Surface energy and surface proton order of the ice Ih basal and prism surfaces

Density-functional theory (DFT) is used to examine the basal and prism surfaces of ice Ih. Similar surface energies are obtained for the two surfaces; however, in each case a strong dependence of the surface energy on surface proton order is identified. This dependence, which can be as much as 50% of the absolute surface energy, is significantly larger than the bulk dependence (< 1%) on proton order, suggesting that the thermodynamic ground state of the ice surface will remain proton ordered well above the bulk order-disorder temperature of about 72 K. On the basal surface this suggestion is supported by Monte Carlo simulations with an empirical potential and solution of a 2D Ising model with nearest neighbor interactions taken from DFT. Order parameters that define the surface energy of each surface in terms of nearest neighbor interactions between dangling OH bonds (those which point out of the surface into vacuum) have been identified and are discussed. Overall, these results suggest that proton order-disorder effects have a profound impact on the stability of ice surfaces and will most likely have an effect on ice surface reactivity as well as ice crystal growth and morphology. S Supplementary data are available from stacks.iop.org/JPhysCM/22/074209/mmedia

Surface Energy and Surface Proton Order of Ice Ih

Ice Ih is comprised of orientationally disordered water molecules giving rise to positional disorder of the hydrogen atoms in the hydrogen bonded network of the lattice. Here we arrive at a first principles determination of the surface energy of ice Ih and suggest that the surface of ice is significantly more proton ordered than the bulk. We predict that the proton order-disorder transition, which occurs in the bulk at similar to 72 K, will not occur at the surface at any temperature below surface melting. An order parameter which defines the surface energy of ice Ih surfaces is also identified.

Life cycle assessment of biofuels produced by the new integrated hydropyrolysis-hydroconversion (IH2) process

Biofuels are alternative fuels that have the promise of reducing reliance on imported fossil fuels and decreasing emission of greenhouse gases from energy consumption. This thesis analyses the environmental impacts focusing on the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the production and delivery of biofuel using the new Integrated Hydropyrolysis and Hydroconversion (IH2) process. The IH2 process is an innovative process for the conversion of woody biomass into hydrocarbon liquid transportation fuels in the range of gasoline and diesel. A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to calculate the greenhouse gas emissions associated with diverse feedstocks production systems and delivery to the IH2 facility plus producing and using these new renewable liquid fuels. The biomass feedstocks analyzed include algae (microalgae), bagasse from a sugar cane-producing locations such as Brazil or extreme southern US, corn stover from Midwest US locations, and forest feedstocks from a northern Wisconsin location. The life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions savings of 58%–98% were calculated for IH2 gasoline and diesel production and combustion use in vehicles compared to fossil fuels. The range of savings is due to different biomass feedstocks and transportation modes and distances. Different scenarios were conducted to understand the uncertainties in certain input data to the LCA model, particularly in the feedstock production section, the IH2 biofuel production section, and transportation sections.

Laternenlied: Mit Feuer: 1. Sie ler-nen nichts, sie ler-nen nichts die Herrn Hochwohl-ge-bo-ren! Ver-geb-lich schmettert des Ge-richts Po-sau-ne ih-ren Oh-ren ...

Welsch (Projektbearbeiter): Abdruck eines Revolutionsliedes (nach dem Vorbild des französischen 'Ça ira' von 1789): "Weil denn die Herrn vom bes-sern Blut die neu-e Zeit nicht ler-nen: drum hängt die Herren kurz und gut ... hoch, hoch an die La-ter-nen!" Vgl. dazu Dunder, W. G.: Denkschrift über die Wiener October-Revolution; Wien 1849 S. 36: "Dieses Gedicht erschien abgedruckt im politischen Studenten-Courier vom 4. October [1848], Nr. 91, redigirt von Adolf Buchheim und Oscar Falke [recte Georg Peter] ..."

Gründliche Vorstellung und Beschreibung Der Stadt und Vestung Erla : Nebst denen Accords-Puncten welche von Ih. Kays. Maj. eigenhändig unterschrieben worden

Kleinere Fehlstellen am Original

Muqaddimah fī al-shudūd al-ḥarīr al-khāliṣah wa-bayʻihā li-man yalbasuhā / lil-Shaykh ʻUmar ibn Yūsuf al-Ḥanafī : manuscript, 1760

Unbound.

Dhikr maʻrifat aḥzāb al-Qurʼān wa-anṣāfihi wa-arbāʻih : manuscript, undated

Title from caption (fol. 1v).

Hādhihi Risālat Jāmiʻat al-funūn fī afḍalīyat Qāsiyūn / li-jāmiʻihā al-faqīr Muḥammad al-Shaṭṭī ibn al-Shaykh Ḥasan al-Shaṭṭī : manuscript, 1859

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم الحمد لله الذي اختار لنبيه المصطفى دمشق الشام وجعلها عزا ومحشرا ومنعة وذكرا كما... :Incipit

Kitāb al-Barāhīn al-jalīyah fī ʻilm al-kalām / li-jāmiʻihā al-ʻabd al-ḥaqīr Muḥammad Rashīd Qazīhā al-shahīr bi-Ibn Sinān : manuscript, 1896

Paginated 1-32.