HCV infection after liver transplantation is associated with lower levels of alloreactive CD4+CD25+CD45RO+IL-7R+high+ T cells

Aim: Expression of IL-7R discriminates alloreactive CD4 T cells (Foxp3 negative), from IL-7Rlow regulatory CD4 T cells (Foxp3 positive). Chronic hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) reduces expression of IL-7R on T cells thus promoting persistence of infection. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of HCV infection on the expression of IL-7R of activated CD4+ T cells in liver transplant patients. Patients and methods: We analyzed PBMC from liver transplant recipients for the expression of CD4, CD25, FoxP3, IL-7R (24 HCV negative and 29 HCV-chronically infected). We compared these data with non-transplanted individuals (52 HCV-chronically infected patients and 38 healthy donors). Results: In HCV-infected liver transplant recipients, levels of CD4+CD25+CD45RO+IL-7R+ T cells were significantly reduced (10.5+/-0.9%) when compared to non-HCV-infected liver transplant recipients (17.6+/-1.4%) (P<0.001), while both groups (HCV-infected and negative transplant recipients) had significantly higher levels than healthy individuals (6.6+/-0.9%) (P<0.0001). After successful antiviral therapy (sustained antiviral response), 6 HCV-infected transplant recipients showed an increase of CD4+CD25+CD45RO+IL-7R+ T cells, reaching levels similar to that of non-HCVinfected recipients (10.73+/-2.63% prior therapy versus 21.7+/-6.3% after clearance of HCV). (P<0.05) In 4 non-responders (i.e. HCVRNA remaining present in serum), levels of CD4+CD25+CD45RO+IL-7R+ T cells remained unmodified during and after antiviral treatment (11.8+/- 3.3% versus 11.3+/-3.3% respectively). Conclusions: Overall, these data indicate that CD4+CD25+CD45RO+IL-7R+ T cells appear to be modulated by chronic HCV infection after liver transplantation. Whether lower levels of alloreactive T cells in HCV-infected liver transplant recipients are associated with a tolerogenic profile remains to be studied.

Identification of an expanded population of activated CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells expressing CD45RO and IL-7R in kidney transplant recipients

Recent studies have shown that CD4+ CD25+ T cells belong to two functionally different T lymphocytes, i.e. regulatory T cells (Treg) or activated T cells (Tact), which can be distinguished based on the expression of CD45RO and IL-7R: Treg (FoxP3+) are CD45RO+ IL-7R- , whereas Tact (FoxP3- ) are CD45RO+ IL- 7R+. In order to determine if a CD4+ CD25+ CD45RO+ IL-7R+ activated T cell population might be identified in kidney transplant recipients, we studied 27 healthy subjects (HS) and 23 kidney recipients, of whom 17 had stable graft function under standard immunosuppression (IS), 5 had biopsy-proven chronic humoral rejection (CHR), and one was a stable "tolerant" patient who had discontinued IS for more than 2 years. Phenotypical analysis by flow cytometry and functional assays by MLR were performed. Overall, the Tact population was found to be significantly increased in 87% of the transplant recipients (mean: 18.8±10.1% of CD4+ CD25+ T cells) compared to HS (mean: 4.5±2.0%; P<0.0001). In the 5 patients with CHR, this Tact population was highly expanded (31.3±9.3%; P<0.0001), whereas it was comparable to HS in the "tolerant" recipient (4.7%). Intermediate levels (16.0±6.9%; P<0.0001) were found in the 17 stable recipients. In CHR, the proliferative capacity of the Tact population was found to be 5-fold higher when stimulated by irradiated donor PBMC as compared to a stimulation by irradiated 3rd party PBMC. After kidney transplantation, an expanded circulating CD4+ CD25+ T cell population characterized by the expression of CD45RO and IL-7R was found in most recipients, particularly in those with CHR. In a patient with long-term operational tolerance, this Tact population was similar to HS. Measuring circulating Tact may become a useful monitoring tool after transplantation.

