The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase regulates interleukin-1beta-induced IL-8 expression via an effect on the IL-8 promoter in intestinal epithelial cells

Several lines of evidence implicate the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) in the proinflammatory response to bacterial agents and cytokines. Equally, the transcription factor, nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, is recognized to be a critical determinant of the inflammatory response in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). However, the precise inter-relationship between the activation of p38 MAPK and activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB in the intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) system, remains unknown. Here we show that interleukin (IL)-1beta activates all three MAPKs in Caco-2 cells. The production of IL-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) was attenuated by 50% when these cells were preincubated with the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB 203580. Further investigation of the NF-kappaB signalling system revealed that the inhibitory effect was independent of the phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha, the binding partner of NF-kappaB. This effect was also independent of the DNA binding of the p65 Rel A subunit, as well as transactivation, determined by an NF-kappaB luciferase construct, using both SB 203580 and dominant-negative p38 MAPK. Evaluation of IL-8 and MCP-1 RNA messages by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed that the inhibitory effect of SB 203580 was associated with a reduction in this parameter. Using an IL-8-luciferase promoter construct, an effect of p38 upon its activation by both pharmacological and dominant-negative p38 construct co-transfection was demonstrated. It is concluded that p38 MAPK influences the expression of chemokines in intestinal epithelial cells, through an effect upon the activation of the chemokine promoter, and does not directly involve the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB

GEF-H1-RhoA signaling pathway mediates LPS-induced NF-κB transactivation and IL-8 synthesis in endothelial cells

Secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by LPS activated endothelial cells contributes substantially to the pathogenesis of sepsis. However, the mechanism involved in this process is not well understood. In the present study, we determined the roles of GEF-H1 (Guanine-nucleotide exchange factor-H1)-RhoA signalling in LPS-induced interleukin-8 (IL-8, CXCL8) production in endothelial cells. First, we observed that GEF-H1 expression was upregulated in a dose- and time-dependent manner as consistent with TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) expression after LPS stimulation. Afterwards, Clostridium difficile toxin B-10463 (TcdB-10463), an inhibitor of Rho activities, reduced LPS-induced NF-κB phosphorylation. Inhibition of GEF-H1 and RhoA expression reduced LPS-induced NF-κB and p38 phosphorylation. TLR4 knockout blocked LPS-induced activity of RhoA, however, MyD88 knockout did not impair the LPS-induced activity of RhoA. Nevertheless, TLR4 and MyD88 knockout both significantly inhibited transactivation of NF-κB. GEF-H1-RhoA and MyD88 both induced significant changes in NF-κB transactivation and IL-8 synthesis. Co-inhibition of GEF-H1-RhoA and p38 expression produced similar inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NF-κB transactivation and IL-8 synthesis as inhibition of p38 expression alone, thus confirming that activation of p38 was essential for the GEF-H1-RhoA signalling pathway to induce NF-κB transactivation and IL-8 synthesis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that LPS-induced NF-κB activation and IL-8 synthesis in endothelial cells are regulated by the MyD88 pathway and GEF-H1-RhoA pathway.

IL-8-induced L-selectin shedding regulates its binding kinetics to PSGL-1

L-selectin plays a crucial role in inflammation cascade by initiating the tethering and rolling of leukocytes on endothelium wall. While many L-selectin molecules are rapidly shed from the cell surface upon activation, the remaining membrane-anchored L-selectin may still play an important role in regulating leukocyte rolling and adhesion with different binding kinetics. Here we developed an in vitro model to activate Jurkat cells via interlukin-8 (IL-8) and quantified the two-dimensional (2D) binding kinetics, using a micropipette aspiration assay, of membrane-anchored L-selectin to P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) ligand coupled onto human red blood cells (RBCs). The data indicated that L-selectin shedding reduced the amount of membrane-anchored L-selectin and lowered both its reverse and forward rates. These results suggested that the rolling dynamics of activated leukocytes was determined by two opposite impacts: reducing the surface presentation would enhance the rolling but lowering the kinetic rates would decrease the rolling. This finding provides a new insight into understanding how L-selectin shedding regulates leukocyte rolling and adhesion.

