Humanization of health care: a reflexive theoretical essay based on the philosophy of Emmanuel Lévinas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Maternal mental health in the first 3-week postpartum: the impact of caregiver support and the subjective experience of childbirth - a longitudinal path model

Acute stress reactions (ASR) and postpartum depressive symptoms (PDS) are frequent after childbirth. The present study addresses the change and overlap of ASR and PDS from the 1- to 3-week postpartum and examines the interplay of caregiver support and subjective birth experience with regard to the development of ASR/PDS within a longitudinal path model.

Memory of childbirth in the second year: the long-term effect of a negative birth experience and its modulation by the perceived intranatal relationship with caregivers

OBJECTIVE: To assess the memory of various subdimensions of the birth experience in the second year postpartum, and to identify women in the first weeks postpartum at risk of developing a long-term negative memory. DESIGN, METHOD, OUTCOME MEASURES: New mothers' birth experience (BE) was assessed 48-96 hours postpartum (T1) by means of the SIL-Ger and the BBCI (perception of intranatal relationships); early postnatal adjustment (week 3 pp: T1(bis)) was also assessed. Then, four subgroups of women were defined by means of a cluster-analysis, integrating the T1/T1(bis) variables. To evaluate the memory of the BE, the SIL-Ger was again applied in the second year after childbirth (T2). First, the ratings of the SIL-Ger dimensions of T1 were compared to those at T2 in the whole sample. Then, the four subgroups were compared with respect to their ratings of the birth experience at T2 (correlations, ANOVAs and t-tests). RESULTS: In general, fulfillment, emotional adaptation, physical discomfort, and anxiety improve spontaneously over the first year postpartum, whereas in negative emotional experience, control, and time-going-slowly no shift over time is observed. However, women with a negative overall birth experience and a low level of perceived intranatal relationship at T1 run a high risk of retaining a negative memory in all of the seven subdimensions of the birth experience. CONCLUSIONS: Women at risk of developing a negative long-term memory of the BE can be identified at the time of early postpartum, when the overall birth experience and the perceived intranatal relationship are taken into account.

Emprego de tecnologias não invasivas de cuidado de enfermagem nos partos acompanhados por enfermeiras obstétricas em maternidade filantrópica do Médio-Paraíba/RJ

A presente pesquisa aborda a temática da assistência ao parto hospitalar na Região Médio-Paraíba, considerando a política pública de humanização do parto e nascimento A medicalização do parto e nascimento vem ocorrendo em todo o mundo. Mesmo em países desenvolvidos, a grande maioria dos partos vaginais e de baixo risco ainda é conduzida com práticas intervencionistas sem evidências científicas de sua eficácia. Em contraposição a este modelo assistencial implantou-se a política de humanização do parto e nascimento. A enfermeira obstétrica tem sido elemento importante para a consolidação do uso de práticas consideradas humanizadas na assistência ao parto de baixo risco em ambiente hospitalar. O objeto deste estudo foi o emprego de tecnologias não invasivas de cuidado de enfermagem em partos acompanhados por enfermeiras obstétricas na Associação de Proteção a Maternidade e à Infância de Resende/RJ (APMIR). Os objetivos foram: identificar as tecnologias não invasivas de cuidado de enfermagem obstétrica (TNICE) usualmente empregadas por enfermeiras obstétricas no cuidado a parturientes; discutir o emprego dessas TNICE por enfermeiras obstétricas no cuidado a parturientes sob a perspectiva da humanização do parto e nascimento; caracterizar o processo de implementação das TNICE na assistência ao parto na maternidade. Trata-se de pesquisa descritiva, quantitativa desenvolvida em uma maternidade filantrópica da região sul-fluminense que pertence ao Médio-Paraíba, na qual enfermeiras obstétricas estão incluídas na equipe de acompanhamento do parto. Foram analisados os registros correspondentes aos partos acompanhados por enfermeiras obstétricas compreendendo o período de Novembro de 2012 à Julho de 2013. Houve registro de 84 partos neste período. Os dados foram obtidos através de Livro de Registros de Parto do serviço. Os registros foram feitos em formulário próprio implantado a partir da pesquisa. O projeto foi submetido à apreciação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do Centro Universitário de Barra Mansa, tendo sido aprovado segundo parecer número 347.254 de 30/07/2013. Os dados foram analisados por procedimentos estatísticos descritivos. Os resultados apontaram que a atuação da enfermeira obstétrica no cuidado à mulher em trabalho de parto caracteriza-se por medidas que promovem a autonomia da mulher no cenário onde ela é protagonista marcando assim a forte presença dessas profissionais neste cenário onde a existência de práticas intervencionistas é significante e muito presente. O estudo concluiu que o cuidado de enfermagem obstétrica pautado sobre as tecnologias não invasivas de cuidado favorece uma assistência humanizada ao parto. Acredita-se que para um cuidado no transcorrer fisiológico do parto é necessário estabelecer uma relação de intimidade, de interação e de empatia com cada mulher dentro do seu contexto, dando a ela encorajamento para tomar posse daquilo que compete somente a ela.