Monitoring of CD4(+)CD25(high)IL-7R alpha(high) activated T Cells in Kidney Transplant Recipients

Background and objectives In humans, circulating CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells contain mainly regulatory T cells (Treg; FoxP3(+)IL-7R alpha(low)), but a small subset is represented by activated effector T cells (Tact; FoxP3(-)IL-7R alpha(high)). The balance between Tact and Treg may be important after transplantation. The aim of this study was first to analyze and correlate CD4(+)CD25(high) Tact and Treg with the clinical status of kidney transplant recipients and second to study prospectively the effect of two immunosuppressive regimens on Tact/Treg during the first year after transplantation.Design, setting, participants, & measurements CD4(+)CD25(high) Tact and Treg were analyzed by flow cytometry, either retrospectively in 90 patients greater than 1 year after kidney transplantation (cross-sectional analysis) or prospectively in 35 patients receiving two immunosuppressive regimens after kidney transplantation (prospective analysis).Results A higher proportion of Tact and a lower proportion of Treg were found in the majority of kidney recipients. In chronic Immoral rejection, a strikingly higher proportion of Tact was present. A subgroup of stable recipients receiving calcineurin inhibitor-free immunosuppression (mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, or sirolimus) had Tact values that were similar to healthy individuals. In the prospective analysis, the proportion of Tact significantly increased in both immunosuppression groups during the first year after transplantation.Conclusions These data highlight distinct patterns in the proportion of circulating Tact depending on the clinical status of kidney recipients. Moreover, the prospective analysis demonstrated an increase in the proportion of Tact, regardless of the immunosuppressive regimen. The measurement of Tact, in addition to Treg, may become a useful immune monitoring tool after kidney transplantation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6: 2025-2033, 2011. doi: 10.2215/CJN.09611010

Interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interleukin 7 (IL-7) reciprocally induce IL-7 and IL-2 receptors on gamma delta T-cell receptor-positive intraepithelial lymphocytes.

In this study, we describe the interaction between cytokine and cytokine receptor (R) for the activation and proliferation of gamma delta T-cell receptor-positive T cells (gamma delta T cells). gamma delta T cells isolated from murine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) were separated into gamma delta (Dim) and gamma delta (Bright) fractions according to the intensity of gamma delta T-cell receptor expression. The gamma delta T cells express low levels of IL-2R and IL-7R as shown by flow cytometry and reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis, whereas gamma delta (Bright) T cells did not express either receptor. Our study also revealed that recombinant marine (rm)IL-2 and rmIL-7 reciprocally induced high expressions of IL-7R and IL-2R, respectively, on gamma delta (Dim) T cells but not on gamma delta (Bright) cells. Thus, treatment of gamma delta (Dim) T cells with rmIL-2 and rmIL-7 resulted in high proliferative responses, whereas gamma delta (Bright) T cells did not respond to these two cytokines. The sources of these two cytokines for gamma delta T cells were neighboring epithelial cells (IL-7) and alpha beta T cells (IL-2 and IL-7). Cytokine signaling by IL-2 and IL-7 from alpha beta T cells and epithelial cells was necessary for the expression of IL-7R and IL-2R, respectively, on a subset of gamma delta T cells (e.g., gamma delta (Dim) T cells) in mucosa-associated tissue for subsequent activation and cell division.