IL-8刺激L-选择素水解断裂对细胞膜拓扑结构和刚度的影响

目的 研究IL-8刺激所致的L-选择素水解断裂是否会引起细胞膜结构和刚度的变化,进而影响L广选择素-配体的反应动力学.方法 分别用IL-8、TAPI-0+IL-8和TAPI-0处理本构表达L-选择素的Jurkat细胞,用以构建L-选择素水解断裂、阻断水解断裂和阻断剂对照的细胞-分子模型.采用扫描电镜观察其表面拓扑结构,采用微管吸吮方法测量其刚度.结果 与正常组相比,水解断裂组和阻断水解断裂组细胞微绒毛减少、表面趋于光滑,而阻断剂对照组则无明显变化;无论是水解断裂组,阻断水解断裂组还是阻断剂对照组,细胞膜刚度与正常组相比均无显著性差异.结论 IL-8刺激所致L-选择素水解断裂会引发细胞膜拓扑结构的变化,进而影响L一选择素一配体反应动力学的变化;而细胞膜刚度未见明显变化,表明载体刚度不是水解断裂引发L-选择素-配体反应动力学变化的因索.

Efeito de ExoU na ativação de NF-κB e na secreção de IL-8 por células humanas infectadas por Pseudomonas aeruginosa

ExoU, uma citotoxina produzida pelo patógeno oportunista Pseudomonas aeruginosa e translocada para o citossol de células hospedeiras via sistema de secreção do tipo III, é associada à gravidade de infecções agudas. Estudos anteriores realizados em nosso laboratório relataram a potente atividade pró-inflamatória de ExoU, responsável por um intenso recrutamento de neutrófilos para o sítio de infecção. No presente trabalho, o efeito de ExoU na modulação da ativação do fator transcricional NF-κB e na regulação da expressão e da secreção da quimiocina para neutrófilos IL-8 foi avaliado em culturas de células epiteliais respiratórias e endoteliais humanas infectadas com a cepa PA103 de P. aeruginosa (produtora de ExoU) ou com a mutante deletada no gene exoU, PA103κexoU. Análises por RT-PCR semi-quantitativo mostraram que a infecção pela cepa produtora de ExoU levou ao aumento dos níveis de mRNA de IL-8, enquanto ensaios de alteração da mobilidade eletroforética (EMSA), supershift e com gene repórter mostraram que ExoU induziu a translocação nuclear do heterodímero transativador p65/p50 de NF-κB e a ativação da transcrição de genes dependente deste fator transcricional. Adicionalmente, o tratamento das culturas celulares com um inibidor de NF-κB antes da infecção bacteriana reduziu significativamente os níveis de mRNA de IL-8 e da secreção desta quimiocina. Em conjunto, estes resultados mostram que ExoU ativa NF-κB e, consequentemente, estimula a expressão e a secreção de IL-8 por células epiteliais respiratórias e células endoteliais infectadas com P. aeruginosa

Produção de IL-1β, IL-6 e IL-8 por fibroblastos estimulados por cimentos endodônticos e submetidos à terapia laser de baixa potência

O sucesso do tratamento endodôntico depende da cuidadosa realização de todas as suas fases, terminando com uma obturação tridimensional que alcance todo o sistema de canais radiculares. Desta forma, os materiais obturadores, ou as substâncias liberadas, entrarão em contato com os tecidos perirradiculares, o que poderá influenciar a resposta inflamatória e o processo de reparo. A terapia laser de baixa potência (TLBP) tem sido estudada quanto à sua ação anti-inflamatória, favorecendo o reparo. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a produção das citocinas IL-1β, IL-6 e IL-8 por fibroblastos de gengiva humana (linhagem FMM1) como resposta à presença dos extratos dos cimentos endodônticos AH Plus, MTA Fillapex e EndoSequence BC Sealer, bem como a eficácia da TLBP, neste modelo. Para isto, extratos destes cimentos, recém-manipulados e após 24 h do endurecimento, foram preparados em meio de cultura DMEM fresco, conforme as normas ISO 10993-12. Inicialmente, a citotoxicidade dos cimentos foi avaliada, após a interação das células com a diluição seriada destes extratos (1:1 a 1:16), por meio do ensaio MTT. Para a análise da produção de citocinas, 106 células por poço foram cultivadas em placas de cultura de 24 poços, para a interação com os extratos dos cimentos, na diluição 1:4. Estabeleceram-se os grupos não irradiado e irradiado. No grupo irradiado, as culturas celulares receberam duas irradiações do laser InGaAlP (660 nm, 30 mW, 5 J/cm2 e área do feixe de 0,028 cm2), com intervalo de 12 h. O grupo não irradiado foi submetido às mesmas condições ambientais que o irradiado. Os sobrenadantes das culturas foram coletados, centrifugados, aliquotados e armazenados congelados, para a posterior análise pelo ensaio de ELISA. Todos os dados obtidos (médias erro padrão) foram tratados estatisticamente por ANOVA one-way, complementado pelo teste de Tuckey e ANOVA two-way, com correção de Bonferroni (p< 0,05). A citotoxicidade dos cimentos AH Plus e EndoSequence BC Sealer revelou-se tempo/concentração-dependente, enquanto a do MTA Fillapex mostrou-se concentração-dependente. Os cimentos endodônticos induziram a produção das citocinas IL-1β, IL-6 e IL-8 pelos fibroblastos, sem diferença significativa com os controles (p> 0,05). Somente o LPS de E. coli induziu a secreção de IL-8, com diferença estatística (p< 0,05). A TLBP não foi capaz de modular a produção das citocinas em questão, significativamente.