De quem é o parto? A Marcha do Parto em Casa como analisador dos movimentos pela humanização do parto.

A Marcha do Parto em Casa foi uma passeata ocorrida em junho de 2012 em 31 cidades brasileiras motivada por declarações do Conselho Regional de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro de que entraria com processo ético-disciplinar contra um médico que declarou em entrevista veiculada num programa de televisão que o parto é um ato natural, que pode ocorrer no local de escolha da mulher, inclusive em casa. Posteriormente, este conselho profissional publicou duas resoluções: uma impedindo os médicos de participarem de partos domiciliares e obrigando os plantonistas das emergências obstétricas a reportarem quaisquer intercorrências assistidas por eles de mulheres oriundas de partos domiciliares ou Casas de Parto; e outra impedindo a entrada de doulas, obstetrizes e parteiras nas maternidades do estado do Rio de Janeiro, responsabilizando o diretor técnico da instituição caso isto ocorresse. A partir do conceito-ferramenta formulado por Felix Guattari, este trabalho analisa a Marcha do Parto em Casa como analisador dos movimentos pela humanização do parto, a partir de seis entrevistas realizadas com organizadoras e participantes da Marcha em diferentes cidades do país. Estuda os atores e suas ações para a realização desta mobilização, as ações do Conselho Regional de Medicina e coloca a questão do parto como um mercado em disputa.

A criação da Associação Brasileira de Obstetrizes e Enfermeiros Obstetras (ABENFO) e sua participação no Movimento de Humanização do Parto e Nascimento (1989-2002)

Este estudo, de natureza histórico-social, tem como objeto a criação da Associação Brasileira de Obstetrizes e Enfermeiros Obstetras (ABENFO) e suas estratégias no Movimento de Humanização do Parto e Nascimento Brasileiro (1989-2002). A delimitação temporal do estudo abrange o período de 1989 a 2002. Os objetivos da pesquisa são: analisar a transição da Associação Brasileira de Obstetrizes (ABO) para Associação Brasileira de Obstetrizes e Enfermeiros Obstetras (ABENFO); analisar as estratégias elaboradas pela ABENFO para a atualização do habitus das agentes; analisar o fortalecimento do Movimento de Humanização do Parto e Nascimento empreendido pela ABENFO. O estudo apoia-se teoricamente nos conceitos desenvolvidos pelo sociólogo Pierre Bourdieu e utilizou o método da história oral temática. Na análise, houve a articulação de documentos escritos e depoimentos orais à luz do referencial teórico. Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciam que, no processo de surgimento da ABENFO, houve um período de aproximações de agentes que durou aproximadamente 15 anos. A primeira aproximação foi entre parteiras/obstetrizes e as enfermeiras no campo sindical; a segunda aproximação de agentes, desta vez pelo habitus profissional, foi de enfermeiras de saúde pública e enfermeiras obstétricas no campo hospitalar e científico; e a terceira aproximação foi entre as parteiras/obstetrizes com as enfermeiras obstétricas. Após essas aproximações, a enfermeira obstétrica assumiu a diretoria provisória da ABO, realizando, em seguida, a transição para a ABENFO. Após a transição, a ABENFO nacional consolidou-se como representante das enfermeiras obstétricas e obstetrizes. Em seguida, foi necessário criar estratégias para atualizar o habitus das agentes, tais como: Estratégias de fortalecimento da Associação no campo político da Enfermagem e da Saúde da Mulher; Estratégias de ampliação da sua representação nacional entre enfermeiras obstétricas; Estratégias para divulgação do capital social da ABENFO. Dentre as estratégias de divulgação, aconteceram três Congressos Brasileiros de Enfermagem Obstétrica e Neonatal (COBEONS) que fortaleceram o Movimento de Humanização do Parto e Nascimento, pois neste espaço circulou o capital sociocultural do movimento social entre as associadas, levando aos mesmos uma atualização do seu habitus, e, por outro lado, fortalecendo o Movimento por meio do reconhecimento. Portanto, o fortalecimento do processo de humanização do parto e nascimento brasileiro confirmou a hipótese de que a criação da ABENFO possibilitou a elaboração de estratégias que impulsionaram a atualização do habitus das agentes. Este estudo foi esclarecedor, na medida em que favoreceu a compreensão das circunstâncias de criação da ABENFO e sua participação como a única representante das enfermeiras obstétricas e obstetrizes no Movimento de Humanização do Parto e Nascimento, além de demonstrar o quanto estas agentes contribuíram para a sua consolidação.