Role of cytokines in secondary lymphoid organ development

Summary Secondary lymphoid organs are sites of antigen presentation, clonal expansion of B and lymphocytes, and affinity maturation of B lymphocytes. In the intestine, these immune functions occur mainly in Peyer's patches (PP). PP develop through the interplay of two main cell types, haematopoietic cells and meserichyrnal cells. One particular haematopoietic cell type was identified as the inductive cell type in the formation of both PP and lymph nodes and was therefore designated as lymphoid tissue inducer cell. For a successful PP organogenesis, the crucial molecular components involved in the crosstalk of inducer cells and their mesenchymal target cells are adhesion molecules, lymphotoxin (LT) family members, and cytokines. In particular, the interleukin 7 receptor (IL-7R) expressed on inducer cells is absolutely required. To investigate the contribution of the ligand for the IL-7R. the cytokine IL-7, in the process of PP formation, we analyzed double transgenic (TG) mice. These mice resulted from an interbreeding of an IL-7TG mouse strain where the transgene is under the control of the MHC class II promoter with a second transgenic mouse strain, which overexpresses a transactivator for MHC class II genes. Double TG offsprings revealed higher levels of IL-7 mRNA occuring earlier in embryogenesis. Consequently, double TG mice showed a striking phenotype with a 3- to 5-fold increase in PP numbers compared to single IL-7TG or control littermates. Analysis of embryonic double TG intestines demonstrated that the process of PP development was already elevated during development as early as the embryonic day 16.5. Importantly, inducer cells were significantly increased in numbers in these embryonic intestines. Furthermore, the expression of LT? mRNA, which at this early time point is exclusively expressed by inducer cells, was also increased in double TG animals. These data clearly indicate a direct influence of IL-7 on the expansion of lymphoid tissue inducer cells and on the availability of LT? leading to a higher frequency of developing PP in fetal life. Interestingly, in addition to an enhanced frequency of PP development, in double TG mice, three additional phenotypic differences were observed. i) Lymphocyte infiltration in various non-lymphoid organs, such as stomach, salivary gland, and liver. Subsequent analysis demonstrated that B lymphocytes were predominant within these tertiary lymphoid structures. ii) Ectopic lymph node-like structures containing both B and T lymphocytes were found near the inguinal lymph node. iii) Double TG mice had a severe bone resorption syndrome most likely as a consequence of the pro-osteoclastic effect of IL-7. Taken together, these results show that IL-7 plays a key role in the homeostasis of inducer cells, in the generation of PP in the gut, in the formation of ectopic lymphoid tissue, and in bone resorption. Résumé Les organes lymphoïdes secondaires sont les lieux de présentation des antigènes aux lymphocytes, permettant l'expansion des lymphocytes B et T et la maturation d'affinité des lymphocytes B. Dans l'intestin, ces fonctions immunitaires se déroulent dans les plaques de Peyer (PP). Ces plaques se développent grâce à l'interaction des cellules hématopoïétiques avec des cellules mésenchymales. Un type particulier de cellules hématopoïétiques a été identifié comme cellule inductrice dans la formation des PP et des ganglions lymphatiques et de ce fait a été désigné cellule inductrice des tissus lymphoïdes. Durant l'organogénèse des PP, les composants moléculaires cruciaux impliqués dans l'interaction des cellules inductrices et des cellules mésenchymales sont les molécules d'adhésion, les membres de la famille des lymphotoxines (LT) et les cytokines. En particulier, le récepteur de l'interleukine 7 (IL-7R) exprimé par les cellules inductrices est absolument nécessaire. Pour étudier le rôle du ligand de l'IL-7R, l'interleukine IL-7, dans la formation des PP, nous avons croisé une lignée de souris transgénique (TG) surexprimant IL-7 sous contrôle du promoteur MHC class Il avec une lignée de souris transgénique surexprimant un transactivateur des genes MHC class II. Les souris doubles TG présentent une concentration élevée d'ARNm de l'IL-7 durant l'embryogénèse, ce qui résulte en une augmentation du nombre de PP de 3 à 5 fois en comparaison aux souris ayant seul le transgène IL-7 et aux souris contrôles. L'analyse des intestins des souris doubles TG démontre que le processus de développement des PP était élevé dès le jour 16.5 du développement embryonnaire. L'augmentation du nombre des cellules inductrices dans ces intestins embryonnaires est signilicative. De plus l'expression de l'ARNm LT?, qui à ce stade précoce est exclusivement exprimé dans les cellules inductrices, est également augmenté dans les doubles TG. Ces résultats indiquent clairement une influence directe d'IL-7 sur l'expansion des cellules inductrices des tissues lymphoïdes et sur la synthèse de LT? induisant une augmentation des PP se développant durant la vie foetale. En plus du développement accru des PP dans les souris doubles TG, trois différences phénotypiques ont été observées. i) L'infiltration lymphocytaire dans différents organes non-lymphoïdes, comme l'estomac, les glandes salivaires et le foie. Des analyses complémentaires ont demontré que les lymphocytes B étaient prédominants dans ces structures lymphoïdes tertiaires. ii) Des structures de ganglions lymphatiques ectopiques contenant des lymphocytes B et T ont été trouvées près des ganglions lymphatiques inguinaux. iii) Les souris doubles TG présentent un syndrome de résorption osseuse sévère probablement dû à l'effet pro-osteoclaste d'IL-7. Globalement, ces résultats montrent que IL-7 joue un rôle clé dans l'homéostasie des cellules inductrices dans la génèse de PP de l'intestin, dans la formation des tissus lymphoïdes ectopiques et dans la résorption osseuse.

Novel function for interleukin-7 in dendritic cell development.

Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is crucial for the development of T and B lymphocytes from common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) and for the maintenance of mature T lymphocytes. Its in vivo role for dendritic cells (DCs) has been poorly defined. Here, we investigated whether IL-7 is important for the development or maintenance of different DC types. Bone marrow-derived DCs expressed the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) and survived significantly longer in the presence of IL-7. Migratory DCs (migDCs) isolated from lymph nodes also expressed IL-7R. Surprisingly, IL-7R was not required for their maintenance but indirectly for their development. Conventional DCs (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) resident in lymph nodes and spleen were IL-7R(-). Using mixed bone marrow chimeras, we observed an intrinsic requirement for IL-7R signals in their development. As the number of CLPs but not myeloid progenitors was reduced in the absence of IL-7 signals, we propose that a large fraction of cDCs and pDCs derives from CLPs and shares not only the lymphoid origin but also the IL-7 requirement with lymphocyte precursors.

