The Hittites; the story of a forgotten empire.

Mode of access: Internet.

A theoretical perspective of the Telepinu Myth : archetypes and initiation rites in historical contexts

Abstract: Research on the Telepinu Myth (CTH 324) has shown that it is an inexhaustibly rich document and that therefore the different, and sometimes conflicting, lines of analysis need to be pursued further. In the light of the symbolic evidence presented by this mythological tradition, we propose to focus on the privileged position granted to spatial symbols and to hypothesize the function this Myth served in specific contexts of the Hittite history, characterized by the increase and reduction of lands under Hittite jurisdiction. In this regard, we propose to evaluate the symbolic function that the Telepinu Myth displayed in order to rebuild the sacred space of the territories governed by the Hittites, when they were undergoing changes brought about by increased political and military contact with neighboring societies.

History of biological warfare and bioterrorism.

Bioterrorism literally means using microorganisms or infected samples to cause terror and panic in populations. Bioterrorism had already started 14 centuries before Christ, when the Hittites sent infected rams to their enemies. However, apart from some rare well-documented events, it is often very difficult for historians and microbiologists to differentiate natural epidemics from alleged biological attacks, because: (i) little information is available for times before the advent of modern microbiology; (ii) truth may be manipulated for political reasons, especially for a hot topic such as a biological attack; and (iii) the passage of time may also have distorted the reality of the past. Nevertheless, we have tried to provide to clinical microbiologists an overview of some likely biological warfare that occurred before the 18th century and that included the intentional spread of epidemic diseases such as tularaemia, plague, malaria, smallpox, yellow fever, and leprosy. We also summarize the main events that occurred during the modern microbiology era, from World War I to the recent 'anthrax letters' that followed the World Trade Center attack of September 2001. Again, the political polemic surrounding the use of infectious agents as a weapon may distort the truth. This is nicely exemplified by the Sverdlovsk accident, which was initially attributed by the authorities to a natural foodborne outbreak, and was officially recognized as having a military cause only 13 years later.

Les frontières culturelles et politiques du monde mycénien

Le bassin oriental de la Méditerranée à l’âge du bronze égéen est un ensemble hétérogène où s’entremêlent plusieurs cultures : Égyptiens, Hittites, Minoens et Mycéniens se côtoient et interagissent à divers degrés. Un examen méticuleux des sources archéologiques et épigraphiques permet de mettre un peu d’ordre à cette mosaïque chaotique afin de mieux apprécier les interactions entre ces cultures. La culture mycénienne est celle à laquelle s’intéresse particulièrement cette présente étude. Bien que son coeur soit unanimement localisé en Grèce continentale, la culture mycénienne se répand également de l’Italie jusqu’au Levant et de la Thrace à l’Égypte. Selon l’importance et la nature des vestiges, l’archéologie ordonne en trois catégories les régions où se retrouve la culture mycénienne, alors que les sources épigraphiques hittites et égyptiennes permettent de remettre en question la société mycénienne et de localiser les frontières politiques de cette culture.

Ideología étnica durante el período amarniano : ¿límite o contacto con la otredad?

Durante el Reino Nuevo se produjo una ampliación de las fronteras y una fuerte centralización y estabilidad interna; es insoslayable resaltar al respecto el control por parte de la monarquía de los territorios conquistados y el mantenimiento de su posición en el Levante mediterráneo frente a la presión de mitanios e hititas. Particularmente, nos centraremos en el período amarniano, que tradicionalmente ha tenido una visión peyorativa basada en el supuesto de la 'incapacidad' real de intervención en asuntos políticos, como así también las grandes 'dificultades' en mantener el efectivo dominio del territorio.Sin embargo, diversos fueron los mecanismos de legitimación desarrollados por el poder regio en este contexto. Centrándonos en la postura fenomenológico-hermenéutica del historiador de las religiones rumano Mircea Eliade (1957) y basándonos también en los aportes de Fredrik Barth (1976), Jan Assmann (2005) y Pascal Vernus (2011), será nuestro objetivo analizar las implicaciones simbólico-religiosas de la concepción egipcia de los pueblos extranjeros y de las interacciones políticas con ellos bajo el período de gobierno de Akhenatón.

Ideología étnica durante el período amarniano : ¿límite o contacto con la otredad?

Durante el Reino Nuevo se produjo una ampliación de las fronteras y una fuerte centralización y estabilidad interna; es insoslayable resaltar al respecto el control por parte de la monarquía de los territorios conquistados y el mantenimiento de su posición en el Levante mediterráneo frente a la presión de mitanios e hititas. Particularmente, nos centraremos en el período amarniano, que tradicionalmente ha tenido una visión peyorativa basada en el supuesto de la 'incapacidad' real de intervención en asuntos políticos, como así también las grandes 'dificultades' en mantener el efectivo dominio del territorio.Sin embargo, diversos fueron los mecanismos de legitimación desarrollados por el poder regio en este contexto. Centrándonos en la postura fenomenológico-hermenéutica del historiador de las religiones rumano Mircea Eliade (1957) y basándonos también en los aportes de Fredrik Barth (1976), Jan Assmann (2005) y Pascal Vernus (2011), será nuestro objetivo analizar las implicaciones simbólico-religiosas de la concepción egipcia de los pueblos extranjeros y de las interacciones políticas con ellos bajo el período de gobierno de Akhenatón.