Avaliação da qualidade da atenção ao parto nos colegiados de gestão regional Cuesta Botucatu e Vale do Jurumirim

The humanization of childbirth implies the understanding of this event as an important experience, and requires the redefinition of human relationships from the review of the assistance project, the understanding of pregnant women condition and human rights. To evaluate child birth assistance using a score that was developed by Botucatu Cuesta Regional Management and Jurumirim Valley Collegiates. This is an epidemiological, descriptive study that is inserted in the field of evaluation of services, programs or health projects. The data has been obtained by direct observation of deliveries, emphasizing the humane care. Results: Approximately one third of the women gave birth in a tertiary hospital (34.1%) and it was their first babies (33%).24.8% of the women received prenatal care in high-risk services. 67.1% of the births were normal, and 84.7% had no companions in the delivery room. In 47.1% of the cases the delivery was performed by obstetrician who used anesthesia in 44.7% and episiotomy in 48.2% of the deliveries. More than half of the newborns were attended by the pediatrician in the delivery room and had a delivery graph completed. Although the present study shows that 67.1% of the births were normal, caesarean rate can be considered excessive, as the WHO points out that c-sections above 15% are unlikely to be justifiable. It is important to emphasize that the Ministry of Health has to have a commitment with all women to promote safe motherhood, even in cases when the pregnancy involves a risk for both the mother and the fetus. It is noteworthy that the created score allowed us to assess variables related to the humanization of childbirth and only average and quite similar situations among the three services were evidenced. We hope that with this study, managers and professionals that work in this area can be subsidized in order to offer effective humane assistance and quality service in the delivery

What are the components of humanized childbirth in a highly specialized hospital? : an organizational case study