A targeted association study of immunity genes and networks suggests novel associations with placental malaria infection

A large proportion of the death toll associated with malaria is a consequence of malaria infection during pregnancy, causing up to 200,000 infant deaths annually. We previously published the first extensive genetic association study of placental malaria infection, and here we extend this analysis considerably, investigating genetic variation in over 9,000 SNPs in more than 1,000 genes involved in immunity and inflammation for their involvement in susceptibility to placental malaria infection. We applied a new approach incorporating results from both single gene analysis as well as gene-gene interactionson a protein-protein interaction network. We found suggestive associations of variants in the gene KLRK1 in the single geneanalysis, as well as evidence for associations of multiple members of the IL-7/IL-7R signalling cascade in the combined analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first large-scale genetic study on placental malaria infection to date, opening the door for follow-up studies trying to elucidate the genetic basis of this neglected form of malaria.

Expression of apoptosis and survival genes in human memory T cell populations

RESUME Introduction: Les cellules T mémoires humaines sont classées en trois sous-populations sur la base de l'expression d'un marqueur de surface cellulaire, CD45RA, et du récepteur aux chimiokines, CCR7. Ces sous-populations, nommées cellules mémoires centrales (TcM), mémoires effectrices (TEM) et mémoires effectrices terminales (ITEM), ont des rôles fonctionnels distincts, ainsi que des capacités de prolifération et de régénération différentes. Cependant, la génération de ces différences reste encore mal comprise et on ignore les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués. Matériaux et Méthodes: Des cellules mononucléaires humaines du sang périphérique ont été séparées par cytométrie de flux selon leur expression de CD4, CD8, CD45RA et CCR7 en sous-populations de cellules CD4+ ou CD8+ naïves, TcM, TEM ou ITEM. Dans chacune de ces sous-populations, 14 gènes impliqués dans l'apoptose, la survie ou la capacité proliférative des cellules T ont été quantifiés par RT-PCR en temps réel, relativement à l'expression d'un gène de référence endogène. L'ARN provenant de 450 cellules T a été utilisé par gène et par sous-population. Les gènes analysés (cibles) comprenaient des gènes de survie (BAFF, APRIL, BAFF-R, BCMA, TACI, IL-15Rα, IL-7Rα), des gènes anti-apoptotiques (Bcl-2, BclxL, FLIP), des gènes pro-apoptotiques (Bad, Bax, Fast) et le gène anti-prolifératif, Tob. A l'aide de la méthode comparative delta-delta-CT, le taux d'expression des gènes cibles de chaque sous-population des cellules T mémoires CD4+ et CD8+, à été comparée à leur taux d'expression dans les cellules T naïves CD4+ et CD8+. Résultats: Dans les cellules CD8+, les gènes pro-apoptotiques Bax et Fast étaient surexprimés dans toutes les sous-populations mémoires, tandis que l'expression des facteurs anti-apoptotiques et de survie comme Bcl-2, APRIL et BAFF-R, étaient diminués. Ces deux tendances étaient particulièrement accentuées dans les sous-groupes des cellules mémoires TEM et TTEM. A noter que malgré le fait que leur expression était également diminuée dans les autres cellules mémoires, le facteur de survie IL-7Ra, était sélectivement surexprimé dans la sous-population de cellules TcM et l'expression d'IL-15Ra était sélectivement augmentée dans les TEM. Dans les cellules CD4+, le taux d'expression des gènes analysés était plus variable entre les sujets étudiés que dans les cellules CD8+, ne permettant pas de définir un profil d'expression spécifique. L'expression du gène de survie BAFF par contre, a été significativement augmentée dans toutes les sous-populations mémoire CD4+. Il en va de même pour l'expression d' APRIL et de BAFF-R, bien que dans moindre degré. A remarquer que l'expression du facteur anti-apoptotique Fast a été observée uniquement dans la souspopulation des TTEM. Discussion et Conclusions: Cette étude montre une nette différence entre les cellules CD8+ et CD4+, en ce qui concerne les profils d'expression des gènes impliqués dans la survie et l'apoptose des cellules T mémoires. Ceci pourrait impliquer une régulation cellulaire homéostatique distincte dans ces deux compartiments de cellules T mémoires. Dans les cellules CD8+ l'expression d'un nombre de gènes impliqués dans la survie et la protection de l'apoptose semblerait être diminuée dans les populations TEM et TTEM en comparaison à celle des sous-populations naïves et TEM, tandis que l'expression des gènes pro-apoptotiques semblerait être augmentée. Comme ceci paraît être plus accentué dans les TTEM, cela pourrait indiquer une plus grande disposition à l'apopotose dans les populations CCR7- (effectrices) et une perte de survie parallèlement à l'acquisition