydia pneumoniae. Previously, it has been shown that CD8+ and CD4+ T cells are important for the protection against Chlamydia pneumoniae. In this study, the analysis revealed up-regulation of interferon induced genes during recurrent infection underlining the importance of IFNγ secreted by Th1 and CD8+ T cells in the protection against this pathogen. Taken together, in this study novel regulators of Th cell differ¬entiation were discovered and in addition the gene expression profiles of lymphocytes induced by Chlamydia pneumoniae infection were characterized.

Atividade anti-leishmania e imunomodulatória in vitro da melitina natural na infecção experimental por Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi

Pós-graduação em Doenças Tropicais - FMB