Many studies have focused on the concept of humanization of birth in normal pregnancy cases or at low obstetric risk, but no studies, at our knowledge, have so far specifically focused on the humanization of birth in both high-risk, and low risk pregnancies, in a highly specialized hospital setting. The present study thus aims to: 1) define the specific components of the humanized birth care model which bring satisfaction to women who seek obstetrical care in highly specialized hospitals; and 2) explore the organizational and cultural dimensions which act as barriers or facilitators for the implementation of humanized birth care practices in a highly specialized, university affiliated hospital in Quebec. A single case study design was chosen for this thesis. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews, field notes, participant observations, selfadministered questionnaire, relevant documents, and archives. The samples comprised: 11 professionals from different disciplines, 6 administrators from different hierarchical levels within the hospital, and 157 women who had given birth at the hospital during the study. The performed analysis covered both quantitative descriptive and qualitative deductive and inductive content analyses. The thesis comprises three articles. In the first article, we proposed a conceptual framework, based on Allaire and Firsirotu’s (1984) organizational culture theory. It attempts to examine childbirth patterns as an organizational cultural phenomenon. In our second article, we answered the following specific question: according to the managers and multidisciplinary professionals practicing in a highly specialized hospital as well as the women seeking perinatal care in this hospital setting, what is the definition of humanized care? Analysis of the data collected uncovered the following themes which explained the perceptions of what humanized birth was: personalized care, recognition of women’s rights, humanly care for women, family-centered care,women’s advocacy and companionship, compromise of security, comfort and humanity, and non-stereotyped pregnancies. Both high and low risk women felt more satisfied with the care they received if they were provided with informed choices, were given the right to participate in the decision-making process and were surrounded by competent care providers. These care providers who humanly cared for them were also able to provide relevant medical intervention. The professionals and administrators’ perceptions of humanized birth, on the other hand, mostly focused on personalized and family-centered care. In the third article of the thesis, we covered the dimensions of the internal and external components of an institution which can act as factors that facilitate or barriers that prevent, a specialized and university affiliated hospital in Quebec from adopting a humanized child birthing care. The findings revealed that both the external dimensions of a highly specialized hospital -including its history, society, and contingency-; and its internal dimensions -including culture, structure, and the individuals present in the hospital-, can all affect the humanization of birth care in such an institution, whether separately, simultaneously or in interaction. We thus hereby conclude that the humanization of birth care in a highly specialized hospital setting, should aim to meet all the physiological, as well as psychological aspects of birth care, including respect of the fears, beliefs, values, and needs of women and their families. Integration of competent and caring professionals and the use of obstetric technology to enhance the level of certainty and assurance in both high-risk and low risk women are both positive factors for the implementation of humanized care in a highly specialized hospital. Finally, the humanization of birth care approach in a highly specialized and university affiliated hospital setting demands a new healthcare policy. Such policy must offer a guarantee for women to have the place of birth, and the health care professional of their choice as well as those, which will enable women to make informed choices from the beginning of their pregnancy.

Validation of the WHOQOL-BREF among women following childbirth

Background: There is an increasing interest in measuring quality of life (QOL) in clinical settings and in clinical trials. None of the commonly used QOL instrument have been validated for use postnatally. Aim: To assess the psychometric properties of the 26-item WHOQOL-BREF among women following childbirth. Methods: Using a prospective cohort design we recruited 320 women within the first few days of childbirth. At six weeks postpartum, participants were asked to complete the WHOQOL-BREF, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Index and the Australian Unity Wellbeing Index. Validation of the WHOQOL-BREF included an analysis of internal consistency, discriminate validity, convergent validity and an examination of the domain structure. Results: 221 (69.1%) women returned their six-week questionnaire. All domains of the WHOQOL-BREF met reliability standards (alpha coefficient exceeding 0.70). The questionnaire discriminated well between known groups (depressed and non-depressed women. P = <0.000) and demonstrated satisfactory correlations with the Australian Unity Wellbeing index (r = >0.45). The domain structure of the WHOQOL-BREF was also valid in this population of new mothers, with moderate to high correlation between individual items and the domain structure to which the items were originally assigned. Conclusion: The WHOQOL-BRF is well-accepted and valid instrument in this population and may be used in postnatal clinical settings or for assessing intervention effects in research studies.

Childbirth experience according to a group of Brazilian primiparas

Objective: to understand the meaning of the childbirth experience for Brazilian primiparas in the postpartum period. Design: a qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews. Content analysis was used to derive the two themes that emerged from the discourses. Setting: participants were recruited at four primary-level health-care units in Ribeirao Preto, Brazil. After providing written informed consent, an appointment was made for an interview at the participants' homes. Participants: 20 primiparas in the postpartum period, aged 15-26 years old, who attended the health-care units to vaccinate their infants and test for phenylketonuria. Findings: two thematic categories emerged from the interviews: the meaning attributed to childbirth (with four subcategories) and perceptions of care. Among the participants, the childbirth experience was marked by the 'fear of death' and 'losing the child'. The pain of giving birth was expected, and the moment of childbirth was associated with pain of high intensity. Key conclusions: childbirth is considered synonymous with physical and emotional suffering, pain, fear and risk of death. Implications for practice: this research indicates the need to break the current mechanistic model of care on which health professionals' actions are based. Care during childbirth must be guided by the foundation that women are the subjects of childbirth actions, in an attempt to emphasise actions that grant them with the autonomy and empowerment needed to experience the situation. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.