de capacités effectrices. Ceci parlerait en faveur d'un modèle de différentiation linéaire dans les cellules CD8+. De plus, l'augmentation sélective de l'expression d'IL-7Ra observée dans le sous-groupe de cellules mémoires TEM, et d'IL-15Ra dans celui des TEM, pourrait indiquer un moyen de sélection pour des réponses immunitaires mémoires à long terme par une réponse distincte à ces cytokines. Dans les cellules CD4+ par contre, aucun profil d'expression n'a pu être déterminé; les résultats suggèrent même une résistance relative à l'apoptose de la part des cellules mémoires. Ceci pourrait favoriser l'existence d'un modèle de différentiation plus flexible avec des possibilités d'interaction multiples. Ainsi, la surexpression sélective de BAFF, APRIL et BAFF-R dans les sous-populations individuelles des cellules mémoires pourrait être un indice de l'interaction de ces sous-groupes avec des cellules B. ABSTRACT Introduction: Based on their surface expression of the CD45 isoform and of the CCR7 chemokine receptor, memory T cells have been divided into the following three subsets: central memory (TAM), effector memory (TEM) and terminal effector memory (ITEM). Distinct functional roles and different proliferative and regenerative capacities have been attributed to each one of these subpopulations. The molecular mechanisms underlying these differences; however, remain poorly understood. Materials and Methods: According to their expression of CD4, CD8, CD45RA and CCR7, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were sorted by flow-cytometry into CD4+ or CD8+ naïve, TAM, TEM and ITEM subsets. Using real-time PCR, the expression of 14 genes known to be involved in apoptotis, survival or proliferation of T cells was quantified separately in each individual subset, relative to an endogenous reference gene. The RNA equivalent of 450 T cells was used for each gene and subset. The target gene panel included the survival genes BAFF, APRIL, BAFF-R, BCMA, TACI, IL-15Rα and IL-7Rα, the anti-apoptotic genes Bcl2, Bcl-xL and FLIP, the pro-apoptotic genes Bad, Bax and Fast, as well as the antiproliferative gene Tob. Using the comparative CT-method, the expression of the target genes in the three memory T cell subsets of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations was compared to their expression in the naïve T cells. Results: In CD8+ cells, the pro-apoptotic factors Bax and Fast were found to be upregulated in all memory T cell subsets, whereas the survival and anti-apoptotic factors Bcl-2, APRIL and BAFF-R were downregulated. These tendencies were most accentuated in TEM and TTEM subsets. Even though the survival factor IL-7Rα was also downregulated in these subsets, interestingly, it was selectively upregulated in the CD8+ TAM subset. Similarly, IL-15Rαexpression was shown to be selectively upregulated in the CD8+ TEM subset. In CD4+ cells, the expression levels of the analyzed genes showed a greater inter-individual variability than in CD8+ cells, thus suggesting the absence of any particular expression pattern for CD4+ memory T cells. However, the survival factor BAFF was found to be significantly upregulated in all CD4+ memory T cell subsets, as was also the expression of APRIL and BAFF-R, although to a lesser extent. Furthermore, it was noted that the pro-apoptotic gene Fast was only expressed in the TTEM CD4+ subset. Discussion and Conclusions: Genes involved in apoptosis and survival in human memory T cells have been shown to be expressed differently in CD8+ cells as compared to CD4+ cells, suggesting a distinct regulation of cell homeostasis in these two memory T cell compartments. The present study suggests that, in CD8+ T cells, the expression of various survival and antiapoptotic genes is downregulated in TEM and TTEM subsets, while the expression of proapoptotic genes is upregulated in comparison to the naïve and the TAM populations. These characteristics, potentially translating to a greater susceptibility to apoptosis in the CCR7- (effector) memory populations, are accentuated in the TTEM population, suggesting a loss of survival in parallel to the acquisition of effector capacities. This speaks in favour of a linear differentiation model in CD8+ T memory cells. Moreover, the observed selectively increased expression of IL-7Rα in CD8+ TAM cells - as that of IL-15Rα in CD8+ TEM cells -suggest that differential responsiveness to cytokines could confer a selection bias for distinct long-term memory cell responses. Relative to the results for CD8+ T cells, those for CD4+ T cells seem to indicate a certain resistance of the memory subsets to apoptosis, suggesting the possibility of a more flexible differentiation model with multiple checkpoints and potential interaction of CD4+ memory cells with other cells. Thus, the selective upregulation of BAFF, APRIL and BAFF-R in individual memory subsets could imply an interaction of these subsets with B cells.

