78 resultados para IDUs
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D. de Cangé
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... meḥabbēr be-ʿarîkût ... Eliyyāhû Mizrāḥî ...
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L. Eckardt, Nationalgardist
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Mode of access: Internet.
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Mode of access: Internet.
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In Brazil, human T-lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) is endemic in Amerindians and epidemic in intravenous drug users (IDUs). The long terminal repeat (LTR) is the most divergent genomic region of HTLV-2, therefore useful to characterize subtypes. Nucleotide sequence and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of LTR genomic segments of fourteen HTLV-2 strains isolated from HIV-infected patients of Londrina, Southern Brazil, were carried out. Molecular analysis disclosed that all HTLV-2 strains belonged to 2a subtype, and RFLP detected the presence of the a4, a5, and a6 subgroups according to Switzer's nomenclature. RFLP correlated with nucleotide sequence, and phylogenetic analysis clustered HTLV-2 sequences of IDUs into subgroups a5 and a6. HTLV-2 sequences from individuals of sexual risk factor clustered into the a4 subgroup. These results extend the knowledge of the genetic diversity of HTLV-2 circulating in Brazil and provide insights into HTLV-2 transmission and virus movement in this geographic area.
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A mathematical model was developed to estimate HIV incidence in NSW prisons. Data included: duration of imprisonment; number of inmates using each needle; lower and higher number of shared injections per IDU per week; proportion of IDUs using bleach; efficacy of bleach; HIV prevalence and probability of infection. HIV prevalence in IDUs in prison was estimated to have risen from 0.8 to 5.7% (12.2%) over 180 weeks when using lower (and higher) values for frequency of shared injections. The estimated minimum (and maximum) number of IDU inmates infected with HIV in NSW prisons was 38 (and 152) in 1993 according to the model. These figures require confirmation by seroincidence studies. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Syringe cleaning guidelines for injecting drug users (IDUs) were revised in 1993. This paper examines efforts by IDUs in NSW prisons to adopt the revised guidelines in 1994. Consecutive inmates (229) nearing release were visited and asked to call a toll free number for an interview once released. Respondents (102) did not differ from non-respondents (127). Many respondents (64%) reported ever injecting and many of these reported injecting (58%), sharing (48%) and syringe cleaning (46%) when last in prison. Some (23%) respondents reported adopting the revised syringe cleaning guidelines. Tattooing (38%) was reported more often than sexual activity in prison (4%). A new methodology for prison research was found to be feasible in this study. The potential for HIV to spread in prison still poses major public health challenges.
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Neste estudo procedeu-se à caracterização da diversidade genética das regiões codificantes da protease (PR), transcritase reversa (RT) e integrase (IN) do gene pol do vírus da imunodeficiência humana tipo 1 (HIV-1), bem como à pesquisa de polimorfismos genéticos associados à diminuição da susceptibilidade aos anti-retrovirais inibidores enzimáticos, circulante numa população de 51 indivíduos utilizadores de drogas por via endovenosa (IDUs) da Grande Lisboa. Em termos globais, a análise filogenética realizada com base em 38 sequências nucleotídicas concatenadas revelou que 12 (31,6%), 13 (34,2%) e 13 (34,2%) das sequências analisadas eram dos subtipos B, G/CRF14_BG e de formas genéticas não-B/não-G (1 F1, 4 CRF02_AG e 8 formas recombinantes únicas), respectivamente. Relativamente à pesquisa de mutações associadas a resistência (perfil genotípico), foram encontradas 15, presentes em 50,0% (22/44) dos indivíduos, com uma distribuição de 1-3/indivíduo (4, todas acessórias, na PR; 6 na RT; 5 na IN, uma principal e 4 acessórias). Todavia, apenas 26,7% (4/15) dessas mutações conferiam uma expressão fenotípica de resistência a uma das classes de inibidores (da RT ou IN), em 9,1% (4/44) dos indivíduos. Foi ainda observada uma elevada frequência de outros polimorfismos genéticos, mais frequentes em subtipos não-B, alguns dos quais considerados assinaturas de subtipo. A homologia genética total ou parcial com os subtipos B e G, reconhecida neste estudo, reflectirá a sua predominância na população de IDUs. Este resultado sugere também que a epidemia de HIV-1 em Portugal poderá estar a evoluir para um padrão epidemiológico singular, no qual os subtipos B, G e suas formas recombinantes predominam. A proporção observada de indivíduos portadores de vírus com mutações associadas a resistência, mesmo em indivíduos naive relativamente à terapêutica, indica que a sua transmissão se encontra em curso entre a população de IDUs, tendo, certamente, um impacto relevante ao nível da abordagem terapêutica e monitorização da infecção.
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Efforts to characterize HIV-1 polymorphism and anti-HIV immune response are being made in areas where anti-HIV/AIDS vaccines are to be employed. Anti-HIV-1 humoral immune response is being studied in infected individuals resident in Rio de Janeiro, in distinct cohorts involving recent seroconvertors, pregnant women or intravenous drug users (IDU). Comparative analyses of specificity of antibody response towards epitopes important for anti-HIV-1 immune response indicate quantitative differences between cohorts, with an exceptionally strong response in IDUs and weakest response in pregnant women. However, a comparative analysis between pregnant women cohorts from Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul indicated an even lower response (with exception of the anti-V3-C clade peptide recognition) for the southern cohort. Studies analysing the immune function of the humoral response indicate a quite elevated occurrence of antibodies capable of neutralizing heterologous primary HIV-1 isolates from Rio de Janeiro. Attempts to correlate seroreactivity with HIV-1 neutralization with respect to HIV-1 polymorphism were not very successfull: while the Brazilian B clade B" variant could be recognized by binding assays, no significant distinction of HIV-1 clades/variants was observed in viral neutralization assays.
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It was observed in the city of Salvador, State of Bahia, the highest seroprevalence of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I) infection in Brazil as demonstrated by national wide blood bank surveys. In this paper, we report results of an investigation of drug use and sexual behavior associated with HTLV-I infection among male and female injecting drug users (IDUs) in Salvador. A cross sectional study was conducted in the Historical District of Salvador from 1994-1996 (Projeto Brasil-Salvador) and 216 asymptomatic IDUs were selected using the snowball contact technique. Blood samples were collected for serological assays. Sera were screened for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1/2) and HTLV-I/II antibodies by ELISA and confirmed by Western blot. The overall prevalence of HTLV-I/II was 35.2% (76/216). The seroprevalence of HTLV-I, HTLV-II and HIV-1 was for males 22%, 11.3% and 44.1% and for females 46.2%, 10.3% and 74.4% respectively. HTLV-I was identified in 72.4% of HTLV positive IDUs. Variables which were significantly associated with HTLV-I infection among males included needle sharing practices, duration of injecting drug use, HIV-1 seropositivity and syphilis. Among women, duration of injecting drug use and syphilis were strongly associated with HTLV-I infection. Multivariate analysis did not change the direction of these associations. Sexual intercourse might play a more important role in HTLV-I infection among women than in men.