Ideología étnica durante el período amarniano : ¿límite o contacto con la otredad?

Durante el Reino Nuevo se produjo una ampliación de las fronteras y una fuerte centralización y estabilidad interna; es insoslayable resaltar al respecto el control por parte de la monarquía de los territorios conquistados y el mantenimiento de su posición en el Levante mediterráneo frente a la presión de mitanios e hititas. Particularmente, nos centraremos en el período amarniano, que tradicionalmente ha tenido una visión peyorativa basada en el supuesto de la 'incapacidad' real de intervención en asuntos políticos, como así también las grandes 'dificultades' en mantener el efectivo dominio del territorio.Sin embargo, diversos fueron los mecanismos de legitimación desarrollados por el poder regio en este contexto. Centrándonos en la postura fenomenológico-hermenéutica del historiador de las religiones rumano Mircea Eliade (1957) y basándonos también en los aportes de Fredrik Barth (1976), Jan Assmann (2005) y Pascal Vernus (2011), será nuestro objetivo analizar las implicaciones simbólico-religiosas de la concepción egipcia de los pueblos extranjeros y de las interacciones políticas con ellos bajo el período de gobierno de Akhenatón.

Trade relations between the Mycenaean Greeks and the civilizations of the Eastern Mediterranean in the Late Bronze Age

The Mycenaean Greeks are often assumed to have been in contact with the civilizations of the Mediterranean throughout the Late Bronze Age. The extent of this contact however is not as clearly understood, and the archaeological evidence that has survived provides a sample of what must have exchanged hands. This thesis will examine the archaeological, textual and iconographic evidence from a number of sites and sources, from the Anatolian plains to the Kingdom of Egypt and major settlements in-between during the Late Bronze Age to examine what trade may have looked like for the Mycenaeans. Due to the extensive finds in some regions and a lack of evidence in others, this paper will also try to understand the relationship between the Mycenaeans and other cultures to determine whether a trade embargo was enacted on the Mycenaeans by the Central Anatolian Hittites during this period, or whether other factors contributed to the paucity of objects in Central Anatolia.

Recent research in Bible lands, its progress and results ...

Oriental research and the Bible, by J. F. McCurdy.--The mounds of Palestine, by F. J. Bliss.--Explorations in Babylonia, by H. V. Hilprecht.--Research in Egypt, by A. H. Sayce.--Discoveries and researches in Arabia, by F. Hommel.--The Hittites, by W. H. Ward.--Early Greek manuscripts from Egypt, by J. P. Mahaffy.--New light on the Book of Acts, by W. M. Ramsay.--Indexes.

History of art in Sardinia, Judaea, Syria, and Asia Minor : From the French of Georges Perrot and Charles Chipiez /

Mode of access: Internet.

Die Kunst der Hethiter;

Mode of access: Internet.

Trade relations between the Mycenaean Greeks and the civilizations of the Eastern Mediterranean in the Late Bronze Age

The Mycenaean Greeks are often assumed to have been in contact with the civilizations of the Mediterranean throughout the Late Bronze Age. The extent of this contact however is not as clearly understood, and the archaeological evidence that has survived provides a sample of what must have exchanged hands. This thesis will examine the archaeological, textual and iconographic evidence from a number of sites and sources, from the Anatolian plains to the Kingdom of Egypt and major settlements in-between during the Late Bronze Age to examine what trade may have looked like for the Mycenaeans. Due to the extensive finds in some regions and a lack of evidence in others, this paper will also try to understand the relationship between the Mycenaeans and other cultures to determine whether a trade embargo was enacted on the Mycenaeans by the Central Anatolian Hittites during this period, or whether other factors contributed to the paucity of objects in Central Anatolia.

"Lancea", Lusitanian Word, and the "Lancienses" Ethnogenesis

Analysis of the word lancea, of Hispanic origin after Varro, and of place names, people´s names and personal names derived from it. It confirms that the spear was the most important weapon in the Bronze Age, belonging to the iuventus and used as heroic and divine symbol. This analysis confirms also the personality of the Lusitanians, a people related to the Celts but with more archaic archaeological, linguistic and cultural characteristics originated in the tradition of the Atlantic Bronze in the II millennium BC. It is also relevant to better know the organisation of Broze and Iron Age societies and the origin of Indo-Europeans peoples in Western Europe and of pre-Roman peoples of Iberia.