Nano-particle vaccination combined with TLR-7 and -9 ligands triggers memory and effector CD8⁺ T-cell responses in melanoma patients.

Optimal vaccine strategies must be identified for improving T-cell vaccination against infectious and malignant diseases. MelQbG10 is a virus-like nano-particle loaded with A-type CpG-oligonucleotides (CpG-ODN) and coupled to peptide(16-35) derived from Melan-A/MART-1. In this phase IIa clinical study, four groups of stage III-IV melanoma patients were vaccinated with MelQbG10, given (i) with IFA (Montanide) s.c.; (ii) with IFA s.c. and topical Imiquimod; (iii) i.d. with topical Imiquimod; or (iv) as intralymph node injection. In total, 16/21 (76%) patients generated ex vivo detectable Melan-A/MART-1-specific T-cell responses. T-cell frequencies were significantly higher when IFA was used as adjuvant, resulting in detectable T-cell responses in all (11/11) patients, with predominant generation of effector-memory-phenotype cells. In turn, Imiquimod induced higher proportions of central-memory-phenotype cells and increased percentages of CD127(+) (IL-7R) T cells. Direct injection of MelQbG10 into lymph nodes resulted in lower T-cell frequencies, associated with lower proportions of memory and effector-phenotype T cells. Swelling of vaccine site draining lymph nodes, and increased glucose uptake at PET/CT was observed in 13/15 (87%) of evaluable patients, reflecting vaccine triggered immune reactions in lymph nodes. We conclude that the simultaneous use of both Imiquimod and CpG-ODN induced combined memory and effector CD8(+) T-cell responses.

Impact de la maladie du greffon contre l’hôte sur la reconstitution immunitaire suite à une greffe de moelle osseuse allogénique

La transplantation allogénique de cellules souches hématopoïétiques est une technique très efficace pour traiter différents cancers du sang. Malheureusement la réaction du greffon contre l’hôte (GVHD) demeure la cause principale de morbidité et de mortalité post-greffe. La GVHD entraîne une diminution de la reconstitution immunitaire ce qui accentue considérablement l’immunosuppression associée à ce traitement et de ce fait augmente les risques d’infection et de rechute. Notre laboratoire a démontré précédemment que les niveaux élevés d’IL-7 dans des hôtes lymphopéniques interféraient avec la capacité des cellules dendritiques (DC) à soutenir la prolifération homéostatique (PH) des lymphocytes T CD4+. Puisque les niveaux d’IL-7 sont aussi élevés dans un contexte de GVHD, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que la signalisation de l’IL-7 sur les DC pouvait contribuer à diminuer la reconstitution immunitaire des lymphocytes T CD4+. Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons utilisé le modèle murin de GVHD C57BL/6 (B6) dans B6D2F1. Afin de régénérer une niche hématopoïétique permissive à la PH des lymphocytes T CD4+, nous avons transplanté des souris B6D2F1 avec de la moelle osseuse de souris B6 IL-7Rα-/-. La GVHD a été induite en transférant des lymphocytes T B6 réactifs aux cellules B6D2F1. Dans les souris contrôles, la PH des lymphocytes T CD4+ est maintenue. Par contre, la PH est absente dans les souris en GVHD malgré la présence d’une niche périphérique qui ne répond pas à l’IL-7. L’absence de PH des lymphocytes T CD4+ durant la GVHD est associée à une diminution du nombre de DC. En utilisant un test de cytotoxicité in vivo nous démontrons que les DC B6 générées dans une hôte B6D2F1 sont éliminées par les lymphocytes T B6 alloréactifs. En conclusion, nos résultats démontrent que l’immunosuppression associée à la GVHD est en partie causée par une élimination des DC par les lymphocytes T allogéniques. Nous postulons donc que la perte des DC, et non la signalisation de l’IL-7 sur les DC, est le facteur limitant la PH des lymphocytes T CD4+ durant la GVHD.

The BTB/POZ Transcription Factor Miz-1 Is Required To Regulate The Commitment, Survival And Differentiation Of Early B And T Cell Lineages