Molecular characterization and expression profiles in response to bacterial infection of Chinese soft-shelled turtle interleukin-8 (IL-8), the first reptilian chemokine gene

In this study, an IL-8 homologue has been cloned and identified from a reptile, Chinese soft-shelled turtle for the first time. The full-length cDNA of turtle IL-8 was 1188 bp and contained a 312 bp open reading frame (ORF) coding for a protein of 104 amino acids. The chemokine CXC domain, which contained Glu-Leu-Arg (ELR) motif and four cysteine residues, was well conserved in turtle IL-8. The 4924 bp genomic DNA of turtle IL-8 contained four exons and three introns. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the amino acid sequence of turtle IL-8 clustered together with birds. RT-PCR analysis showed that turtle IL-8 mRNA was constitutively expressed liver, spleen, kidney, heart, blood and intestine tissues of control turtles. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis further indicated that the turtle IL-8 mRNA expression was apparent in various tissues at 8 h and up-regulated significantly during 8 h-7 d after Aeromonas hydrophila infection. The present studies will help us to understand the evolution of IL-8 molecule and the inflammatory response mechanism in reptiles. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The chemoattractants, IL-8 and formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, regulate granulocyte colony-stimulating factor signaling by inducing suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 expression

Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) are encoded by immediate early genes known to inhibit cytokine responses in a classical feedback loop. SOCS gene expression has been shown to be induced by many cytokines, growth factors, and innate immune stimuli, such as LPS. In this paper, we report that the chemoattractants, IL-8 and fMLP, up-regulate SOCS1 mRNA in human myeloid cells, primary human neutrophils, PBMCs, and dendritic cells. fMLP rapidly up-regulates SOCS1, whereas the induction of SOCS1 upon IL-8 treatment is delayed. IL-8 and fMLP did not signal via Jak/STATs in primary human macrophages, thus implicating the induction of SOCS by other intracellular pathways. As chemoattractant-induced SOCS1 expression in neutrophils may play an important role in regulating the subsequent response to growth promoting cytokines like G-CSF, we investigated the effect of chemoattractant-induced SOCS1 on cytokine signal transduction. We show that pretreatment of primary human neutrophils with fMLP or IL-8 blocks G-CSF-mediated STAT3 activation. This study provides evidence for cross-talk between chemoattractant and cytokine signal transduction pathways involving SOCS proteins, suggesting that these chemotactic factors may desensitize neutrophils to G-CSF via rapid induction of SOCS1 expression.

Ex Vivo Expansion of Human Outgrowth Endothelial Cells Leads to IL-8-Mediated Replicative Senescence and Impaired Vasoreparative Function

Harnessing outgrowth endothelial cells (OECs) for vasoreparative therapy and tissue-engineering requires efficient ex-vivo expansion. How such expansion impacts on OEC function is largely unknown. In this study, we show that OECs become permanently cell-cycle arrested after ex-vivo expansion, which is associated with enlarged cell size, ß-galactosidase activity, DNA damage, tumour suppressor pathway activation and significant transcriptome changes. These senescence hallmarks were coupled with low telomerase activity and telomere shortening, indicating replicative senescence. OEC senescence limited their regenerative potential by impairing vasoreparative properties in-vitro and in-vivo. Integrated transcriptome-proteome analysis identified inflammatory signalling pathways as major mechanistic components of the OEC senescence programme. In particular, IL8 was an important facilitator of this senescence; depletion of IL8 in OECs significantly extended ex-vivo lifespan, delayed replicative senescence and enhanced function. While the ability to expand OEC numbers prior to autologous or allogeneic therapy remains a useful property, their replicative senescence and associated impairment of vasorepair needs to be considered. The current study also suggests that modulation of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) could be used to optimise OEC therapy.