Les lymphocytes B et T sont issus de cellules progénitrices lymphoïdes de la moelle osseuse qui se différencient grâce à l’action de facteurs de transcription, cytokines et voies de signalisation, dont l’interleukine-7 (IL-7)/IL-7 récepteur (IL-7R). Le facteur de transcription c-Myc est exprimé par les cellules lymphoïdes et contrôle leur croissance et leur différenciation. Cette régulation transcriptionnelle peut être coordonnée par le complexe c-Myc/Myc-Interacting Zinc finger protein-1 (Miz-1). Le but de ce projet était de comprendre les mécanismes qui impliquent Miz-1 et le complexe c-Myc/Miz-1 dans le développement des lymphocytes B et T. Pour réaliser ce projet, des souris déficientes pour le domaine de transactivation de Miz-1 (Miz-1POZ) et des souris à allèles mutantes pour c-MycV394D, mutation qui empêche l’interaction avec Miz-1, ont été générées. La caractérisation des souris Miz 1POZ a démontré que l’inactivation de Miz-1 perturbe le développement des lymphocytes B et T aux stades précoces de leur différenciation qui dépend de l’IL-7. L’analyse de la cascade de signalisation IL-7/IL-7R a montré que ces cellules surexpriment la protéine inhibitrice SOCS1 qui empêche la phosphorylation de STAT5 et perturbe la régulation à la hausse de la protéine de survie Bcl-2. De plus, Miz-1 se lie directement au promoteur de SOCS1 et contrôle son activité. En plus de contrôler l’axe IL-7/IL-7R/STAT5/Bcl-2 spécifiquement aux stades précoces du développement afin d’assurer la survie des progéniteurs B et T, Miz-1 régule l’axe EBF/Pax-5/Rag-1/2 dans les cellules B afin de coordonner les signaux nécessaires pour la différenciation des cellules immatures. La caractérisation des souris c-MycV394D a montré, quant à elle, que les fonctions de Miz-1 dans les cellules B et T semblent indépendantes de c-Myc. Les cellules T des souris Miz-1POZ ont un défaut de différenciation additionnel au niveau de la -sélection, étape où les signaux initiés par le TCR remplacent ceux induits par IL-7 pour assurer la prolifération et la différenciation des thymocytes en stades plus matures. À cette étape du développement, une forme fonctionnelle de Miz-1 semble être requise pour contrôler le niveau d’activation de la voie p53, induite lors du processus de réarrangement V(D)J du TCR. L’expression de gènes pro-apoptotiques PUMA, NOXA, Bax et du régulateur de cycle cellulaire p21CIP1 est régulée à la hausse dans les cellules des souris Miz-1POZ. Ceci provoque un débalancement pro-apoptotique qui empêche la progression du cycle cellulaire des cellules TCR-positives. La survie des cellules peut être rétablie à ce stade de différenciation en assurant une coordination adéquate entre les signaux initiés par l’introduction d’un TCR transgénique et d’un transgène codant pour la protéine Bcl-2. En conclusion, ces études ont montré que Miz-1 intervient à deux niveaux du développement lymphoïde: l’un précoce en contrôlant la signalisation induite par l’IL-7 dans les cellules B et T, en plus de l’axe EBF/Pax-5/Rag-1/2 dans les cellules B; et l’autre tardif, en coordonnant les signaux de survie issus par le TCR et p53 dans les cellules T. Étant donné que les thymocytes et lymphocytes B immatures sont sujets à plusieurs rondes de prolifération, ces études serviront à mieux comprendre l’implication des régulateurs du cycle cellulaire comme c-Myc et Miz-1 dans la génération des signaux nécessaires à la différenciation non aberrante et à la survie des ces cellules. Enfin, les modèles expérimentaux, souris déficientes ou à allèles mutantes, utilisés pour ce travail permettront de mieux définir les bases moléculaires de la transformation maligne des lymphocytes B et T et de révéler les mécanismes conduisant au lymphome.

Role of EFNBs and EphB4 in T cell development and function

Eph kinases are the largest family of cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases. The ligands of Ephs, ephrins (EFNs), are also cell surface molecules. Ephs interact with EFNs and the receptors and ligands transmit signals in both directions, i.e., from Ephs to EFNs and from EFNs to Ephs. Ephs and EFNs are widely involved in various developmental, physiological pathophysiological processes. Our group and others have reported the roles of Ephs/EFNs in the immune system. To further investigate the function of EphBs/EFNBs in T cell development and responses, we generated EFNB1, EFNB2, EphB4 conditional gene knockout (KO) mice and EFNB1/2 double KO mice. In the projects using EFNB1 and EFNB2 knockout mice, we specifically deleted EFNB1 or EFNB2 in T cells. The mice had normal size and cellularity of the thymus and spleen as well as normal T cell subpopulations in these organs. The bone marrow progenitors from KO mice and WT mice repopulated the host lymphoid organs to similar extents. The activation and proliferation of KO T cells was comparable to that of control mice. Naïve KO CD4 cells differentiated into Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells similar to naïve control CD4 cells. In EFNB2 KO mice, we observed a significant relative increase of CD4CD8 double negative thymocytes in the thymus. Flowcytometry analysis revealed that there was a moderate increase in the DN3 subpopulation in the thymus. This suggests that EFNB2 is involved in thymocyte development. Our results indicate that the functions of EFNB1 and EFNB2 in the T cell compartment could be compensated by each other or by other members of the EFN family, and that such redundancy safeguards the pivotal roles of EFNB1 and EFNB2 in T cell development and function. In the project using EFNB1/B2 double knockout (dKO) model, we revealed a novel regulatory function of EFNb1 and EFNb2 in stabilizing IL-7Rα expression on the T cell surface. IL-7 plays important roles in thymocyte development, T cell homeostasis and survival. IL-7Rα undergoes internalization upon IL-7 binding. In the dKO mice, we observed reduced IL-7Rα expression in thymocytes and T cells. Moreover, the IL-7Rα internalization was accelerated in dKO CD4 cells upon IL-7 stimulation. In T cell lymphoma cell line, EL4, over-expression of either EFNB1 or EFNB2 retarded the internalization of IL-7Rα. We further demonstrated compromised IL-7 signaling and homeostatic proliferation of dKO T cells. Mechanism study using fluorescence resonance energy transfer and immunoprecipitation demonstrated that physical interaction of EFNB1 and EFNB2 with IL-7Rα was likely responsible for the retarded IL-7Rα internalization. In the last project, using medullary thymic epithelial cell (mTEC)-specific EphB4 knockout mice, we investigated T cell development and function after EphB4 deletion in mTEC. EphB4 KO mice demonstrated normal thymic weight and cellularity. T cell development and function were not influenced by the EphB4 deletion. Lastly, the KO mice developed normal delayed type hypersensitivity. Overall, our results suggest that comprehensive cross interaction between Eph and EFN family members could compensate function of a given deleted member in the T cell development, and only simultaneous deletion of multiple EFNBs will reveal their true function in the immune system. In fact, such redundancy signifies vital roles of Ephs and EFNs in the immune system.

Interleukin 7 receptor-deficient mice lack gammadelta T cells.

The interleukin 7 receptor (IL-7R) plays a crucial role in early B- and T-cell development. It consists of a unique a chain and a common gamma chain [IL-2 receptor gamma chain (IL-2Rgamma)]. Gene inactivation of IL-7, IL-7R, and IL-2Rgamma resulted in severe impairment of B and T lymphopoiesis in mice. In addition, IL-2Rgamma-deficient mice lack gammadelta T cells in the skin and have the impaired development of natural killer (NK) cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes. To explore the role of IL-7/IL-7R system in gammadelta T- and NK-cell development, we have generated and analyzed IL-7R-deficient mice. gammadelta T cells were absent from skin, gut, liver, and spleen in the deficient mice. In contrast, alphabeta T and B cells were detected in reduced, but certain, numbers, and NK cells developed normally. The gammadelta T-cell development in fetal and adult thymus was also completely blocked. These results clearly demonstrate that the signal from IL-7R is indispensable for gammadelta T-cell development in both thymic and extrathymic pathways. On the contrary, it is suggested that NK-cell development requires cytokine(s) other than IL-7.

Human intestinal epithelial cells express functional cytokine receptors sharing the common gamma c chain of the interleukin 2 receptor.

Interleukin (IL) 2 signaling requires the dimerization of the IL-2 receptor beta (IL-2R beta) and common gamma (gamma c) chains. The gamma is also a component of the receptors for IL-4, IL-7, and IL-9. To assess the extent and role of the receptor signal transducing system utilizing the gamma c chain on human intestinal epithelial cells, the expression of gamma c, IL-2R beta, and receptor chains specific for IL-4, IL-7, and IL-9 was assessed by reverse transcription-coupled PCR on human intestinal epithelial cell lines and on isolated primary human intestinal epithelial cells. Caco-2, HT-29, and T-84 cells were found to express transcripts for the gamma c and IL-4R chains constitutively. IL-2R beta chain expression was demonstrated in Caco-2 and HT-29 but not in T-84 cells. None of the cell lines expressed mRNA for the IL-2R alpha chain. After stimulation with epidermal growth factor for 24 h Caco-2, HT-29, and T-84 cells expressed transcripts for IL-7R. In addition, Caco-2 and HT-29 cells expressed mRNA for the IL-9R. Receptors for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, and IL-9 on intestinal epithelial cells lines appeared to be functional; stimulation with these cytokines caused rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins. The relevance of the observations in intestinal epithelial cell lines for intestinal epithelial function in vivo was supported by the demonstration of transcripts for gamma c, IL-2R beta, IL-4R, IL-7R, and IL-9R in primary human intestinal epithelial cells.